AIP-72: Handling SystemExit from task sdk

[amoghrajesh]

PR: #45106 provides a machinery to handle "failure" / "retry" states in the execution API server itself.

The aim of this PR is to extend to the "SystemExit" exception if thrown by tasks.

Testing results

DAG used (with and without retries):

import sys
from time import sleep

from airflow import DAG
from airflow.providers.standard.operators.python import PythonOperator


def print_hello():
    sleep(10)
    print("exiting with code 10")
    exit(10)

with DAG(
    dag_id="exitcode",
    schedule=None,
    catchup=False,
    tags=["demo"],
) as dag:
    hello_task = PythonOperator(
        task_id="exitcode-task",
        retries=2,
        python_callable=print_hello,
    )

Behaviour in legacy (non task sdk):

With retries configured

Without retries configured

Behaviour in task sdk:

With retries configured

Without retries configured

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[amoghrajesh]

Merging this, its a simple one