diff --git a/examples/actix-app/src/main.rs b/examples/actix-app/src/main.rs
index e6ea9b8b..9b83c3d8 100644
--- a/examples/actix-app/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/actix-app/src/main.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+#![allow(stable_features)]
+#![feature(async_fn_in_trait)]
+#![feature(lazy_cell)]
+
 mod controller;
 mod domain;
 mod extension;
diff --git a/examples/actix-app/src/model/mod.rs b/examples/actix-app/src/model/mod.rs
index 8b137891..bf40c55c 100644
--- a/examples/actix-app/src/model/mod.rs
+++ b/examples/actix-app/src/model/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+pub(crate) mod tag;
 
+pub(crate) use tag::Tag;
diff --git a/examples/actix-app/src/model/tag.rs b/examples/actix-app/src/model/tag.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c271a27d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/actix-app/src/model/tag.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use zino_core::{
+    datetime::DateTime, extension::JsonObjectExt, model::Model, request::Validation, Map, Uuid,
+};
+use zino_derive::{ModelAccessor, ModelHooks, Schema};
+
+/// The `tag` model.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Schema, ModelAccessor, ModelHooks)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Tag {
+    // Basic fields.
+    #[schema(readonly)]
+    id: Uuid,
+    #[schema(not_null, index_type = "text")]
+    name: String,
+    #[cfg(feature = "namespace")]
+    #[schema(default_value = "Tag::model_namespace", index_type = "hash")]
+    namespace: String,
+    #[schema(default_value = "Active", index_type = "hash")]
+    status: String,
+    #[schema(index_type = "text")]
+    description: String,
+
+    // Info fields.
+    #[schema(not_null)]
+    category: String,
+    #[schema(reference = "Tag")]
+    parent_id: Option<Uuid>, // tag.id, tag.namespace = {tag.namespace}, tag.category = {tag.category}
+
+    // Extensions.
+    content: Map,
+    extra: Map,
+
+    // Revisions.
+    #[schema(readonly, default_value = "now", index_type = "btree")]
+    created_at: DateTime,
+    #[schema(default_value = "now", index_type = "btree")]
+    updated_at: DateTime,
+    version: u64,
+}
+
+impl Model for Tag {
+    #[inline]
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_map(&mut self, data: &Map) -> Validation {
+        let mut validation = Validation::new();
+        if let Some(result) = data.parse_uuid("id") {
+            match result {
+                Ok(id) => self.id = id,
+                Err(err) => validation.record_fail("id", err),
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = data.parse_string("name") {
+            self.name = name.into_owned();
+        }
+        if let Some(description) = data.parse_string("description") {
+            self.description = description.into_owned();
+        }
+        if let Some(category) = data.parse_string("category") {
+            self.category = category.into_owned();
+        }
+        if let Some(result) = data.parse_uuid("parent_id") {
+            match result {
+                Ok(parent_id) => self.parent_id = Some(parent_id),
+                Err(err) => validation.record_fail("parent_id", err),
+            }
+        }
+        validation
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/actix-app/src/router/mod.rs b/examples/actix-app/src/router/mod.rs
index 0941fa3a..ee09d78c 100644
--- a/examples/actix-app/src/router/mod.rs
+++ b/examples/actix-app/src/router/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{
     controller::{auth, file, stats, task, user},
     middleware,
+    model::Tag,
 };
 use actix_web::web::{get, post, scope, ServiceConfig};
 use zino::{DefaultController, RouterConfigure};
-use zino_model::{Tag, User};
+use zino_model::User;
 
 pub fn routes() -> Vec<RouterConfigure> {
     vec![
diff --git a/examples/axum-app/src/main.rs b/examples/axum-app/src/main.rs
index e6ea9b8b..9b83c3d8 100644
--- a/examples/axum-app/src/main.rs
+++ b/examples/axum-app/src/main.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+#![allow(async_fn_in_trait)]
+#![allow(stable_features)]
+#![feature(async_fn_in_trait)]
+#![feature(lazy_cell)]
+
 mod controller;
 mod domain;
 mod extension;
diff --git a/examples/axum-app/src/model/mod.rs b/examples/axum-app/src/model/mod.rs
index 8b137891..bf40c55c 100644
--- a/examples/axum-app/src/model/mod.rs
+++ b/examples/axum-app/src/model/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+pub(crate) mod tag;
 
