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Update to Kubernetes 1.21.0
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@kelseyhightower
kelseyhightower committed May 2, 2021
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10 changes: 5 additions & 5 deletions README.md
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Expand Up @@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ The target audience for this tutorial is someone planning to support a productio

Kubernetes The Hard Way guides you through bootstrapping a highly available Kubernetes cluster with end-to-end encryption between components and RBAC authentication.

* [kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) v1.18.6
* [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd) v1.3.6
* [coredns](https://github.com/coredns/coredns) v1.7.0
* [cni](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) v0.8.6
* [etcd](https://github.com/coreos/etcd) v3.4.10
* [kubernetes](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) v1.21.0
* [containerd](https://github.com/containerd/containerd) v1.4.4
* [coredns](https://github.com/coredns/coredns) v1.8.3
* [cni](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) v0.9.1
* [etcd](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd) v3.4.15

## Labs

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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion docs/01-prerequisites.md
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Expand Up @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This tutorial leverages the [Google Cloud Platform](https://cloud.google.com/) t

Follow the Google Cloud SDK [documentation](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/) to install and configure the `gcloud` command line utility.

Verify the Google Cloud SDK version is 301.0.0 or higher:
Verify the Google Cloud SDK version is 338.0.0 or higher:

```
gcloud version
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8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions docs/02-client-tools.md
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Expand Up @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ The `kubectl` command line utility is used to interact with the Kubernetes API S
### OS X

```
curl -o kubectl https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl
curl -o kubectl https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl
```

```
Expand All @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/
### Linux

```
wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
```

```
Expand All @@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/

### Verification

Verify `kubectl` version 1.18.6 or higher is installed:
Verify `kubectl` version 1.21.0 or higher is installed:

```
kubectl version --client
Expand All @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ kubectl version --client
> output
```
Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"18", GitVersion:"v1.18.6", GitCommit:"dff82dc0de47299ab66c83c626e08b245ab19037", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2020-07-15T16:58:53Z", GoVersion:"go1.13.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"21", GitVersion:"v1.21.0", GitCommit:"cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-04-08T16:31:21Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.1", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
```

Next: [Provisioning Compute Resources](03-compute-resources.md)
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion docs/03-compute-resources.md
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Expand Up @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Waiting for SSH key to propagate.
After the SSH keys have been updated you'll be logged into the `controller-0` instance:

```
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-1019-gcp x86_64)
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-1042-gcp x86_64)
...
```

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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions docs/07-bootstrapping-etcd.md
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Expand Up @@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ Download the official etcd release binaries from the [etcd](https://github.com/e

```
wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
"https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.10/etcd-v3.4.10-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
"https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.4.15/etcd-v3.4.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz"
```

Extract and install the `etcd` server and the `etcdctl` command line utility:

```
{
tar -xvf etcd-v3.4.10-linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo mv etcd-v3.4.10-linux-amd64/etcd* /usr/local/bin/
tar -xvf etcd-v3.4.15-linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo mv etcd-v3.4.15-linux-amd64/etcd* /usr/local/bin/
}
```

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51 changes: 30 additions & 21 deletions docs/08-bootstrapping-kubernetes-controllers.md
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Expand Up @@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ Download the official Kubernetes release binaries:

```
wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kube-apiserver" \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kube-controller-manager" \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kube-scheduler" \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl"
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-apiserver" \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-controller-manager" \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-scheduler" \
"https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl"
```

Install the Kubernetes binaries:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -62,6 +62,17 @@ INTERNAL_IP=$(curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/instance/network-interfaces/0/ip)
```

```
REGION=$(curl -s -H "Metadata-Flavor: Google" \
http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/google-compute-default-region)
```

```
KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS=$(gcloud compute addresses describe kubernetes-the-hard-way \
--region $REGION \
--format 'value(address)')
```

Create the `kube-apiserver.service` systemd unit file:

```
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -92,9 +103,10 @@ ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/kube-apiserver \\
--kubelet-certificate-authority=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem \\
--kubelet-client-certificate=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
--kubelet-client-key=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes-key.pem \\
--kubelet-https=true \\
--runtime-config='api/all=true' \\
--service-account-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account.pem \\
--service-account-signing-key-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/service-account-key.pem \\
--service-account-issuer=https://${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS}:6443 \\
--service-cluster-ip-range=10.32.0.0/24 \\
--service-node-port-range=30000-32767 \\
--tls-cert-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/kubernetes.pem \\
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -158,7 +170,7 @@ Create the `kube-scheduler.yaml` configuration file:

```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/kubernetes/config/kube-scheduler.yaml
apiVersion: kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
apiVersion: kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: KubeSchedulerConfiguration
clientConnection:
kubeconfig: "/var/lib/kubernetes/kube-scheduler.kubeconfig"
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -246,16 +258,11 @@ sudo systemctl enable nginx
### Verification

```
kubectl get componentstatuses --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig
kubectl cluster-info --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig
```

```
NAME STATUS MESSAGE ERROR
scheduler Healthy ok
controller-manager Healthy ok
etcd-0 Healthy {"health":"true"}
etcd-1 Healthy {"health":"true"}
etcd-2 Healthy {"health":"true"}
Kubernetes control plane is running at https://127.0.0.1:6443
```

Test the nginx HTTP health check proxy:
Expand All @@ -267,12 +274,14 @@ curl -H "Host: kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local" -i http://127.0.0.1/healthz
```
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Date: Sat, 18 Jul 2020 06:20:48 GMT
Date: Sun, 02 May 2021 04:19:29 GMT
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 2
Connection: keep-alive
Cache-Control: no-cache, private
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Kubernetes-Pf-Flowschema-Uid: c43f32eb-e038-457f-9474-571d43e5c325
X-Kubernetes-Pf-Prioritylevel-Uid: 8ba5908f-5569-4330-80fd-c643e7512366
ok
```
Expand All @@ -295,7 +304,7 @@ Create the `system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet` [ClusterRole](https://kubernetes.i

```
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
annotations:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -323,7 +332,7 @@ Bind the `system:kube-apiserver-to-kubelet` ClusterRole to the `kubernetes` user

```
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply --kubeconfig admin.kubeconfig -f -
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: system:kube-apiserver
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -403,12 +412,12 @@ curl --cacert ca.pem https://${KUBERNETES_PUBLIC_ADDRESS}:6443/version
```
{
"major": "1",
"minor": "18",
"gitVersion": "v1.18.6",
"gitCommit": "dff82dc0de47299ab66c83c626e08b245ab19037",
"minor": "21",
"gitVersion": "v1.21.0",
"gitCommit": "cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479",
"gitTreeState": "clean",
"buildDate": "2020-07-15T16:51:04Z",
"goVersion": "go1.13.9",
"buildDate": "2021-04-08T16:25:06Z",
"goVersion": "go1.16.1",
"compiler": "gc",
"platform": "linux/amd64"
}
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30 changes: 15 additions & 15 deletions docs/09-bootstrapping-kubernetes-workers.md
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Expand Up @@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ sudo swapoff -a

```
wget -q --show-progress --https-only --timestamping \
https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools/releases/download/v1.18.0/crictl-v1.18.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.0.0-rc91/runc.amd64 \
https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.8.6/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.6.tgz \
https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.3.6/containerd-1.3.6-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kube-proxy \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.18.6/bin/linux/amd64/kubelet
https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools/releases/download/v1.21.0/crictl-v1.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.0.0-rc93/runc.amd64 \
https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v0.9.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.9.1.tgz \
https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.4.4/containerd-1.4.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kube-proxy \
https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.21.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubelet
```

