0x0F-function_pointers

0x0F-function_pointers

0-print_name.c

Write a function that prints a name.

Prototype: void print_name(char *name, void (*f)(char *));

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ cat 0-main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "function_pointers.h"

/**
 * print_name_as_is - prints a name as is
 * @name: name of the person
 *
 * Return: Nothing.
 */
void print_name_as_is(char *name)
{
    printf("Hello, my name is %s\n", name);
}

/**
 * print_name_uppercase - print a name in uppercase
 * @name: name of the person
 *
 * Return: Nothing.
 */
void print_name_uppercase(char *name)
{
    unsigned int i;

    printf("Hello, my uppercase name is ");
    i = 0;
    while (name[i])
    {
        if (name[i] >= 'a' && name[i] <= 'z')
        {
            putchar(name[i] + 'A' - 'a');
        }
        else
        {
            putchar(name[i]);
        }
        i++;
    }
}

/**
 * main - check the code
 *
 * Return: Always 0.
 */
int main(void)
{
    print_name("Bob", print_name_as_is);
    print_name("Bob Dylan", print_name_uppercase);
    printf("\n");
    return (0);
}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 0-main.c 0-print_name.c -o a
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./a 
Hello, my name is Bob
Hello, my uppercase name is BOB DYLAN
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

1-array_iterator.c

Write a function that executes a function given as a parameter on each element of an array.

• Prototype: void array_iterator(int *array, size_t size, void (*action)(int));
• where size is the size of the array
• and action is a pointer to the function you need to use

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ cat 1-main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "function_pointers.h"

/**
 * print_elem - prints an integer
 * @elem: the integer to print
 *
 * Return: Nothing.
 */
void print_elem(int elem)
{
    printf("%d\n", elem);
}

/**
 * print_elem_hex - prints an integer, in hexadecimal
 * @elem: the integer to print
 *
 * Return: Nothing.
 */
void print_elem_hex(int elem)
{
    printf("0x%x\n", elem);
}

/**
 * main - check the code
 *
 * Return: Always 0.
 */
int main(void)
{
    int array[5] = {0, 98, 402, 1024, 4096};

    array_iterator(array, 5, &print_elem);
    array_iterator(array, 5, &print_elem_hex);
    return (0);
}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 1-main.c 1-array_iterator.c -o b
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./b 
0
98
402
1024
4096
0x0
0x62
0x192
0x400
0x1000
julien@ubuntu:~//0x0e. Function pointers$

2-int_index.c

Write a function that searches for an integer.

• Prototype: int int_index(int *array, int size, int (*cmp)(int));
• where size is the number of elements in the array array
• cmp is a pointer to the function to be used to compare values
• int_index returns the index of the first element for which the cmp function does not return 0
• If no element matches, return -1
• If size <= 0, return -1

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ cat 2-main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "function_pointers.h"

/**
 * is_98 - check if a number is equal to 98
 * @elem: the integer to check
 *
 * Return: 0 if false, something else otherwise.
 */
int is_98(int elem)
{
    return (98 == elem);
}

/**
 * is_strictly_positive - check if a number is greater than 0
 * @elem: the integer to check
 *
 * Return: 0 if false, something else otherwise.
 */
int is_strictly_positive(int elem)
{
    return (elem > 0);
}


/**
 * abs_is_98 - check if the absolute value of a number is 98
 * @elem: the integer to check
 *
 * Return: 0 if false, something else otherwise.
 */
int abs_is_98(int elem)
{
    return (elem == 98 || -elem == 98);
}

/**
 * main - check the code
 *
 * Return: Always 0.
 */
int main(void)
{
    int array[20] = {0, -98, 98, 402, 1024, 4096, -1024, -98, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 98};
    int index;

    index = int_index(array, 20, is_98);
    printf("%d\n", index);
    index = int_index(array, 20, abs_is_98);
    printf("%d\n", index);
    index = int_index(array, 20, is_strictly_positive);
    printf("%d\n", index);
    return (0);
}
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 2-main.c 2-int_index.c -o c
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./c 
2
1
2
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

3-main.c || 3-op_functions.c || 3-get_op_func.c || 3-calc.h

Write a program that performs simple operations.