+pub(crate) use tag::Tag;
diff --git a/examples/axum-app/src/model/tag.rs b/examples/axum-app/src/model/tag.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c271a27d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/axum-app/src/model/tag.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use zino_core::{
+    datetime::DateTime, extension::JsonObjectExt, model::Model, request::Validation, Map, Uuid,
+};
+use zino_derive::{ModelAccessor, ModelHooks, Schema};
+
+/// The `tag` model.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize, Schema, ModelAccessor, ModelHooks)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Tag {
+    // Basic fields.
+    #[schema(readonly)]
+    id: Uuid,
+    #[schema(not_null, index_type = "text")]
+    name: String,
+    #[cfg(feature = "namespace")]
+    #[schema(default_value = "Tag::model_namespace", index_type = "hash")]
+    namespace: String,
+    #[schema(default_value = "Active", index_type = "hash")]
+    status: String,
+    #[schema(index_type = "text")]
+    description: String,
+
+    // Info fields.
+    #[schema(not_null)]
+    category: String,
+    #[schema(reference = "Tag")]
+    parent_id: Option<Uuid>, // tag.id, tag.namespace = {tag.namespace}, tag.category = {tag.category}
+
+    // Extensions.
+    content: Map,
+    extra: Map,
+
+    // Revisions.
+    #[schema(readonly, default_value = "now", index_type = "btree")]
+    created_at: DateTime,
+    #[schema(default_value = "now", index_type = "btree")]
+    updated_at: DateTime,
+    version: u64,
+}
+
+impl Model for Tag {
+    #[inline]
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_map(&mut self, data: &Map) -> Validation {
+        let mut validation = Validation::new();
+        if let Some(result) = data.parse_uuid("id") {
+            match result {
+                Ok(id) => self.id = id,
+                Err(err) => validation.record_fail("id", err),
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = data.parse_string("name") {
+            self.name = name.into_owned();
+        }
+        if let Some(description) = data.parse_string("description") {
+            self.description = description.into_owned();
+        }
+        if let Some(category) = data.parse_string("category") {
+            self.category = category.into_owned();
+        }
+        if let Some(result) = data.parse_uuid("parent_id") {
+            match result {
+                Ok(parent_id) => self.parent_id = Some(parent_id),
+                Err(err) => validation.record_fail("parent_id", err),
+            }
+        }
+        validation
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/axum-app/src/router/mod.rs b/examples/axum-app/src/router/mod.rs
index 57d3d366..57185c13 100644
--- a/examples/axum-app/src/router/mod.rs
+++ b/examples/axum-app/src/router/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     controller::{auth, file, stats, task, user},
+    model::Tag,
     middleware,
 };
 use axum::{
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ use axum::{
     Router,
 };
 use zino::DefaultController;
-use zino_model::{Tag, User};
+use zino_model::User;
 
 pub fn routes() -> Vec<Router> {
     let mut routes = Vec::new();
diff --git a/zino-core/Cargo.toml b/zino-core/Cargo.toml
index 1ef890d8..dd2d0d3e 100644
--- a/zino-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/zino-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -170,6 +170,7 @@ reqwest-middleware = "0.2.3"
 reqwest-retry = "0.3.0"
 reqwest-tracing = "0.4.6"
 rmp-serde = "1.1.2"
+serde_json = "1.0.107"
 serde_qs = "0.12.0"
 sha2 = "0.10.8"
 sysinfo = "0.29.10"
@@ -241,10 +242,6 @@ features = [
 version = "1.0.189"
 features = ["derive"]
 
