Hnswlib - fast approximate nearest neighbor search

Header-only C++ HNSW implementation with python bindings.

NEWS:

version 0.6.2

• Fixed a bug in saving of large pickles. The pickles with > 4GB could have been corrupted. Thanks Kai Wohlfahrt for reporting.
• Thanks to (@GuyAv46) hnswlib inner product now is more consitent accross architectures (SSE, AVX, etc).

version 0.6.1

• Thanks to (@tony-kuo) hnswlib AVX512 and AVX builds are not backwards-compatible with older SSE and non-AVX512 architectures.
• Thanks to (@psobot) there is now a sencible message instead of segfault when passing a scalar to get_items.
• Thanks to (@urigoren) hnswlib has a lazy index creation python wrapper.

version 0.6.0

• Thanks to (@dyashuni) hnswlib now uses github actions for CI, there is a search speedup in some scenarios with deletions. unmark_deleted(label) is now also a part of the python interface (note now it throws an exception for double deletions).
• Thanks to (@slice4e) we now support AVX512; thanks to (@LTLA) the cmake interface for the lib is now updated.
• Thanks to (@alonre24) we now have a python bindings for brute-force (and examples for recall tuning: TESTING_RECALL.md.
• Thanks to (@dorosy-yeong) there is a bug fixed in the handling large quantities of deleted elements and large K.

Highlights:

1. Lightweight, header-only, no dependencies other than C++ 11
2. Interfaces for C++, Java, Python and R (https://github.com/jlmelville/rcpphnsw).
3. Has full support for incremental index construction. Has support for element deletions (by marking them in index). Index is picklable.
4. Can work with custom user defined distances (C++).
5. Significantly less memory footprint and faster build time compared to current nmslib's implementation.

Description of the algorithm parameters can be found in ALGO_PARAMS.md.

Python bindings

Supported distances:

Distance	parameter	Equation
Squared L2	'l2'	d = sum((Ai-Bi)^2)
Inner product	'ip'	d = 1.0 - sum(Ai*Bi)
Cosine similarity	'cosine'	d = 1.0 - sum(Ai*Bi) / sqrt(sum(Ai*Ai) * sum(Bi*Bi))

Note that inner product is not an actual metric. An element can be closer to some other element than to itself. That allows some speedup if you remove all elements that are not the closest to themselves from the index.

For other spaces use the nmslib library https://github.com/nmslib/nmslib.

Short API description

• hnswlib.Index(space, dim) creates a non-initialized index an HNSW in space space with integer dimension dim.

hnswlib.Index methods:

• init_index(max_elements, M = 16, ef_construction = 200, random_seed = 100) initializes the index from with no elements.

  • max_elements defines the maximum number of elements that can be stored in the structure(can be increased/shrunk).
  • ef_construction defines a construction time/accuracy trade-off (see ALGO_PARAMS.md).
  • M defines tha maximum number of outgoing connections in the graph (ALGO_PARAMS.md).

• add_items(data, ids, num_threads = -1) - inserts the data(numpy array of vectors, shape:N*dim) into the structure.

  • num_threads sets the number of cpu threads to use (-1 means use default).
  • ids are optional N-size numpy array of integer labels for all elements in data.
    • If index already has the elements with the same labels, their features will be updated. Note that update procedure is slower than insertion of a new element, but more memory- and query-efficient.
  • Thread-safe with other add_items calls, but not with knn_query.

• mark_deleted(label) - marks the element as deleted, so it will be omitted from search results. Throws an exception if it is already deleted.

• unmark_deleted(label) - unmarks the element as deleted, so it will be not be omitted from search results.

• resize_index(new_size) - changes the maximum capacity of the index. Not thread safe with add_items and knn_query.

• set_ef(ef) - sets the query time accuracy/speed trade-off, defined by the ef parameter ( ALGO_PARAMS.md). Note that the parameter is currently not saved along with the index, so you need to set it manually after loading.

