Redis cache backend for Django

This is a Jazzband project. By contributing you agree to abide by the Contributor Code of Conduct and follow the guidelines.

Introduction

django-redis is a BSD licensed, full featured Redis cache and session backend for Django.

Why use django-redis?

• Uses native redis-py url notation connection strings
• Pluggable clients
• Pluggable parsers
• Pluggable serializers
• Primary/secondary support in the default client
• Comprehensive test suite
• Used in production in several projects as cache and session storage
• Supports infinite timeouts
• Facilities for raw access to Redis client/connection pool
• Highly configurable (can emulate memcached exception behavior, for example)
• Unix sockets supported by default

Requirements

• Python 3.8+
• Django 4.2+
• redis-py 4.0.2+
• Redis server 2.8+

User guide

Installation

Install with pip:

$ python -m pip install django-redis

Configure as cache backend

To start using django-redis, you should change your Django cache settings to something like:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
        }
    }
}

django-redis uses the redis-py native URL notation for connection strings, it allows better interoperability and has a connection string in more "standard" way. Some examples:

• redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
• rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
• unix://[[username]:[password]]@/path/to/socket.sock?db=0

Three URL schemes are supported:

• redis://: creates a normal TCP socket connection
• rediss://: creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection
• unix:// creates a Unix Domain Socket connection

There are several ways to specify a database number:

• A db querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
• If using the redis:// scheme, the path argument of the URL, e.g. redis://localhost/0

When using Redis' ACLs, you will need to add the username to the URL (and provide the password with the Cache OPTIONS). The login for the user django would look like this:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://django@localhost:6379/0",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            "PASSWORD": "mysecret"
        }
    }
}

An alternative would be write both username and password into the URL:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://django:mysecret@localhost:6379/0",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
        }
    }
}

In some circumstances the password you should use to connect Redis is not URL-safe, in this case you can escape it or just use the convenience option in OPTIONS dict:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            "PASSWORD": "mysecret"
        }
    }
}

Take care, that this option does not overwrites the password in the uri, so if you have set the password in the uri, this settings will be ignored.

Configure as session backend

Django can by default use any cache backend as session backend and you benefit from that by using django-redis as backend for session storage without installing any additional backends:

SESSION_ENGINE = "django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache"
SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = "default"

Testing with django-redis

django-redis supports customizing the underlying Redis client (see "Pluggable clients"). This can be used for testing purposes.

In case you want to flush all data from the cache after a test, add the following lines to your test class:

from django_redis import get_redis_connection

def tearDown(self):
    get_redis_connection("default").flushall()

Advanced usage

Pickle version

For almost all values, django-redis uses pickle to serialize objects.

The pickle.DEFAULT_PROTOCOL version of pickle is used by default to ensure safe upgrades and compatibility across Python versions. If you want set a concrete version, you can do it, using PICKLE_VERSION option:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "PICKLE_VERSION": -1  # Will use highest protocol version available
        }
    }
}

Socket timeout

Socket timeout can be set using SOCKET_TIMEOUT and SOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT options:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "SOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT": 5,  # seconds
            "SOCKET_TIMEOUT": 5,  # seconds
        }
    }
}

SOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT is the timeout for the connection to be established and SOCKET_TIMEOUT is the timeout for read and write operations after the connection is established.

Compression support

django-redis comes with compression support out of the box, but is deactivated by default. You can activate it setting up a concrete backend:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "COMPRESSOR": "django_redis.compressors.zlib.ZlibCompressor",
        }
    }
}

Let see an example, of how make it work with lzma compression format:

import lzma

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "COMPRESSOR": "django_redis.compressors.lzma.LzmaCompressor",
        }
    }
}

Lz4 compression support (requires the lz4 library):

import lz4

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "COMPRESSOR": "django_redis.compressors.lz4.Lz4Compressor",
        }
    }
}

Zstandard (zstd) compression support (requires the pyzstd library):

import pyzstd

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "COMPRESSOR": "django_redis.compressors.zstd.ZStdCompressor",
        }
    }
}

Gzip compression support:

import gzip

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "COMPRESSOR": "django_redis.compressors.gzip.GzipCompressor",
        }
    }
}

Memcached exceptions behavior

In some situations, when Redis is only used for cache, you do not want exceptions when Redis is down. This is default behavior in the memcached backend and it can be emulated in django-redis.