-[dependencies.serde_json]
-version = "1.0.107"
-features = ["raw_value"]
-
 [dependencies.sm3]
 version = "0.4.2"
 optional = true
@@ -310,6 +307,7 @@ data-encoding = "2.4.0"
 libsm = "0.5.1"
 ryu = "1.0.15"
 sm3 = "0.4.2"
+sonic-rs = "0.1.3"
 tinyvec = { version = "1.6.0", features = ["alloc"] }
 uuid-simd = "0.8.0"
 
diff --git a/zino-core/benches/json_raw_value.rs b/zino-core/benches/json_raw_value.rs
index 4a6be638..da184854 100644
--- a/zino-core/benches/json_raw_value.rs
+++ b/zino-core/benches/json_raw_value.rs
@@ -46,4 +46,18 @@ pub fn bench(c: &mut criterion::Criterion) {
             serde_json::to_vec(&res)
         })
     });
+    c.bench_function("sonic_serialize_json_object", |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut res = Map::new();
+            res.upsert("status_code", 200);
+            res.upsert("request_id", Uuid::new_v4().to_string());
+
+            let mut data = Map::new();
+            data.upsert("name", "alice");
+            data.upsert("age", 18);
+            data.upsert("roles", vec!["admin", "worker"]);
+            res.upsert("data", data);
+            sonic_rs::to_vec(&res)
+        })
+    });
 }
diff --git a/zino-core/src/application/http_client.rs b/zino-core/src/application/http_client.rs
index 25cfef06..e1b0793f 100644
--- a/zino-core/src/application/http_client.rs
+++ b/zino-core/src/application/http_client.rs
@@ -178,36 +178,84 @@ struct RequestTiming;
 
 impl ReqwestOtelSpanBackend for RequestTiming {
     fn on_request_start(request: &Request, extensions: &mut Extensions) -> Span {
+        let method = request.method();
+
+        // URL
         let url = request.url();
+        let scheme = url.scheme();
+        let host = url.host_str();
+        let port = url.port();
+        let path = url.path();
+        let query = url.query();
+        let full_url = remove_credentials(&url);
+
+        // Headers
         let headers = request.headers();
         let traceparent = headers.get_str("traceparent");
+        let tracestate = headers.get_str("tracestate");
         let trace_context = traceparent.and_then(TraceContext::from_traceparent);
+        let session_id = headers.get_str("session-id");
+        let trace_id = trace_context
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ctx| Uuid::from_u128(ctx.trace_id()).to_string());
+        let parent_id = trace_context
+            .and_then(|ctx| ctx.parent_id())
+            .map(|parent_id| format!("{parent_id:x}"));
+
         extensions.insert(Instant::now());
-        tracing::info_span!(
-            "HTTP request",
-            "otel.kind" = "client",
-            "otel.name" = "zino-bot",
-            "http.scheme" = url.scheme(),
-            "http.method" = request.method().as_str(),
-            "http.url" = remove_credentials(url).as_ref(),
-            "http.request.header.traceparent" = traceparent,
-            "http.request.header.tracestate" = headers.get_str("tracestate"),
-            "http.response.header.traceparent" = Empty,
-            "http.response.header.tracestate" = Empty,
-            "http.status_code" = Empty,
-            "http.client.duration" = Empty,
-            "net.peer.name" = url.domain(),
-            "net.peer.port" = url.port(),
-            "context.request_id" = Empty,
-            "context.session_id" = headers.get_str("session-id"),
-            "context.span_id" = Empty,
-            "context.trace_id" = trace_context
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|ctx| Uuid::from_u128(ctx.trace_id()).to_string()),
-            "context.parent_id" = trace_context
-                .and_then(|ctx| ctx.parent_id())
-                .map(|parent_id| format!("{parent_id:x}")),
-        )
+        if method.is_safe() {
+            tracing::info_span!(
+                "HTTP request",
+                "otel.kind" = "client",
+                "otel.name" = "zino-bot",
+                "otel.status_code" = Empty,
+                "url.scheme" = scheme,
+                "url.path" = path,
+                "url.query" = query,
+                "url.full" = full_url.as_ref(),
+                "http.request.method" = method.as_str(),
+                "http.request.header.traceparent" = traceparent,
+                "http.request.header.tracestate" = tracestate,
+                "http.response.header.traceparent" = Empty,
+                "http.response.header.tracestate" = Empty,
+                "http.response.header.server_timing" = Empty,
+                "http.response.status_code" = Empty,
+                "http.client.duration" = Empty,
+                "server.address" = host,
+                "server.port" = port,
+                "context.session_id" = session_id,
+                "context.trace_id" = trace_id,
+                "context.request_id" = Empty,
+                "context.span_id" = Empty,
+                "context.parent_id" = parent_id,
+            )
+        } else {
+            tracing::warn_span!(
+                "HTTP request",
+                "otel.kind" = "client",
+                "otel.name" = "zino-bot",
+                "otel.status_code" = Empty,
+                "url.scheme" = scheme,
+                "url.path" = path,
+                "url.query" = query,
+                "url.full" = full_url.as_ref(),
+                "http.request.method" = method.as_str(),
+                "http.request.header.traceparent" = traceparent,
+                "http.request.header.tracestate" = tracestate,
+                "http.response.header.traceparent" = Empty,
+                "http.response.header.tracestate" = Empty,
+                "http.response.header.server_timing" = Empty,
+                "http.response.status_code" = Empty,
+                "http.client.duration" = Empty,
+                "server.address" = host,
+                "server.port" = port,
+                "context.session_id" = session_id,
+                "context.trace_id" = trace_id,
+                "context.request_id" = Empty,
+                "context.span_id" = Empty,
+                "context.parent_id" = parent_id,
+            )
+        }
     }
 
