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---
id: noaa-gggrn-co2-concentrations
name: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory
name: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations from NOAA the Global Monitoring Laboratory
description: Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) collected since 1968 at globally distributed surface sites
usage:
- url: 'https://us-ghg-center.github.io/ghgc-docs/cog_transformation/noaa-gggrn-concentrations.html'
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<Block>
<Prose>
## Source Data Product Citation
K.W. Thoning, A.M. Crotwell, and J.W. Mund (2024). Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from continuous measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Barrow, Alaska, American Samoa and South Pole, 1973-2023. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML), Boulder, Colorado, USA. Version 2024-02-12. [https://doi.org/10.15138/yaf1-bk21](https://doi.org/10.15138/yaf1-bk21)
Thoning, K. W., Crotwell, A. M., & Mund, J. W. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from continuous measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Barrow, Alaska, American Samoa and South Pole, 1973-2023. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML). Version 2024-02-12. [https://doi.org/10.15138/yaf1-bk21](https://doi.org/10.15138/yaf1-bk21)

A. Andrews, N. Miles, J. Kofler, M.E. Trudeau, P.S. Bakwin, M.L. Fischer, C. Sweeney, A.R. Desai, B. J. Viner, M. J. Parker, D. A. Jaffe, C. E. Miller, S. F. J. de Wekker, and J. B. Miller. Continuous measurements of CO₂, CO, CH₄ on tall towers starting in 1992. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory. Version: 2023-08-23. [https://doi.org/10.7289/V57W69F2](https://doi.org/10.7289/V57W69F2)
Andrews, A., Miles, N., Kofler, J., Trudeau, M. E., Bakwin, P. S., Fischer, M. L., Sweeney, C., Desai, A. R., Viner, B. J., Parker, M. J., Jaffe, D. A., Miller, C. E., de Wekker, S. F. J., & Miller, J. B. Continuous measurements of CO2, CO, CH4 on tall towers starting in 1992. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML). Version: 2023-08-23. [https://doi.org/10.7289/V57W69F2](https://doi.org/10.7289/V57W69F2)

Lan, X., Mund, J.W., Crotwell, A.M., Crotwell, M.J., Moglia, E., Madronich, M., Neff, D, and Thoning, K.W. (2023). Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2022. Version: 2023-08-28. [https://doi.org/10.15138/wkgj-f215](https://doi.org/10.15138/wkgj-f215)
Lan, X., Mund, J. W., Crotwell, A. M., Crotwell, M. J., Moglia, E., Madronich, M., Neff, D., & Thoning, K. W. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2022. Version: 2023-08-28. [https://doi.org/10.15138/wkgj-f215](https://doi.org/10.15138/wkgj-f215)

Andrews, A., Crotwell, A., Crotwell, M., Handley, P., Higgs, J., Kofler, J., Lan, X., Legard, T., Madronich, M., McKain, K., Miller, J., Moglia, E., Mund, J., Neff, D., Newberger, T., Petron, G., Turnbull, J., Vimont, I., & Wolter, S. NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network Flask-Air PFP Sample Measurements of CO2 at Tall Tower and other Continental Sites, 2005-Present. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML). Version: 2023-08-23. [https://doi.org/10.15138/gr3w-qm07](https://doi.org/10.15138/gr3w-qm07)

Dr. Xin Lan, NOAA/GML ([gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/](gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/)) and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography ([scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/](https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/)). Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Mauna Loa CO2 daily means. [https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/data.

Andrews, A., Crotwell, A., Crotwell, M., Handley, P., Higgs, J., Kofler, J., Lan, X., Legard, T., Madronich, M., McKain, K., Miller, J., Moglia, E., Mund, J., Neff, D., Newberger, T., Petron, G., Turnbull, J., Vimont, I., Wolter, S., & NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (2023). NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network Flask-Air PFP Sample Measurements of CO₂ at Tall Tower and other Continental Sites, 2005-Present. NOAA GML. Version: 2023-08-23. [https://doi.org/10.15138/gr3w-qm07](https://doi.org/10.15138/gr3w-qm07)

The CO₂ data displayed in the web map viewer can be directly accessed from NOAA here:
- [Continuous Surface and Tower In-situ CO₂ Samples](https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/data/index.php?category=Greenhouse%252BGases&type=Insitu&parameter_name=Carbon%2BDioxide). Hourly tower data have been aggregated into daily and monthly averages for display in the US GHG Center.
- [Non-Continuous Surface CO₂ Flask Samples](https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/data/index.php?type=Flask&frequency=Discrete&parameter_name=Carbon%2BDioxide)
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## Dataset Accuracy
Measurements are reported on the WMO X2019 CO₂ mole fraction scale. More information on this scale is available at https://gml.noaa.gov/ccl/co2_scale.html. Accuracy is approximately 0.1 ppm. For details, see

