The Zcash P2P protocol is a decentralized system, inherited as a subset from the Bitcoin P2P protocol. The primary role of this protocol is to keep nodes synchronized with the network. Peers exchange a set of well-defined messages, but the synchronization algorithm is not standardized, allowing for variation in implementations.
This specification describes an approach where peers can connect to multiple other peers, aiming to load balance the workload and download blocks in parallel.
Specifications are typically written to identify and fix bugs, justifying the effort involved. However, the primary motivations for this project are:
- To learn more PlusCal and TLA+.
- To formally define a blockchain synchronization algorithm.
This is an ongoing project, and comments or contributions are highly encouraged.
The project consists of several files, with p2p.tla being the core specification. The algorithm is implemented in PlusCal.
The model operates based on initial network conditions stored in the Blockchain.tla module. Variables such as the number of peers, the blocks each peer holds, and the peer set of each peer influence the model's state and behavior during model checking with TLC.
To run the model, we use the TLA+ for Visual Studio Code extension, which parses the PlusCal code into TLA+ and allows us to run the TLC model checker.
The Blockchain.tla module includes different initial conditions, labeled as BLOCKCHAIN1, BLOCKCHAIN2, etc.
In p2p.tla, you must update the RunningBlockchain variable to the desired network condition before running the model checker. For example:
RunningBlockchain == BLOCKCHAIN5
Then, run the TLC model checker against the parsed p2p.tla file.
The algorithm consists of two processes running in parallel.
This process listens for incoming messages and calls the corresponding procedure when a message arrives on the channel established between two connected peers. The following are the supported messages in this specification:
flowchart TD
LISTENER[[LISTENER]] --> |Listen|addr
LISTENER --> |Listen|version
LISTENER --> |Listen|verack
LISTENER --> |Listen|getblocks
LISTENER --> |Listen|inv
LISTENER --> |Listen|getdata
This process manages connections between peers. Connections are created between each peer listed in the RunningBlockchain sequence and their respective peers in the peer_set. Once connected, peers will request blocks and attempt to synchronize with the network.
The following diagram assumes a network of three peers (peer1, peer2, and peer3), where peer2 has peer1 and peer3 in its peer_set.
SYNCHRONIZER will not open connections for peer1 and peer3 since they have no peers in their peer_set. For peer2, connections with peer1 and peer3 will be established, and blocks will be requested from both until peer2 is in sync, at which point the algorithm terminates.
flowchart TD
SYNCHRONIZER[[SYNCHRONIZER]] --> announce
announce --> |Connect|peer1
announce --> |Connect|peer3
sync --> |Request blocks|peer1
peer1 --> |Send blocks|sync
sync --> |Request blocks|peer3
peer3 --> |Send blocks|sync
sync ---> |Peer in sync|terminate
Let's now consider a network with two peers (peer1 and peer2), where peer1 is in the peer_set of peer2. The following diagram shows how the SYNCHRONIZER and LISTENER processes interact to synchronize peer2 with peer1 at the message level.
flowchart TD
LISTENER[[LISTENER]] --> |Listen|addr
LISTENER --> |Listen|version
LISTENER --> |Listen|verack
LISTENER --> |Listen|getblocks
LISTENER --> |Listen|inv
LISTENER --> |Listen|getdata
SYNCHRONIZER[[SYNCHRONIZER]] --> announce
announce --> |Start Connecting|send_addr_msg([SendAddrMsg])
send_addr_msg --> |Process|addr
addr --> |Start Hansdhake|send_version_msg([SendVersionMsg])
send_version_msg --> |Process|version
version --> |More Hanshake|send_verack_msg([SendVerackMsg])
send_verack_msg --> |End Handshake - Connected|verack
announce --> |Await connected|sync
sync --> |Decide blocks to be requested|request_blocks
request_blocks --> |Request inv|send_getblocks_msg([SendGetBlocksMsg])
send_getblocks_msg --> |Process|getblocks
getblocks --> |Get inv|send_inv_msg([SendInvMsg])
send_inv_msg --> |Process|inv
inv --> |Request data|send_getdata_msg([SendGetDataMsg])
send_getdata_msg --> |Process|getdata
getdata --> |Add data to peer|incorporate
incorporate --> |Sync loop|sync
incorporate --> |End algorithm|terminate
In a network with three peers (peer1, peer2, and peer3), where only peer2 has peers in its peer_set (specifically, peer1 and peer3), the following sequence occurs:
After connecting with both peers, the SYNCHRONIZER requests a batch of blocks from peer1. If this batch is insufficient for full synchronization, another batch is requested from peer3, and the process repeats until peer2 is fully synchronized.
sequenceDiagram
Peer2->>Peer1: Request blocks
Peer1->>Peer2: Send blocks
Peer2->>Peer2: Need more blocks? YES
Peer2->>Peer3: Request more blocks
Peer3 ->>Peer2: Send more blocks
Peer2->>Peer2: Need more blocks? YES
Peer2->>Peer1: Request more blocks
Peer1->>Peer2: Send more blocks
Peer2->>Peer2: Need more blocks? NO