     fn on_request_end(
@@ -234,15 +282,29 @@ impl ReqwestOtelSpanBackend for RequestTiming {
                     "http.response.header.tracestate",
                     headers.get_str("tracestate"),
                 );
+                span.record(
+                    "http.response.header.server_timing",
+                    headers.get_str("server-timing"),
+                );
                 span.record("context.request_id", headers.get_str("x-request-id"));
-                span.record("http.status_code", response.status().as_u16());
+                span.record("http.response.status_code", response.status().as_u16());
+                span.record("otel.status_code", "OK");
                 tracing::info!("finished HTTP request");
             }
             Err(err) => {
                 if let reqwest_middleware::Error::Reqwest(err) = err {
                     if let Some(status_code) = err.status() {
-                        span.record("http.status_code", status_code.as_u16());
+                        span.record("http.response.status_code", status_code.as_u16());
+                        if status_code.is_server_error() {
+                            span.record("otel.status_code", "OK");
+                        } else {
+                            span.record("otel.status_code", "ERROR");
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        span.record("otel.status_code", "ERROR");
                     }
+                } else {
+                    span.record("otel.status_code", "ERROR");
                 }
                 tracing::error!("{err}");
             }
diff --git a/zino-core/src/response/mod.rs b/zino-core/src/response/mod.rs
index e8964562..2da7b307 100644
--- a/zino-core/src/response/mod.rs
+++ b/zino-core/src/response/mod.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ use etag::EntityTag;
 use http::header::{self, HeaderName, HeaderValue};
 use http_body::Full;
 use serde::Serialize;
-use serde_json::value::RawValue;
 use std::{
     marker::PhantomData,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
@@ -72,9 +71,6 @@ pub struct Response<S = StatusCode> {
     /// Request ID.
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Uuid::is_nil")]
     request_id: Uuid,
-    /// Response data.
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    data: Option<Box<RawValue>>,
     /// JSON data.
     #[serde(rename = "data")]
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "JsonValue::is_null")]
@@ -118,7 +114,6 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
             message: None,
             start_time: Instant::now(),
             request_id: Uuid::nil(),
-            data: None,
             json_data: JsonValue::Null,
             bytes_data: Bytes::new(),
             data_transformer: None,
@@ -151,7 +146,6 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
             message: None,
             start_time: ctx.start_time(),
             request_id: ctx.request_id(),
-            data: None,
             json_data: JsonValue::Null,
             bytes_data: Bytes::new(),
             data_transformer: None,
@@ -188,17 +182,14 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
                 if let Some(data) = value.as_object_mut() {
                     let mut map = crate::Map::new();
                     map.append(data);
-                    crate::view::render(template_name, map).and_then(|data| {
-                        serde_json::value::to_raw_value(&data).map_err(|err| err.into())
-                    })
+                    crate::view::render(template_name, map)
                 } else {
                     Err(Error::new("invalid template data"))
                 }
             });
         match result {
-            Ok(raw_value) => {
-                self.data = Some(raw_value);
-                self.json_data = JsonValue::Null;
+            Ok(content) => {
+                self.json_data = content.into();
                 self.bytes_data = Bytes::new();
                 self.content_type = Some("text/html; charset=utf-8".into());
             }
@@ -211,7 +202,6 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
                 self.success = false;
                 self.detail = Some(err.to_string().into());
                 self.message = None;
-                self.data = None;
                 self.json_data = JsonValue::Null;
                 self.bytes_data = Bytes::new();
             }
@@ -270,11 +260,10 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
 