For setup memcached like behaviour (ignore connection exceptions), you should set IGNORE_EXCEPTIONS settings on your cache configuration:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "IGNORE_EXCEPTIONS": True,
        }
    }
}

Also, you can apply the same settings to all configured caches, you can set the global flag in your settings:

DJANGO_REDIS_IGNORE_EXCEPTIONS = True

Log Ignored Exceptions

When ignoring exceptions with IGNORE_EXCEPTIONS or DJANGO_REDIS_IGNORE_EXCEPTIONS, you may optionally log exceptions using the global variable DJANGO_REDIS_LOG_IGNORED_EXCEPTIONS in your settings file:

DJANGO_REDIS_LOG_IGNORED_EXCEPTIONS = True

If you wish to specify the logger in which the exceptions are output, simply set the global variable DJANGO_REDIS_LOGGER to the string name and/or path of the desired logger. This will default to __name__ if no logger is specified and DJANGO_REDIS_LOG_IGNORED_EXCEPTIONS is True:

DJANGO_REDIS_LOGGER = 'some.specified.logger'

Infinite timeout

django-redis comes with infinite timeouts support out of the box. And it behaves in same way as django backend contract specifies:

• timeout=0 expires the value immediately.
• timeout=None infinite timeout

cache.set("key", "value", timeout=None)

Get ttl (time-to-live) from key

With Redis, you can access to ttl of any stored key, for it, django-redis exposes ttl function.

It returns:

• 0 if key does not exists (or already expired).
• None for keys that exists but does not have any expiration.
• ttl value for any volatile key (any key that has expiration).

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.set("foo", "value", timeout=25)
>>> cache.ttl("foo")
25
>>> cache.ttl("not-existent")
0

With Redis, you can access to ttl of any stored key in milliseconds, for it, django-redis exposes pttl function.

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.set("foo", "value", timeout=25)
>>> cache.pttl("foo")
25000
>>> cache.pttl("not-existent")
0

Expire & Persist

Additionally to the simple ttl query, you can send persist a concrete key or specify a new expiration timeout using the persist and expire methods:

>>> cache.set("foo", "bar", timeout=22)
>>> cache.ttl("foo")
22
>>> cache.persist("foo")
True
>>> cache.ttl("foo")
None

>>> cache.set("foo", "bar", timeout=22)
>>> cache.expire("foo", timeout=5)
True
>>> cache.ttl("foo")
5

The expire_at method can be used to make the key expire at a specific moment in time.

>>> cache.set("foo", "bar", timeout=22)
>>> cache.expire_at("foo", datetime.now() + timedelta(hours=1))
True
>>> cache.ttl("foo")
3600

The pexpire_at method can be used to make the key expire at a specific moment in time with milliseconds precision:

>>> cache.set("foo", "bar", timeout=22)
>>> cache.pexpire_at("foo", datetime.now() + timedelta(milliseconds=900, hours=1))
True
>>> cache.ttl("foo")
3601
>>> cache.pttl("foo")
3600900

The pexpire method can be used to provide millisecond precision:

>>> cache.set("foo", "bar", timeout=22)
>>> cache.pexpire("foo", timeout=5500)
True
>>> cache.pttl("foo")
5500

Locks

It also supports the Redis ability to create Redis distributed named locks. The Lock interface is identical to the threading.Lock so you can use it as replacement.

with cache.lock("somekey"):
    do_some_thing()

Scan & Delete keys in bulk

django-redis comes with some additional methods that help with searching or deleting keys using glob patterns.

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.keys("foo_*")
["foo_1", "foo_2"]

A simple search like this will return all matched values. In databases with a large number of keys this isn't suitable method. Instead, you can use the iter_keys function that works like the keys function but uses Redis server side cursors. Calling iter_keys will return a generator that you can then iterate over efficiently.

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.iter_keys("foo_*")
<generator object algo at 0x7ffa9c2713a8>
>>> next(cache.iter_keys("foo_*"))
"foo_1"

For deleting keys, you should use delete_pattern which has the same glob pattern syntax as the keys function and returns the number of deleted keys.

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.delete_pattern("foo_*")

To achieve the best performance while deleting many keys, you should set DJANGO_REDIS_SCAN_ITERSIZE to a relatively high number (e.g., 100_000) by default in Django settings or pass it directly to the delete_pattern.

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.delete_pattern("foo_*", itersize=100_000)

Redis native commands

django-redis has limited support for some Redis atomic operations, such as the commands SETNX and INCR.

You can use the SETNX command through the backend set() method with the nx parameter:

>>> from django.core.cache import cache
>>> cache.set("key", "value1", nx=True)
True
>>> cache.set("key", "value2", nx=True)
False
>>> cache.get("key")
"value1"

Also, the incr and decr methods use Redis atomic operations when the value that a key contains is suitable for it.

Raw client access

In some situations your application requires access to a raw Redis client to use some advanced features that aren't exposed by the Django cache interface. To avoid storing another setting for creating a raw connection, django-redis exposes functions with which you can obtain a raw client reusing the cache connection string: get_redis_connection(alias).

>>> from django_redis import get_redis_connection
>>> con = get_redis_connection("default")
>>> con
<redis.client.Redis object at 0x2dc4510>

WARNING: Not all pluggable clients support this feature.