Create the installation directories:
Expand All @@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ Install the worker binaries:
```
{
mkdir containerd
tar -xvf crictl-v1.18.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -xvf containerd-1.3.6-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C containerd
sudo tar -xvf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.8.6.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/
tar -xvf crictl-v1.21.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -xvf containerd-1.4.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C containerd
sudo tar -xvf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v0.9.1.tgz -C /opt/cni/bin/
sudo mv runc.amd64 runc
chmod +x crictl kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc
sudo mv crictl kubectl kube-proxy kubelet runc /usr/local/bin/
Expand All @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Create the `bridge` network configuration file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/cni/net.d/10-bridge.conf
{
"cniVersion": "0.3.1",
"cniVersion": "0.4.0",
"name": "bridge",
"type": "bridge",
"bridge": "cnio0",
Expand All @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Create the `loopback` network configuration file:
```
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/cni/net.d/99-loopback.conf
{
"cniVersion": "0.3.1",
"cniVersion": "0.4.0",
"name": "lo",
"type": "loopback"
}
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -305,9 +305,9 @@ gcloud compute ssh controller-0 \
```
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
worker-0 Ready <none> 24s v1.18.6
worker-1 Ready <none> 24s v1.18.6
worker-2 Ready <none> 24s v1.18.6
worker-0 Ready <none> 22s v1.21.0
worker-1 Ready <none> 22s v1.21.0
worker-2 Ready <none> 22s v1.21.0
```

Next: [Configuring kubectl for Remote Access](10-configuring-kubectl.md)
18 changes: 7 additions & 11 deletions docs/10-configuring-kubectl.md
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Expand Up @@ -35,21 +35,17 @@ Generate a kubeconfig file suitable for authenticating as the `admin` user:

## Verification

Check the health of the remote Kubernetes cluster:
Check the version of the remote Kubernetes cluster:

```
kubectl get componentstatuses
kubectl version
```

> output
```
NAME STATUS MESSAGE ERROR
scheduler Healthy ok
controller-manager Healthy ok
etcd-0 Healthy {"health":"true"}
etcd-1 Healthy {"health":"true"}
etcd-2 Healthy {"health":"true"}
Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"21", GitVersion:"v1.21.0", GitCommit:"cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-04-08T16:31:21Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.1", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"21", GitVersion:"v1.21.0", GitCommit:"cb303e613a121a29364f75cc67d3d580833a7479", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2021-04-08T16:25:06Z", GoVersion:"go1.16.1", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
```

List the nodes in the remote Kubernetes cluster:
Expand All @@ -62,9 +58,9 @@ kubectl get nodes
```
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
worker-0 Ready <none> 2m30s v1.18.6
worker-1 Ready <none> 2m30s v1.18.6
worker-2 Ready <none> 2m30s v1.18.6
worker-0 Ready <none> 2m35s v1.21.0
worker-1 Ready <none> 2m35s v1.21.0
worker-2 Ready <none> 2m35s v1.21.0
```

Next: [Provisioning Pod Network Routes](11-pod-network-routes.md)
4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions docs/11-pod-network-routes.md
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Expand Up @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ gcloud compute routes list --filter "network: kubernetes-the-hard-way"
```
NAME NETWORK DEST_RANGE NEXT_HOP PRIORITY
default-route-6be823b741087623 kubernetes-the-hard-way 0.0.0.0/0 default-internet-gateway 1000
default-route-cebc434ce276fafa kubernetes-the-hard-way 10.240.0.0/24 kubernetes-the-hard-way 0
default-route-1606ba68df692422 kubernetes-the-hard-way 10.240.0.0/24 kubernetes-the-hard-way 0
default-route-615e3652a8b74e4d kubernetes-the-hard-way 0.0.0.0/0 default-internet-gateway 1000
kubernetes-route-10-200-0-0-24 kubernetes-the-hard-way 10.200.0.0/24 10.240.0.20 1000
kubernetes-route-10-200-1-0-24 kubernetes-the-hard-way 10.200.1.0/24 10.240.0.21 1000
kubernetes-route-10-200-2-0-24 kubernetes-the-hard-way 10.200.2.0/24 10.240.0.22 1000
Expand Down
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions docs/12-dns-addon.md
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Expand Up @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ In this lab you will deploy the [DNS add-on](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts
Deploy the `coredns` cluster add-on:

```
kubectl apply -f https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/coredns-1.7.0.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-the-hard-way/coredns-1.8.yaml
```

> output
Expand All @@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ kubectl get pods -l k8s-app=kube-dns -n kube-system
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
coredns-5677dc4cdb-d8rtv 1/1 Running 0 30s
coredns-5677dc4cdb-m8n69 1/1 Running 0 30s
coredns-8494f9c688-hh7r2 1/1 Running 0 10s
coredns-8494f9c688-zqrj2 1/1 Running 0 10s
```

## Verification
Expand Down
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