General Text Embeddings (GTE) model. Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learning
The GTE models are trained by Alibaba DAMO Academy. They are mainly based on the BERT framework and currently offer three different sizes of models, including GTE-large, GTE-base, and GTE-small. The GTE models are trained on a large-scale corpus of relevance text pairs, covering a wide range of domains and scenarios. This enables the GTE models to be applied to various downstream tasks of text embeddings, including information retrieval, semantic textual similarity, text reranking, etc.
We compared the performance of the GTE models with other popular text embedding models on the MTEB benchmark. For more detailed comparison results, please refer to the MTEB leaderboard.
| Model Name | Model Size (GB) | Dimension | Sequence Length | Average (56) | Clustering (11) | Pair Classification (3) | Reranking (4) | Retrieval (15) | STS (10) | Summarization (1) | Classification (12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gte-large | 0.67 | 1024 | 512 | 63.13 | 46.84 | 85.00 | 59.13 | 52.22 | 83.35 | 31.66 | 73.33 |
| gte-base | 0.22 | 768 | 512 | 62.39 | 46.2 | 84.57 | 58.61 | 51.14 | 82.3 | 31.17 | 73.01 |
| e5-large-v2 | 1.34 | 1024 | 512 | 62.25 | 44.49 | 86.03 | 56.61 | 50.56 | 82.05 | 30.19 | 75.24 |
| e5-base-v2 | 0.44 | 768 | 512 | 61.5 | 43.80 | 85.73 | 55.91 | 50.29 | 81.05 | 30.28 | 73.84 |
| gte-small | 0.07 | 384 | 512 | 61.36 | 44.89 | 83.54 | 57.7 | 49.46 | 82.07 | 30.42 | 72.31 |
| text-embedding-ada-002 | - | 1536 | 8192 | 60.99 | 45.9 | 84.89 | 56.32 | 49.25 | 80.97 | 30.8 | 70.93 |
| e5-small-v2 | 0.13 | 384 | 512 | 59.93 | 39.92 | 84.67 | 54.32 | 49.04 | 80.39 | 31.16 | 72.94 |
| sentence-t5-xxl | 9.73 | 768 | 512 | 59.51 | 43.72 | 85.06 | 56.42 | 42.24 | 82.63 | 30.08 | 73.42 |
| all-mpnet-base-v2 | 0.44 | 768 | 514 | 57.78 | 43.69 | 83.04 | 59.36 | 43.81 | 80.28 | 27.49 | 65.07 |
| sgpt-bloom-7b1-msmarco | 28.27 | 4096 | 2048 | 57.59 | 38.93 | 81.9 | 55.65 | 48.22 | 77.74 | 33.6 | 66.19 |
| all-MiniLM-L12-v2 | 0.13 | 384 | 512 | 56.53 | 41.81 | 82.41 | 58.44 | 42.69 | 79.8 | 27.9 | 63.21 |
| all-MiniLM-L6-v2 | 0.09 | 384 | 512 | 56.26 | 42.35 | 82.37 | 58.04 | 41.95 | 78.9 | 30.81 | 63.05 |
| contriever-base-msmarco | 0.44 | 768 | 512 | 56.00 | 41.1 | 82.54 | 53.14 | 41.88 | 76.51 | 30.36 | 66.68 |
| sentence-t5-base | 0.22 | 768 | 512 | 55.27 | 40.21 | 85.18 | 53.09 | 33.63 | 81.14 | 31.39 | 69.81 |