Detect ARM CPU features for host target and in runtime

[alexreinking]

Adds feature detection to the runtime library and to the host target feature computation.

Not sure what the best way is to share code here. Not sure how best to test on Android or Windows/ARM, either.

Fixes #4727
Fixes #6106
Fixes #7901
Fixes #7979
Fixes #8340

[alexreinking]

Not sure what the best way is to detect the ARMv8.1-A feature. It seems certain other features (e.g. sve/dotprod) imply it, or not (armv7s).

[alexreinking]

Regarding the tutorial failures, lesson 15 uses the target string host-x86-64 to infer the OS

But with this PR, host will be something like arm-64-osx-arm_dot_prod-arm_fp16. This then becomes x86-64-osx-arm_dot_prod-arm_fp16-sse4 which makes no sense.

The fundamental issue is that "the host but on a different architecture" isn't a well-defined thing.

Brainstorming a few possible resolutions:

1. Define changing the arch of a target to clear all arch-specific features
2. Interpret host in the os-position to mean the host os and no more. The target string in the lesson would become x86-64-host.
   1. Bike-shed: use os or hostos in place of host?
3. Change the lesson to use x86-64-linux instead of host-x86-64.

[alexreinking]

Pending further discussion, I'm using this option to continue making progress:

Change the lesson to use x86-64-linux instead of host-x86-64.

[steven-johnson]

Ready to land?

[abadams]

No, the windows ARM code is still just a guess. We're trying to figure out how to test it.

[alexreinking]

I'm trying to test it inside a Windows 11 ARM VM via UTM

[alexreinking]

With the latest commit, I have get_host_target confirmed working in the Windows 11 UTM VM. The changes to the LLVM runtime linker were necessary for building Halide with AArch64 but not ARM (to cut down on LLVM build times... building LLVM on ARM64 windows is a nightmare).

Related to #2282

[alexreinking]

Review ping