• knn_query(data, k = 1, num_threads = -1) make a batch query for k closest elements for each element of the

  • data (shape:N*dim). Returns a numpy array of (shape:N*k).
  • num_threads sets the number of cpu threads to use (-1 means use default).
  • Thread-safe with other knn_query calls, but not with add_items.

• load_index(path_to_index, max_elements = 0) loads the index from persistence to the uninitialized index.

  • max_elements(optional) resets the maximum number of elements in the structure.

• save_index(path_to_index) saves the index from persistence.

• set_num_threads(num_threads) set the default number of cpu threads used during data insertion/querying.

• get_items(ids) - returns a numpy array (shape:N*dim) of vectors that have integer identifiers specified in ids numpy vector (shape:N). Note that for cosine similarity it currently returns normalized vectors.

• get_ids_list() - returns a list of all elements' ids.

• get_max_elements() - returns the current capacity of the index

• get_current_count() - returns the current number of element stored in the index

Read-only properties of hnswlib.Index class:

• space - name of the space (can be one of "l2", "ip", or "cosine").

• dim - dimensionality of the space.

• M - parameter that defines the maximum number of outgoing connections in the graph.

• ef_construction - parameter that controls speed/accuracy trade-off during the index construction.

• max_elements - current capacity of the index. Equivalent to p.get_max_elements().

• element_count - number of items in the index. Equivalent to p.get_current_count().

Properties of hnswlib.Index that support reading and writing:

• ef - parameter controlling query time/accuracy trade-off.

• num_threads - default number of threads to use in add_items or knn_query. Note that calling p.set_num_threads(3) is equivalent to p.num_threads=3.

Python bindings examples

import hnswlib
import numpy as np
import pickle

dim = 128
num_elements = 10000

# Generating sample data
data = np.float32(np.random.random((num_elements, dim)))
ids = np.arange(num_elements)

# Declaring index
p = hnswlib.Index(space = 'l2', dim = dim) # possible options are l2, cosine or ip

# Initializing index - the maximum number of elements should be known beforehand
p.init_index(max_elements = num_elements, ef_construction = 200, M = 16)

# Element insertion (can be called several times):
p.add_items(data, ids)

# Controlling the recall by setting ef:
p.set_ef(50) # ef should always be > k

# Query dataset, k - number of closest elements (returns 2 numpy arrays)
labels, distances = p.knn_query(data, k = 1)

# Index objects support pickling
# WARNING: serialization via pickle.dumps(p) or p.__getstate__() is NOT thread-safe with p.add_items method!
# Note: ef parameter is included in serialization; random number generator is initialized with random_seed on Index load
p_copy = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(p)) # creates a copy of index p using pickle round-trip

### Index parameters are exposed as class properties:
print(f"Parameters passed to constructor:  space={p_copy.space}, dim={p_copy.dim}") 
print(f"Index construction: M={p_copy.M}, ef_construction={p_copy.ef_construction}")
print(f"Index size is {p_copy.element_count} and index capacity is {p_copy.max_elements}")
print(f"Search speed/quality trade-off parameter: ef={p_copy.ef}")

An example with updates after serialization/deserialization:

import hnswlib
import numpy as np

dim = 16
num_elements = 10000

# Generating sample data
data = np.float32(np.random.random((num_elements, dim)))

# We split the data in two batches:
data1 = data[:num_elements // 2]
data2 = data[num_elements // 2:]

# Declaring index
p = hnswlib.Index(space='l2', dim=dim)  # possible options are l2, cosine or ip

# Initializing index
# max_elements - the maximum number of elements (capacity). Will throw an exception if exceeded
# during insertion of an element.
# The capacity can be increased by saving/loading the index, see below.
#
# ef_construction - controls index search speed/build speed tradeoff
#
# M - is tightly connected with internal dimensionality of the data. Strongly affects memory consumption (~M)
# Higher M leads to higher accuracy/run_time at fixed ef/efConstruction

p.init_index(max_elements=num_elements//2, ef_construction=100, M=16)