Hall, B. D., Crotwell, A. M., Kitzis, D. R., Mefford, T., Miller, B. R., Schibig, M. F., and Tans, P. P (2021). Revision of the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO/GAW) CO₂ calibration scale. *Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14*, 3015–3032. [https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3015-2021](https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3015-2021)
Hall, B. D., Crotwell, A. M., Kitzis, D. R., Mefford, T., Miller, B. R., Schibig, M. F., & Tans, P. P (2021). Revision of the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO/GAW) CO₂ calibration scale. *Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14*, 3015–3032. [https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3015-2021](https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3015-2021)

## Disclaimer
Every effort is made to produce the most accurate and precise measurements possible. However, NOAA reserves the right to make corrections to the data based on recalibration of standard gases or for other reasons deemed scientifically justified. NOAA is not responsible for results and conclusions based on use of these data without regard to this warning.
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## Key Publications
Ballantyne, A. P., Alden, C. B., Miller,J. B., Tans, P., & White, J. W. C. (2012). Increase in observed net carbon dioxide uptake by land and oceans during the past 50 years. *Nature, 488*,7409. [https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11299](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11299)

Conway, T.J., Tans, P.P., Waterman, L.S., Thoning, K.W., Kitzis, D.R., Masarie, K.A., & Zhang, N. (1994). Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network. *J. Geophys. Res.,99*, 22831-22855. [ https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01951]( https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01951)
Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K. W., Kitzis, D. R., Masarie, K. A., & Zhang, N. (1994). Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network. *J. Geophys. Res.,99*, 22831-22855. [ https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01951]( https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD01951)

## Other Relevant Publications
Conway, T.J., Tans, P., Waterman, L.S., Thoning, K.W., Masarie, K.A., & Gammon, R.H. (1988). Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-1984. *Tellus, 40B*, 81-115. [https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v40i2.15631](https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v40i2.15631)
Conway, T. J., Tans, P., Waterman, L. S., Thoning, K. W., Masarie, K. A., & Gammon, R. H. (1988). Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-1984. *Tellus, 40B*, 81-115. [https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v40i2.15631](https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v40i2.15631)

Komhyr, W.D., Waterman, L.S., & Taylor, W.R. (1983). Semiautomatic nondispersive infrared analyzer apparatus for CO₂ air sample analyses. *J. Geophys. Res., 88*, 1315-1322. [https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC02p01315](https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC02p01315)
Komhyr, W. D., Waterman, L. S., & Taylor, W. R. (1983). Semiautomatic nondispersive infrared analyzer apparatus for CO₂ air sample analyses. *J. Geophys. Res., 88*, 1315-1322. [https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC02p01315](https://doi.org/10.1029/JC088iC02p01315)

Komhyr, W.D., Gammon, R.H., Harris,T.B., Waterman, L.S., Conway, T.J., Taylor, W.R., & Thoning, K.W. (1985). Global atmospheric CO₂ distribution and variations from 1968-1982 NOAA/GMCC CO₂ flask sample data, *J. Geophys. Res., 90*, 5567-5596. [https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD03p05567](https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD03p05567)
Komhyr, W. D., Gammon, R. H., Harris,T. B., Waterman, L. S., Conway, T. J., Taylor, W. R., & Thoning, K. W. (1985). Global atmospheric CO₂ distribution and variations from 1968-1982 NOAA/GMCC CO₂ flask sample data, *J. Geophys. Res., 90*, 5567-5596. [https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD03p05567](https://doi.org/10.1029/JD090iD03p05567)

Tans, P.P., Conway, T.J. & Nakazawa, T. (1989a). Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model, J*. Geophys. Res., 94*, 5151-5172. [https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD04p05151](https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD04p05151)
Tans, P. P., Conway, T. J. & Nakazawa, T. (1989a). Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model, J*. Geophys. Res., 94*, 5151-5172. [https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD04p05151](https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD04p05151)

Tans, P.P, Thoning, K.W., Elliott, W.P., & Conway, T.J. (1989b). Background atmospheric CO₂ patterns from weekly flask samples at Barrow, Alaska: Optimal signal recovery and error estimates, in NOAA Tech. Memo. (ERL ARL-173). Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 131 pp.

