Output encoder results directly to file pointer

src/Drivers/AbstractEncoder.php

@@ -4,12 +4,17 @@
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers;
 
+use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
+use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncoderInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
+use Intervention\Image\Traits\CanBuildFilePointer;
 
 abstract class AbstractEncoder implements EncoderInterface
 {
+    use CanBuildFilePointer;
+
     public const DEFAULT_QUALITY = 75;
 
     /**
@@ -23,18 +28,17 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     }
 
     /**
-     * Get return value of callback through output buffer
+     * Build new file pointer, run callback with it and return result as encoded image
      *
      * @param callable $callback
-     * @return string
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     * @return EncodedImage
      */
-    protected function buffered(callable $callback): string
+    protected function createEncodedImage(callable $callback): EncodedImage
     {
-        ob_start();
-        $callback();
-        $buffer = ob_get_contents();
-        ob_end_clean();
+        $pointer = $this->buildFilePointer();
+        $callback($pointer);
 
-        return $buffer;
+        return new EncodedImage($pointer);
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php

@@ -18,11 +18,8 @@ class AvifEncoder extends GenericAvifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      */
     public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
-        $gd = $image->core()->native();
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($gd) {
-            imageavif($gd, null, $this->quality);
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($image) {
+            imageavif($image->core()->native(), $pointer, $this->quality);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data);
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php

@@ -18,10 +18,8 @@ class BmpEncoder extends GenericBmpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      */
     public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($image) {
-            imagebmp($image->core()->native(), null, false);
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($image) {
+            imagebmp($image->core()->native(), $pointer, false);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data);
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/GifEncoder.php

@@ -28,12 +28,11 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
         }
 
         $gd = Cloner::clone($image->core()->native());
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($gd) {
+
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($gd) {
             imageinterlace($gd, $this->interlaced);
-            imagegif($gd);
+            imagegif($gd, $pointer);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data);
     }
 
     /**

src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php

@@ -28,11 +28,9 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
             background: $blendingColor
         );
 
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($output) {
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($output) {
             imageinterlace($output, $this->progressive);
-            imagejpeg($output, null, $this->quality);
+            imagejpeg($output, $pointer, $this->quality);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data);
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/PngEncoder.php

@@ -25,13 +25,10 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
         $output = $this->prepareOutput($image);
 
-        // encode
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($output) {
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($output) {
             imageinterlace($output, $this->interlaced);
-            imagepng($output, null, -1);
+            imagepng($output, $pointer, -1);
         });
-
-        return new EncodedImage($data);
     }
 
     /**

src/Drivers/Gd/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php

@@ -19,10 +19,9 @@ class WebpEncoder extends GenericWebpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
     public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
     {
         $quality = $this->quality === 100 ? IMG_WEBP_LOSSLESS : $this->quality;
-        $data = $this->buffered(function () use ($image, $quality) {
-            imagewebp($image->core()->native(), null, $quality);
-        });
 
-        return new EncodedImage($data);
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($image, $quality) {
+            imagewebp($image->core()->native(), $pointer, $quality);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/AvifEncoder.php

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
 use Imagick;
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\AvifEncoder as GenericAvifEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class AvifEncoder extends GenericAvifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'AVIF';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_ZIP;
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($imagick, $format) {
+            $imagick->writeImageFile($pointer, $format);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/BmpEncoder.php

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
 use Imagick;
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\BmpEncoder as GenericBmpEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class BmpEncoder extends GenericBmpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'BMP';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_NO;
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
         $imagick->setCompression($compression);
         $imagick->setImageCompression($compression);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($imagick, $format) {
+            $imagick->writeImageFile($pointer, $format);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/GifEncoder.php

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
 use Imagick;
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\GifEncoder as GenericGifEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class GifEncoder extends GenericGifEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'GIF';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_LZW;
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
             $imagick->setInterlaceScheme(Imagick::INTERLACE_LINE);
         }
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($imagick, $format) {
+            $imagick->writeImageFile($pointer, $format);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/HeicEncoder.php

