Lwan is a high-performance & scalable web server for glibc/Linux platforms.
In development for almost 3 years, Lwan was until now a personal research effort that focused mostly on building a solid infrastructure for a lightweight and speedy web server:
- Low memory footprint (~500KiB for 10k idle connections)
- Minimal memory allocations & copies
- Minimal system calls
- Hand-crafted HTTP request parser
- Files are served using the most efficient way according to their size
- No copies between kernel and userland for files larger than 16KiB
- Smaller files are sent using vectored I/O of memory-mapped buffers
- Header overhead is considered before compressing small files
- Mostly wait-free multi-threaded design
- Diminute code base with roughly 7200 lines of C code
It is now transitioning into a fully working, capable HTTP server. It is not, however, as feature-packed as other popular web servers. But it is free software, so scratching your own itches and making Lwan hum the way you want it to is possible.
Features include:
- Mustache templating engine
- Used for directory listing & error messages
- Available for user-built handlers
- Easy to use API to create web applications or extend the web server
- Supports rebimboca da parafuseta
- Test suite written in Python tests the server as a black box
- No-nonsense configuration file syntax
- Supports a subset of HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1
- systemd socket activation
- IPv6 ready
The web site has more details, including a FAQ about the name of the project and security concerns.
It can achieve good performance, yielding about 320000 requests/second on a Core i7 laptop for requests without disk access.
When disk I/O is required, for files up to 16KiB, it yields about 290000 requests/second; for larger files, this drops to 185000 requests/second, which isn't too shabby either.
These results, of course, with keep-alive connections, and with weighttp running on the same machine (and thus using resources that could be used for the webserver itself).
Without keep-alive, these numbers drop around 6-fold.
Although it uses epoll and the Linux variant of sendfile(), it is fairly portable to other event-based pollers, like kqueue. An old version of lwan has been successfully ported to FreeBSD. Eventually, some event library such as libev or libevent will be used to aid in portability.
Before installing Lwan, ensure all dependencies are installed. All of them are common dependencies found in any GNU/Linux distribution; package names will be different, but it shouldn't be difficult to search using whatever package management tool that's used by your distribution.
The build system will look for these libraries and enable/link if available.
- SQLite 3
- Lua 5.1 or LuaJIT 2.0
- Client libraries for either MySQL or MariaDB
- TCMalloc
- jemalloc
- Valgrind
- To run test suite, Python (2.6+) with Requests module is required
- ArchLinux:
pacman -S cmake zlib sqlite luajit libmariadbclient gperftools valgrind - FreeBSD:
pkg install cmake pkgconf sqlite3 lua51 - Ubuntu 14+:
apt-get update && apt-get install git cmake zlib1g-dev pkg-config lua5.1-dev libsqlite3-dev libmysqlclient-dev
~$ git clone git://github.com/lpereira/lwan
~$ cd lwan
~/lwan$ mkdir build
~/lwan$ cd build
~/lwan/build$ cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
~/lwan/build$ make
It is important to build outside of the tree; in-tree builds are not supported.
Passing -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release will enable some compiler
optimizations (such as LTO)
and tune the code for current architecture. Please use this version
when benchmarking, as the default is the Debug build, which not only
logs all requests to the standard output, but does so while holding a
mutex.
The default build (i.e. not passing -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release) will build
a version suitable for debugging purposes. This version can be used under
Valgrind, is built with Undefined Behavior Sanitizer, and includes debugging
messages that are stripped in the release version. Debugging messages are
printed while holding a mutex, and are printed for each and every request;
so do not use this version for benchmarking purposes.
Set up the server by editing the provided lwan.conf; the format is
very simple and should be self-explanatory.
Configuration files are loaded from the current directory. If no changes
are made to this file, running lwan will serve static files located in
the ./wwwroot directory, and also provide a Hello, World! handler (which
serves as an example of how to use some of its internal APIs).
Lwan will listen on port 8080 on all interfaces.
Lwan will detect the number of CPUs, will increase the maximum number of open file descriptors and generally try its best to autodetect reasonable settings for the environment it's running on.
Optionally, the lwan binary can be used for one-shot static file serving
without any configuration file. Run it with --help for help on that.
There is an IRC channel (#lwan) on Freenode. A
standard IRC client can be used. A web IRC gateway
is also available.
Here's a non-definitive list of third-party stuff that uses Lwan and have been seen in the wild. Help build this list!
- An experimental version of Node.js using Lwan as its HTTP server is maintained by @raadad.
- The beginnings of a C++11 web framework based on Lwan written by @vileda.
- A more complete C++14 web framework by @matt-42 offers Lwan as one of its backends.
- A word ladder sample program by @sjnam. Demo.
- A Shodan search listing some brave souls that expose Lwan to the public internet.
Some other distribution channels were made available as well:
- A
Dockerfileis maintained by @jaxgeller, and is available from the Docker registry. - A buildpack for Heroku is maintained by @bherrera, and is available from its repo.
- Lwan is also available as a package in Biicode.
- User packages for Arch Linux also Ubuntu.
Lwan has been also used as a benchmark:
- Raphael Javaux's master thesis cites Lwan in chapter 5 ("Performance Analysis").
- Lwan is used as a benchmark by the PyParallel author.
- Kong uses Lwan as the backend API in its benchmark.
- TechEmpower Framework benchmarks feature Lwan since round 10.
Not really third-party, but alas:
- The author's blog.
- The project's webpage.
| Release | Debug | Static Analysis | Unit Tests |
|---|---|---|---|
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| Waterfall | Waterfall | Waterfall - Reports | Waterfall |