Merge branch 'main' into patch-9

contents/english/3-3-the-lost-dao.md

@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Yet, as we highlighted above, Lanier carried forward not only the cultural visio
 
 Other pioneers on these issues focused more on layers of communication and association, rather than provenance and value. Calling their work the "Decentralized Web" or the "Fediverse", they built protocols like [Christine Lemmer Webber](https://dustycloud.org/)'s [Activity Pub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActivityPub) that became the basis for non-commercial, community based alternatives to mainstream social media, ranging from [Mastodon](https://joinmastodon.org/) to Twitter's now-independent and non-profit [BlueSky](https://bsky.app/) initiative. This space has also produced many of the most creative ideas for re-imagining identity and privacy with a foundation in social and community relationships.
 
-Finally and perhaps most closely connected to our own paths to ⿻ have been the movements to revive the public and multisectoral spirit and ideals of the early internet by strengthening the digital participation of governments and democratic civil society. These "GovTech" and "Civic Tech" movements have harnessed OSS-style development practices to improve the delivery of government services and bring the public into the process in a more diverse range of ways. Leaders in the US include Jennifer Pahlka, founder of GovTech pioneer [Code4America](https://codeforamerica.org/), and Beth Simone Noveck, Founder of [The GovLab](https://thegovlab.org/).[^GovTech]
+Finally and perhaps most closely connected to our own paths to ⿻ have been the movements to revive the public and multisectoral spirit and ideals of the early internet by strengthening the digital participation of governments and democratic civil society. These "GovTech" and "Civic Tech" movements have harnessed OSS-style development practices to improve the delivery of government services and bring the public into the process in a more diverse range of ways. Leaders in the US include Jennifer Pahlka, founder of GovTech pioneer [Code4America](https://codeforamerica.org/), and Beth Simone Noveck, Founder of [The GovLab](https://thegovlab.org/).[^GovTech] A Japanese leader of Civic tech is Hal Seki, founder of [code4japan](https://www.code4japan.org/) after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011.
 
 [^GovTech]: Jennifer Pahlka, _Recoding America: Why Government is Failing in the Digital Age and How We Can Do Better_ (New York: Macmillan, 2023). Beth Simone Noveck, _Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful_ (New York: Brookings Institution Press, 2010).
 

contents/english/5-6-⿻-voting.md

@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ When background signals are completely uncorrelated and there are many of them,
 It is important to note, however, that these clean rules are only optimal when voters are perfectly internally unified and perfectly externally uncorrelated/uncoordinated.  ⿻ thinking cautions us against such simplistic models, encouraging us to perceive the social connections across individuals and organizations, though of course accounting for these within a voting system requires identity systems that can record and account for these.
 
 
-Another compatible approach that has gained ground in recent years is "liquid democracy"(LD).  This idea, which traces back to the path-breaking work of Charles Dodgson (a.k.a. Lewis Carroll, author of the children's classic *Alice in Wonderland*), who also first posed the question of weighting of votes for people holding multiple votes that helped inspire QV.[^Carroll]  LD extends the idea of proportional representation, allowing any voter to delegate their vote(s) to others, who may then re-delegate them, allowing bottom-up, emergent patterns of representation.[^PICSY]  Such systems are increasingly common, especially in corporate and other for-profit (e.g. DAO) governance, as well as in a limited set of political contexts such as Iceland.  However, these systems have an unfortunate tendency to concentrate power often excessively, given that delegation often flows to a small number of hands.  This tendency has somewhat soured initial enthusiasm.
+Another compatible approach that has gained ground in recent years is "liquid democracy"(LD).  This idea, which traces back to the path-breaking work of Charles Dodgson (a.k.a. Lewis Carroll, author of the children's classic *Alice in Wonderland*), who also first posed the question of weighting of votes for people holding multiple votes that helped inspire QV.[^Carroll]  LD extends the idea of proportional representation, allowing any voter to delegate their vote(s) to others, who may then re-delegate them, allowing bottom-up, emergent patterns of representation.[^Divicracy]  Such systems are increasingly common, especially in corporate and other for-profit (e.g. DAO) governance, as well as in a limited set of political contexts such as Iceland.  However, these systems have an unfortunate tendency to concentrate power often excessively, given that delegation often flows to a small number of hands.  This tendency has somewhat soured initial enthusiasm.
 
 [^Carroll]: Charles L. Dodgson, *The Principles of Parliamentary Representation* (London, Harrison and Sons, 1884).
-[^PICSY]: An early implementation of such a value-propagating system is exemplified by PICSY, pioneered by Ken Suzuki in 2009. While he initially developed it independently from Kojin Karatani, he later joined the New Associationist Movement. Ken Suzuki, *Propagational investment currency system (PICSY): proposing a new currency system using social computing.* PhD diss., Tokyo University, 2009.
+[^Divicracy]: Dividual democracy a.k.a "divicracy",  originated with Ken Suzuki. Unlike LQ, divicracy includes not only delegation of one's vote to others but also splitting one's vote to multiple political issues. Divicracy is a political extension of the concept, "dividual", by the influential 20-century French philosopher, Gilles Deleuze, allowing diverse and potentially contradictory ideas within a person as opposed to the "individual" concept of identity. Suzuki introduced the concept in 2000s and elaborated in his book in 2013. Ken Suzuki, "The Nameraka Society and its Enemies", Keiso Shobo Publishing (2013).
 
 ### Frontiers of voting
 

contents/english/6-3-media.md

@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ Yet these are only the first successful forays into an emerging medium.  As shar
 One of the most important trends in the production of journalism in the internet era has been the rise of so-called "citizen journalism" and the allied "open-source intelligence" movement, both of which aim to empower a much broader diversity of people than those traditionally employed as formal journalists or intelligence analysts to document important events in the world around them. Such journalism has been central to documenting many of the most important events in recent years, from terrorist attacks to wars and police abuse.  Yet it also faces significant criticism and social concern over bias, rigor of verification of facts, and legibility and digestibility.
 
 
-It is easy to see how many recent technological developments could dramatically exacerbate these problems. Generative foundation models (GFMs) will make the production of realistic fakes far easier and will spread distrust of any material without rigorous, multi-source validation.  The echo chambers of anti-social media will allow fakes to spread even absent such vetting, proliferating misleading content and the conditions under which people will believe it.
+It is easy to see how many recent technological developments could dramatically exacerbate these problems. Generative foundation models (GFMs) will make producing realistic fakes far easier and will spread distrust of any material without rigorous, multi-source validation[^Note].  The echo chambers of anti-social media will allow fakes to spread even absent such vetting, proliferating misleading content and the conditions under which people will believe it.
+
+[^Note]: Multi-source validation is widely regarded as a standard in traditional journalism. Multi-source validation is the process of verifying information or data by comparing it across multiple independent sources. This is done as a means to protect the journalistic integrity of an outlet before confirming the validity of any information This is widely perceived as less important in modern media circles like blogs and social media, since the authors of the posts are often the source, themselves.
 
 Yet there are equally clear precedents for how technology could offset these challenges.  Wikipedia has shown the speed and scale at which distributed participation can produce roughly and broadly consensual accounts of many events, though not quite yet at the speed required of journalism.  Many of the tools we have described above and detail below can help address challenges of rigorous verification at distance and scale and rapid achievement of rough and socially contextual consensus that is a more appropriate frame for thinking about "objectivity".