# Controlling the recall by setting ef:
# higher ef leads to better accuracy, but slower search
p.set_ef(10)

# Set number of threads used during batch search/construction
# By default using all available cores
p.set_num_threads(4)


print("Adding first batch of %d elements" % (len(data1)))
p.add_items(data1)

# Query the elements for themselves and measure recall:
labels, distances = p.knn_query(data1, k=1)
print("Recall for the first batch:", np.mean(labels.reshape(-1) == np.arange(len(data1))), "\n")

# Serializing and deleting the index:
index_path='first_half.bin'
print("Saving index to '%s'" % index_path)
p.save_index("first_half.bin")
del p

# Re-initializing, loading the index
p = hnswlib.Index(space='l2', dim=dim)  # the space can be changed - keeps the data, alters the distance function.

print("\nLoading index from 'first_half.bin'\n")

# Increase the total capacity (max_elements), so that it will handle the new data
p.load_index("first_half.bin", max_elements = num_elements)

print("Adding the second batch of %d elements" % (len(data2)))
p.add_items(data2)

# Query the elements for themselves and measure recall:
labels, distances = p.knn_query(data, k=1)
print("Recall for two batches:", np.mean(labels.reshape(-1) == np.arange(len(data))), "\n")

Bindings installation

You can install from sources:

apt-get install -y python-setuptools python-pip
git clone https://github.com/nmslib/hnswlib.git
cd hnswlib
pip install .

or you can install via pip: pip install hnswlib

For developers

Contributions are highly welcome!

Please make pull requests against the develop branch.

When making changes please run tests (and please add a test to python_bindings/tests in case there is new functionality):

python -m unittest discover --start-directory python_bindings/tests --pattern "*_test*.py

Other implementations

• Non-metric space library (nmslib) - main library(python, C++), supports exotic distances: https://github.com/nmslib/nmslib
• Faiss library by facebook, uses own HNSW implementation for coarse quantization (python, C++): https://github.com/facebookresearch/faiss
• Code for the paper "Revisiting the Inverted Indices for Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbors" (current state-of-the-art in compressed indexes, C++): https://github.com/dbaranchuk/ivf-hnsw
• TOROS N2 (python, C++): https://github.com/kakao/n2
• Online HNSW (C++): https://github.com/andrusha97/online-hnsw)
• Go implementation: https://github.com/Bithack/go-hnsw
• Python implementation (as a part of the clustering code by by Matteo Dell'Amico): https://github.com/matteodellamico/flexible-clustering
• Java implementation: https://github.com/jelmerk/hnswlib
• Java bindings using Java Native Access: https://github.com/stepstone-tech/hnswlib-jna
• .Net implementation: https://github.com/microsoft/HNSW.Net
• CUDA implementation: https://github.com/js1010/cuhnsw

200M SIFT test reproduction

To download and extract the bigann dataset (from root directory):

python3 download_bigann.py

To compile:

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make all

To run the test on 200M SIFT subset:

./main

The size of the BigANN subset (in millions) is controlled by the variable subset_size_millions hardcoded in sift_1b.cpp.

Updates test

To generate testing data (from root directory):

cd examples
python update_gen_data.py

To compile (from root directory):

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make 

To run test without updates (from build directory)

./test_updates

To run test with updates (from build directory)

./test_updates update

HNSW example demos

• Visual search engine for 1M amazon products (MXNet + HNSW): website, code, demo by @ThomasDelteil

References

HNSW paper:

@article{malkov2018efficient,
  title={Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using hierarchical navigable small world graphs},
  author={Malkov, Yu A and Yashunin, Dmitry A},
  journal={IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence},
  volume={42},
  number={4},
  pages={824--836},
  year={2018},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

The update algorithm supported in this repository is to be published in "Dynamic Updates For HNSW, Hierarchical Navigable Small World Graphs" US Patent 15/929,802 by Apoorv Sharma, Abhishek Tayal and Yury Malkov.