     /// Sets the response data.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn set_data<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(&mut self, data: &T) {
-        match serde_json::value::to_raw_value(data) {
-            Ok(raw_value) => {
-                self.data = Some(raw_value);
-                self.json_data = JsonValue::Null;
+    pub fn set_data<T: Serialize>(&mut self, data: &T) {
+        match serde_json::to_value(data) {
+            Ok(value) => {
+                self.json_data = value;
                 self.bytes_data = Bytes::new();
             }
             Err(err) => self.set_error_message(err),
@@ -284,30 +273,22 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
     /// Sets the JSON data.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_json_data(&mut self, data: impl Into<JsonValue>) {
-        self.data = None;
         self.json_data = data.into();
         self.bytes_data = Bytes::new();
     }
 
     /// Sets the bytes data.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn set_bytes_data(&mut self, bytes: impl Into<Bytes>) {
-        self.data = None;
+    pub fn set_bytes_data(&mut self, data: impl Into<Bytes>) {
         self.json_data = JsonValue::Null;
-        self.bytes_data = bytes.into();
+        self.bytes_data = data.into();
     }
 
     /// Sets the response data for the validation.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_validation_data(&mut self, validation: Validation) {
-        match serde_json::value::to_raw_value(&validation.into_map()) {
-            Ok(raw_value) => {
-                self.data = Some(raw_value);
-                self.json_data = JsonValue::Null;
-                self.bytes_data = Bytes::new();
-            }
-            Err(err) => self.set_error_message(err),
-        }
+        self.json_data = validation.into_map().into();
+        self.bytes_data = Bytes::new();
     }
 
     /// Sets a transformer for the response data.
@@ -336,7 +317,7 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
         self.content_type = Some(content_type.into());
     }
 
-    /// Sets the response body as the form data.
+    /// Sets the form data as the response body.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_form_response(&mut self, data: impl Into<JsonValue>) {
         self.set_json_data(data);
@@ -348,14 +329,14 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
         });
     }
 
-    /// Sets the response body as the JSON data.
+    /// Sets the JSON data as the response body.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_json_response(&mut self, data: impl Into<JsonValue>) {
         self.set_json_data(data);
         self.set_data_transformer(|data| Ok(serde_json::to_vec(&data)?.into()));
     }
 
-    /// Sets the response body as the JSON Lines data.
+    /// Sets the JSON Lines data as the response body.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_jsonlines_response(&mut self, data: impl Into<JsonValue>) {
         self.set_json_data(data);
@@ -363,7 +344,7 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
         self.set_data_transformer(|data| Ok(data.to_jsonlines(Vec::new())?.into()));
     }
 
-    /// Sets the response body as the MsgPack data.
+    /// Sets the MsgPack data as the response body.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_msgpack_response(&mut self, data: impl Into<JsonValue>) {
         self.set_json_data(data);
@@ -371,7 +352,7 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
         self.set_data_transformer(|data| Ok(data.to_msgpack(Vec::new())?.into()));
     }
 
-    /// Sets the response body as the CSV data.
+    /// Sets the CSV data as the response body.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set_csv_response(&mut self, data: impl Into<JsonValue>) {
         self.set_json_data(data);
@@ -379,6 +360,20 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
         self.set_data_transformer(|data| Ok(data.to_csv(Vec::new())?.into()));
     }
 