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@
 
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\HeicEncoder as GenericHeicEncoder;
-use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class HeicEncoder extends GenericHeicEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
@@ -23,6 +22,8 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($imagick, $format) {
+            $imagick->writeImageFile($pointer, $format);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/Jpeg2000Encoder.php

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
+        // encoding fails with Imagick::writeImageFile() for JP2 format
+        // The reasons are unknown, but could be fixed by Imagick/Imagemagick
+        // in the future. Until then, I use getImagesBlob() for Jpeg2000.
         return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/JpegEncoder.php

@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 namespace Intervention\Image\Drivers\Imagick\Encoders;
 
 use Imagick;
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\JpegEncoder as GenericJpegEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class JpegEncoder extends GenericJpegEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'JPEG';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_JPEG;
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
             $imagick->setInterlaceScheme(Imagick::INTERLACE_PLANE);
         }
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($imagick, $format) {
+            $imagick->writeImageFile($pointer, $format);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/PngEncoder.php

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 
 use Imagick;
 use ImagickException;
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\PngEncoder as GenericPngEncoder;
 use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\AnimationException;
 use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\RuntimeException;
 use Intervention\Image\Exceptions\ColorException;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class PngEncoder extends GenericPngEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
      *
      * @see EncoderInterface::encode()
      */
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $output = $this->prepareOutput($image);
 
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
             $output->setInterlaceScheme(Imagick::INTERLACE_LINE);
         }
 
-        return new EncodedImage($output->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($output) {
+            $output->writeImageFile($pointer, $this->format());
+        });
     }
 
     /**
@@ -52,20 +54,21 @@ private function prepareOutput(ImageInterface $image): Imagick
         if ($this->indexed) {
             // reduce colors
             $output->reduceColors(256);
-
             $output = $output->core()->native();
 
-            $output->setFormat('PNG');
-            $output->setImageFormat('PNG');
-
             return $output;
         }
 
-        // ensure to encode PNG image type 6 (true color alpha)
         $output = clone $image->core()->native();
-        $output->setFormat('PNG32');
-        $output->setImageFormat('PNG32');
 
         return $output;
     }
+
+    private function format(): string
+    {
+        return match ($this->indexed) {
+            true => 'PNG',
+            false => 'PNG32', // ensure to encode PNG image type 6 (true color alpha)
+        };
+    }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/TiffEncoder.php

@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
         $imagick->setCompressionQuality($this->quality);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
+        // encoding fails with Imagick::writeImageFile() for JP2 format
+        // the reasons are unknown, but could be fixed by Imagick/Imagemagick
+        // in the future. Until then, I use getImagesBlob() for Jpeg2000.
         return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
     }
 }

src/Drivers/Imagick/Encoders/WebpEncoder.php

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 
 use Imagick;
 use ImagickPixel;
-use Intervention\Image\EncodedImage;
 use Intervention\Image\Encoders\WebpEncoder as GenericWebpEncoder;
+use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\EncodedImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\ImageInterface;
 use Intervention\Image\Interfaces\SpecializedInterface;
 
 class WebpEncoder extends GenericWebpEncoder implements SpecializedInterface
 {
-    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
+    public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImageInterface
     {
         $format = 'WEBP';
         $compression = Imagick::COMPRESSION_ZIP;
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ public function encode(ImageInterface $image): EncodedImage
         $imagick->setImageCompression($compression);
         $imagick->setImageCompressionQuality($this->quality);
 
-        return new EncodedImage($imagick->getImagesBlob());
+        return $this->createEncodedImage(function ($pointer) use ($imagick, $format) {
+            $imagick->writeImageFile($pointer, $format);
+        });
     }
 }

src/Traits/CanBuildFilePointer.php

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ trait CanBuildFilePointer
      * @throws RuntimeException
      * @return resource|false
      */
-    public function buildFilePointer(mixed $data)
+    public function buildFilePointer(mixed $data = null)
     {
         switch (true) {
             case is_string($data):