• You are allowed to use the standard library
• Usage: calc num1 operator num2
• You can assume num1 and num2 are integers, so use the atoi function to convert them from the string input to int operator is one of the following:
• +: addition
• -: subtraction
• *: multiplication
• /: division
• %: modulo
• The program prints the result of the operation, followed by a new line
• You can assume that the result of all operations can be stored in an int
• if the number of arguments is wrong, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with the status 98
• if the operator is none of the above, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with the status 99
• if the user tries to divide (/ or %) by 0, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with the status 100
• This task requires that you create four different files.

3-calc.h

This file should contain all the function prototypes and data structures used by the program. You can use this structure:

/**
 * struct op - Struct op
 *
 * @op: The operator
 * @f: The function associated
 */
typedef struct op
{
    char *op;
    int (*f)(int a, int b);
} op_t;

3-op_functions.c

This file should contain the function that selects the correct function to perform the operation asked by the user. You’re not allowed to declare any other function.

• Prototype: int (*get_op_func(char *s))(int, int);
• where s is the operator passed as argument to the program
• This function returns a pointer to the function that corresponds to the operator given as a parameter. Example: get_op_func("+") should return a pointer to the function op_add
• You are not allowed to use switch statements
• You are not allowed to use for or do ... while loops
• You are not allowed to use goto
• You are not allowed to use else
• You are not allowed to use more than one if statement in your code
• You are not allowed to use more than one while loop in your code
• If s does not match any of the 5 expected operators (+, -, *, /, %), return NULL
• You are only allowed to declare these two variables in this function:

op_t ops[] = {
        {"+", op_add},
        {"-", op_sub},
        {"*", op_mul},
        {"/", op_div},
        {"%", op_mod},
        {NULL, NULL}
    };
    int i;

3-main.c

This file should contain your main function only.

• You are not allowed to code any other function than main in this file
• You are not allowed to directly call op_add, op_sub, op_mul, op_div or op_mod from the main function
• You have to use atoi to convert arguments to int
• You are not allowed to use any kind of loop
• You are allowed to use a maximum of 3 if statements

Compilation and examples

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -Wall -pedantic -Werror -Wextra -std=gnu89 3-main.c 3-op_functions.c 3-get_op_func.c -o calc
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1 + 1
2
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 97 + 1
98
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 / 10
102
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 '*' 98
100352
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 '\*' 98
Error
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 - 98
926
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./calc 1024 '%' 98
44
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

100-main_opcodes.c

Write a program that prints the opcodes of its own main function.

• Usage: ./main number_of_bytes Output format:
• the opcodes should be printed in hexadecimal, lowercase
• each opcode is two char long
• listing ends with a new line
• see example
• You are allowed to use printf and atoi
• You have to use atoi to convert the argument to an int
• If the number of argument is not the correct one, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with the status 1
• If the number of bytes is negative, print Error, followed by a new line, and exit with the status 2
• You do not have to compile with any flags Note: if you want to translate your opcodes to assembly instructions, you can use, for instance udcli.

julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ gcc -std=gnu89 100-main_opcodes.c -o main
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./main 21
55 48 89 e5 48 83 ec 30 89 7d dc 48 89 75 d0 83 7d dc 02 74 14
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ objdump -d -j.text -M intel main
[...]
00000000004005f6 <main>:
  4005f6:   55                      push   rbp
  4005f7:   48 89 e5                mov    rbp,rsp
  4005fa:   48 83 ec 30             sub    rsp,0x30
  4005fe:   89 7d dc                mov    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x24],edi
  400601:   48 89 75 d0             mov    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x30],rsi
  400605:   83 7d dc 02             cmp    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x24],0x2
  400609:   74 14                   je     40061f <main+0x29>
[...]
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$ ./main 21 | udcli -64 -x -o 4005f6
00000000004005f6 55               push rbp                
00000000004005f7 4889e5           mov rbp, rsp            
00000000004005fa 4883ec30         sub rsp, 0x30           
00000000004005fe 897ddc           mov [rbp-0x24], edi     
0000000000400601 488975d0         mov [rbp-0x30], rsi     
0000000000400605 837ddc02         cmp dword [rbp-0x24], 0x2
0000000000400609 7414             jz 0x40061f             
julien@ubuntu:~/0x0e. Function pointers$

• Note 0: je is equivalent to jz
• Note 1: depending on how you write your main function, and on which machine you compile your program, the opcodes (and by extension the assembly code) might be different than the above example