Connection pools

Behind the scenes, django-redis uses the underlying redis-py connection pool implementation, and exposes a simple way to configure it. Alternatively, you can directly customize a connection/connection pool creation for a backend.

The default redis-py behavior is to not close connections, recycling them when possible.

Configure default connection pool

The default connection pool is simple. For example, you can customize the maximum number of connections in the pool by setting CONNECTION_POOL_KWARGS in the CACHES setting:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CONNECTION_POOL_KWARGS": {"max_connections": 100}
        }
    }
}

You can verify how many connections the pool has opened with the following snippet:

from django_redis import get_redis_connection

r = get_redis_connection("default")  # Use the name you have defined for Redis in settings.CACHES
connection_pool = r.connection_pool
print("Created connections so far: %d" % connection_pool._created_connections)

Since the default connection pool passes all keyword arguments it doesn't use to its connections, you can also customize the connections that the pool makes by adding those options to CONNECTION_POOL_KWARGS:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        # ...
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CONNECTION_POOL_KWARGS": {"max_connections": 100, "retry_on_timeout": True}
        }
    }
}

Use your own connection pool subclass

Sometimes you want to use your own subclass of the connection pool. This is possible with django-redis using the CONNECTION_POOL_CLASS parameter in the backend options.

from redis.connection import ConnectionPool

class MyOwnPool(ConnectionPool):
    # Just doing nothing, only for example purpose
    pass

# Omitting all backend declaration boilerplate code.

"OPTIONS": {
    "CONNECTION_POOL_CLASS": "myproj.mypool.MyOwnPool",
}

Customize connection factory

If none of the previous methods satisfies you, you can get in the middle of the django-redis connection factory process and customize or completely rewrite it.

By default, django-redis creates connections through the django_redis.pool.ConnectionFactory class that is specified in the global Django setting DJANGO_REDIS_CONNECTION_FACTORY.

class ConnectionFactory(object):
    def get_connection_pool(self, params: dict):
        # Given connection parameters in the `params` argument, return new
        # connection pool. It should be overwritten if you want do
        # something before/after creating the connection pool, or return
        # your own connection pool.
        pass

    def get_connection(self, params: dict):
        # Given connection parameters in the `params` argument, return a
        # new connection. It should be overwritten if you want to do
        # something before/after creating a new connection. The default
        # implementation uses `get_connection_pool` to obtain a pool and
        # create a new connection in the newly obtained pool.
        pass

    def get_or_create_connection_pool(self, params: dict):
        # This is a high layer on top of `get_connection_pool` for
        # implementing a cache of created connection pools. It should be
        # overwritten if you want change the default behavior.
        pass

    def make_connection_params(self, url: str) -> dict:
        # The responsibility of this method is to convert basic connection
        # parameters and other settings to fully connection pool ready
        # connection parameters.
        pass

    def connect(self, url: str):
        # This is really a public API and entry point for this factory
        # class. This encapsulates the main logic of creating the
        # previously mentioned `params` using `make_connection_params` and
        # creating a new connection using the `get_connection` method.
        pass

Use the sentinel connection factory

In order to facilitate using Redis Sentinels, django-redis comes with a built in sentinel connection factory, which creates sentinel connection pools. In order to enable this functionality you should add the following:

# Enable the alternate connection factory.
DJANGO_REDIS_CONNECTION_FACTORY = 'django_redis.pool.SentinelConnectionFactory'

# These sentinels are shared between all the examples, and are passed
# directly to redis Sentinel. These can also be defined inline.
SENTINELS = [
    ('sentinel-1', 26379),
    ('sentinel-2', 26379),
    ('sentinel-3', 26379),
]

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        # The hostname in LOCATION is the primary (service / master) name
        "LOCATION": "redis://service_name/db",
        "OPTIONS": {
            # While the default client will work, this will check you
            # have configured things correctly, and also create a
            # primary and replica pool for the service specified by
            # LOCATION rather than requiring two URLs.
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.SentinelClient",

            # Sentinels which are passed directly to redis Sentinel.
            "SENTINELS": SENTINELS,

            # kwargs for redis Sentinel (optional).
            "SENTINEL_KWARGS": {},

            # You can still override the connection pool (optional).
            "CONNECTION_POOL_CLASS": "redis.sentinel.SentinelConnectionPool",
        },
    },

    # A minimal example using the SentinelClient.
    "minimal": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",

        # The SentinelClient will use this location for both the primaries
        # and replicas.
        "LOCATION": "redis://minimal_service_name/db",

        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.SentinelClient",
            "SENTINELS": SENTINELS,
        },
    },