+    /// Sets the plain text as the response body.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_text_response<T: ?Sized + Serialize>(&mut self, data: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.set_json_data(data.into());
+        self.set_content_type("text/plain; charset=utf-8");
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the bytes data as the response body.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn set_bytes_response(&mut self, data: impl Into<Bytes>) {
+        self.set_bytes_data(data);
+        self.set_content_type("application/octet-stream");
+    }
+
     /// Sets the request ID.
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn set_request_id(&mut self, request_id: Uuid) {
@@ -508,15 +503,12 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
 
     /// Reads the response into a byte buffer.
     pub fn read_bytes(&mut self) -> Result<Bytes, Error> {
-        let bytes_opt = if !self.bytes_data.is_empty() {
+        let has_bytes_data = !self.bytes_data.is_empty();
+        let has_json_data = !self.json_data.is_null();
+        let bytes_opt = if has_bytes_data {
             Some(self.bytes_data.clone())
-        } else if let Some(transformer) = self.data_transformer.as_ref() {
-            if !self.json_data.is_null() {
-                Some(transformer(&self.json_data)?)
-            } else {
-                let data = serde_json::to_value(&self.data)?;
-                Some(transformer(&data)?)
-            }
+        } else if let Some(transformer) = self.data_transformer.as_ref() && has_json_data {
+            Some(transformer(&self.json_data)?)
         } else {
             None
         };
@@ -528,36 +520,17 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
 
         let content_type = self.content_type();
         let (bytes, etag_opt) = if crate::helper::check_json_content_type(content_type) {
-            let (capacity, etag_opt) = if !self.json_data.is_null() {
+            let (capacity, etag_opt) = if has_json_data {
                 let data = serde_json::to_vec(&self.json_data)?;
                 let etag = EntityTag::from_data(&data);
                 (data.len() + 128, Some(etag))
-            } else if let Some(data) = &self.data {
-                let data = data.get().as_bytes();
-                let etag = EntityTag::from_data(data);
-                (data.len() + 128, Some(etag))
             } else {
                 (128, None)
             };
             let mut bytes = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
             serde_json::to_writer(&mut bytes, &self)?;
             (bytes, etag_opt)
-        } else if let Some(data) = &self.data {
-            let capacity = data.get().len();
-            let value = serde_json::to_value(data)?;
-            let bytes = if content_type.starts_with("text/csv") {
-                value.to_csv(Vec::with_capacity(capacity))?
-            } else if content_type.starts_with("application/jsonlines") {
-                value.to_jsonlines(Vec::with_capacity(capacity))?
-            } else if content_type.starts_with("application/msgpack") {
-                value.to_msgpack(Vec::with_capacity(capacity))?
-            } else if let JsonValue::String(s) = value {
-                s.into_bytes()
-            } else {
-                data.to_string().into_bytes()
-            };
-            (bytes, None)
-        } else if !self.json_data.is_null() {
+        } else if has_json_data {
             let value = &self.json_data;
             let bytes = if content_type.starts_with("text/csv") {
                 value.to_csv(Vec::new())?
@@ -566,7 +539,7 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> Response<S> {
             } else if content_type.starts_with("application/msgpack") {
                 value.to_msgpack(Vec::new())?
             } else if let JsonValue::String(s) = value {
-                s.clone().into_bytes()
+                s.as_bytes().to_vec()
             } else {
                 value.to_string().into_bytes()
             };
@@ -667,8 +640,8 @@ impl<S: ResponseCode> From<Response<S>> for FullResponse {
         };
 
         for (key, value) in response.finalize() {
-            if let Ok(header_name) = HeaderName::try_from(key.as_ref()) &&
-                let Ok(header_value) = HeaderValue::try_from(value)
+            if let Ok(header_name) = HeaderName::try_from(key.as_ref())
+                && let Ok(header_value) = HeaderValue::try_from(value)
             {
                 res.headers_mut().insert(header_name, header_value);
             }
diff --git a/zino/src/controller/mod.rs b/zino/src/controller/mod.rs
index 72a9c61c..91ec9822 100644
--- a/zino/src/controller/mod.rs
+++ b/zino/src/controller/mod.rs
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ where
         }
         if !validations.is_empty() {
             let mut res = crate::Response::new(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
-            res.set_data(&validations);
+            res.set_json_data(validations);
             Ok(res.into())
         } else {
             let rows_affected = Self::insert_many(models).await.extract(&req)?;