Tans, P.P., Fung, I.Y., & Takahashi, T. (1990). Observational Constraints on the global atmospheric CO₂ budget. *Science, 247*, 1431-1438. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2874222](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2874222)
Tans, P. P, Thoning, K. W., Elliott, W. P., & Conway, T. J. (1989b). Background atmospheric CO₂ patterns from weekly flask samples at Barrow, Alaska: Optimal signal recovery and error estimates.NOAA Tech. Memo. (ERL ARL-173). Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 131 pp.
Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y., & Takahashi, T. (1990). Observational Constraints on the global atmospheric CO₂ budget. *Science, 247*, 1431-1438. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2874222](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2874222)

Tans, P.P., Crotwell, A.M., & Thoning, K.W. (2017). Abundances of isotopologues and calibration of CO₂ greenhouse gas measurements. *Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10*, 7, 2669-2685.[https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2669-2017](https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2669-2017)
Tans, P. P., Crotwell, A. M., & Thoning, K. W. (2017). Abundances of isotopologues and calibration of CO₂ greenhouse gas measurements. *Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10(7)*, 2669-2685.[https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2669-2017](https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2669-2017)

Thoning, K.W., Tans, P.P., Conway, T.J., & Waterman, L.S. (1987). NOAA/GMCC calibrations of CO₂-in-air reference gases: 1979-1985. NOAA Tech. Memo. (ERL ARL-150). Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 63 pp.
Thoning, K. W., Tans, P. P., Conway, T. J., & Waterman, L. S. (1987). NOAA/GMCC calibrations of CO₂-in-air reference gases: 1979-1985. NOAA Tech. Memo. (ERL ARL-150). Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 63 pp.

Thoning, K.W., Tans, P.P. , & Komhyr, W.D. (1989). Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974-1985. *J. Geophys. Res., 94*, 8549-8565.[https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549](https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549)
Thoning, K. W., Tans, P. P. , & Komhyr, W. D. (1989). Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974-1985. *J. Geophys. Res., 94*, 8549-8565.[https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549](https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD06p08549)

Thoning, K.W., Conway, T.J., Zhang, N., & Kitzis, D. (1995). Analysis system for measurement of CO₂ mixing ratios in flask air samples. J*. Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., 12*, 1349-1356. [https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012%3C1349:ASFMOC%3E2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012%3C1349:ASFMOC%3E2.0.CO;2)
Thoning, K. W., Conway, T. J., Zhang, N., & Kitzis, D. (1995). Analysis system for measurement of CO₂ mixing ratios in flask air samples. J*. Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., 12*, 1349-1356. [https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012%3C1349:ASFMOC%3E2.0.CO;2](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012%3C1349:ASFMOC%3E2.0.CO;2)

Zhao, C., & Tans,P.P. (2006). Estimating uncertainty of the WMO Mole Fraction Scale for carbon dioxide in air. *J. Geophys. Res. 111*, D08S09, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006003. [https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006003](https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006003)
Zhao, C., & Tans,P. P. (2006). Estimating uncertainty of the WMO Mole Fraction Scale for carbon dioxide in air. *J. Geophys. Res. 111*, D08S09. [https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006003](https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006003)

## Learn More
- [View current trends in CO₂](https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) powered by NOAA data
- See NOAA’s observations of CO₂ at the Mauna Loa Observatory featured in the <Link to={"/stories/tracking-greenhouse-gas-cycles"}>Tracking Greenhouse Gas Cycles Data Insight</Link>
- See NOAA’s observations of CO₂ at the Mauna Loa Observatory featured in the <Link to={"/stories/tracking-greenhouse-gas-cycles"}>Tracking Greenhouse Gas Cycles story</Link>
- [Learn more about the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network (GGGRN)](https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/about.html)

## Acknowledgment
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---
id: tm54dvar-ch4flux-monthgrid-v1
name: TM5-4DVar Isotopic CH₄ Inverse Fluxes
name: TM5-4DVar Isotopic Methane Inverse Fluxes
description: Global, monthly 1 degree resolution methane emission estimates from microbial, fossil and pyrogenic sources derived using inverse modeling, version 1
usage:
- url: 'https://us-ghg-center.github.io/ghgc-docs/cog_transformation/tm54dvar-ch4flux-monthgrid-v1.html'
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## Learn More
- Learn more about methane isotopes on [NOAA’s website](https://research.noaa.gov/2021/06/17/new-analysis-shows-microbial-sources-fueling-rise-of-atmospheric-methane/)
- Learn about how different methane isotopes can help identify methane sources in the <Link to={"/stories/tracking-greenhouse-gas-cycles"}>Tracking Greenhouse Gas Cycles Data Insight</Link>
- Learn about how different methane isotopes can help identify methane sources in the <Link to={"/stories/tracking-greenhouse-gas-cycles"}>Tracking Greenhouse Gas Cycles story</Link>

## Acknowledgment
This work was supported by funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Measurements of atmospheric methane and ¹³C of methane were supported by several partner agencies and laboratories globally as described in [Basu et al. 2022](https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15351-2022).
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