    # A minimal example using the DefaultClient.
    "other": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": [
            # The DefaultClient is [primary, replicas...], but with the
            # SentinelConnectionPool it only requires one "is_master=0".
            "redis://other_service_name/db?is_master=1",
            "redis://other_service_name/db?is_master=0",
        ],
        "OPTIONS": {"SENTINELS": SENTINELS},
    },

    # A minimal example only using only replicas in read only mode (and
    # the DefaultClient).
    "readonly": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://readonly_service_name/db?is_master=0",
        "OPTIONS": {"SENTINELS": SENTINELS},
    },
}

It is also possible to set some caches as sentinels and some as not:

SENTINELS = [
    ('sentinel-1', 26379),
    ('sentinel-2', 26379),
    ('sentinel-3', 26379),
]
CACHES = {
    "sentinel": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://service_name/db",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.SentinelClient",
            "SENTINELS": SENTINELS,
            "CONNECTION_POOL_CLASS": "redis.sentinel.SentinelConnectionPool",
            "CONNECTION_FACTORY": "django_redis.pool.SentinelConnectionFactory",
        },
    },
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
        },
    },
}

Pluggable parsers

redis-py (the Python Redis client used by django-redis) comes with a pure Python Redis parser that works very well for most common task, but if you want some performance boost, you can use hiredis.

hiredis is a Redis client written in C and it has its own parser that can be used with django-redis.

"OPTIONS": {
    "PARSER_CLASS": "redis.connection.HiredisParser",
}

Note: if using version 5 of redis-py, use "redis.connection._HiredisParser" for the PARSER_CLASS due to an internal rename of classes within that package.

Pluggable clients

django-redis is designed for to be very flexible and very configurable. For it, it exposes a pluggable backends that make easy extend the default behavior, and it comes with few ones out the box.

Default client

Almost all about the default client is explained, with one exception: the default client comes with replication support.

To connect to a Redis replication setup, you should change the LOCATION to something like:

"LOCATION": [
    "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
    "redis://127.0.0.1:6378/1",
]

The first connection string represents the primary server and the rest to replica servers.

WARNING: Replication setup is not heavily tested in production environments.

Shard client

This pluggable client implements client-side sharding. It inherits almost all functionality from the default client. To use it, change your cache settings to something like this:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": [
            "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
            "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/2",
        ],
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.ShardClient",
        }
    }
}

WARNING: Shard client is still experimental, so be careful when using it in production environments.

Herd client

This pluggable client helps dealing with the thundering herd problem. You can read more about it on link: Wikipedia

Like previous pluggable clients, it inherits all functionality from the default client, adding some additional methods for getting/setting keys.

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.HerdClient",
        }
    }
}

This client exposes additional settings:

• CACHE_HERD_TIMEOUT: Set default herd timeout. (Default value: 60s)

Pluggable serializer

The pluggable clients serialize data before sending it to the server. By default, django-redis serializes the data using the Python pickle module. This is very flexible and can handle a large range of object types.

To serialize using JSON instead, the serializer JSONSerializer is also available.

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            "SERIALIZER": "django_redis.serializers.json.JSONSerializer",
        }
    }
}

There's also support for serialization using MsgPack (that requires the msgpack library):

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            "SERIALIZER": "django_redis.serializers.msgpack.MSGPackSerializer",
        }
    }
}

Pluggable Redis client

django-redis uses the Redis client redis.client.StrictClient by default. It is possible to use an alternative client.

You can customize the client used by setting REDIS_CLIENT_CLASS in the CACHES setting. Optionally, you can provide arguments to this class by setting REDIS_CLIENT_KWARGS.

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "OPTIONS": {
            "REDIS_CLIENT_CLASS": "my.module.ClientClass",
            "REDIS_CLIENT_KWARGS": {"some_setting": True},
        }
    }
}

Closing Connections

The default django-redis behavior on close() is to keep the connections to Redis server.

You can change this default behaviour for all caches by the DJANGO_REDIS_CLOSE_CONNECTION = True in the django settings (globally) or (at cache level) by setting CLOSE_CONNECTION: True in the OPTIONS for each configured cache.

Setting True as a value will instruct the django-redis to close all the connections (since v. 4.12.2), irrespectively of its current usage.

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "redis://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            "CLOSE_CONNECTION": True,
        }
    }
}

SSL/TLS and Self-Signed certificates

In case you encounter a Redis server offering a TLS connection using a self-signed certificate you may disable certification verification with the following:

CACHES = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "django_redis.cache.RedisCache",
        "LOCATION": "rediss://127.0.0.1:6379/1",
        "OPTIONS": {
            "CLIENT_CLASS": "django_redis.client.DefaultClient",
            "CONNECTION_POOL_KWARGS": {"ssl_cert_reqs": None}
        }
    }
}

License

Copyright (c) 2011-2015 Andrey Antukh <[email protected]>
Copyright (c) 2011 Sean Bleier

All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS`` AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.