diff --git a/storage/src/storage_ptr.rs b/storage/src/storage_ptr.rs
index 44a27cf..2fbccac 100644
--- a/storage/src/storage_ptr.rs
+++ b/storage/src/storage_ptr.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@ pub struct StoragePtr<T> {
 
 impl<T> Clone for StoragePtr<T> {
   fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-    Self {
-      _marker: std::marker::PhantomData,
-      data: self.data,
-    }
+    *self
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_mapping_frame.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_mapping_frame.rs
index a4d66bf..7f06ecd 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_mapping_frame.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_mapping_frame.rs
@@ -146,6 +146,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for ArrayMappingFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for MapFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce.rs
index f55a1f8..afcd039 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for ReduceFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for ReduceFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce_right.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce_right.rs
index a2e41e6..d0daadb 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce_right.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_reduce_right.rs
@@ -124,6 +124,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for ReduceRightFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for ReduceRightFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_sort.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_sort.rs
index ecaee53..9988e42 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_sort.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/array_higher_functions/array_sort.rs
@@ -305,6 +305,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for SortFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for SortFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/bytecode_stack_frame.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/bytecode_stack_frame.rs
index 4d9a585..dbf91b9 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/bytecode_stack_frame.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/bytecode_stack_frame.rs
@@ -709,6 +709,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for BytecodeStackFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for BytecodeStackFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    self.catch_setting.is_some()
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, exception: &mut Val) {
     if let Some(catch_setting) = &self.catch_setting {
       let exception = take(exception);
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/cat_stack_frame.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/cat_stack_frame.rs
index 299b897..ecd4646 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/cat_stack_frame.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/cat_stack_frame.rs
@@ -145,6 +145,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for CatStackFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for CatStackFrame");
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/first_stack_frame.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/first_stack_frame.rs
index 02a4664..740c2d9 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/first_stack_frame.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/first_stack_frame.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ impl FirstStackFrame {
   }
 }
 
+impl Default for FirstStackFrame {
+  fn default() -> Self {
+    Self::new()
+  }
+}
+
 impl StackFrameTrait for FirstStackFrame {
   fn write_this(&mut self, _const: bool, _this: Val) -> Result<(), Val> {
     panic!("Not appropriate for FirstStackFrame");
@@ -41,6 +47,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for FirstStackFrame {
     self.call_result.clone()
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    panic!("Not appropriate for FirstStackFrame");
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {
     panic!("Not appropriate for FirstStackFrame");
   }
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/generator.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/generator.rs
index 08715c3..020b93d 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/generator.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/generator.rs
@@ -230,6 +230,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for GeneratorFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for GeneratorFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    self.generator.frame.can_catch_exception(exception)
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, exception: &mut Val) {
     self.generator.frame.catch_exception(exception)
   }
@@ -343,6 +347,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for YieldStarFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for YieldStarFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/make_generator_frame.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/make_generator_frame.rs
index 2ae1844..a447362 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/make_generator_frame.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/make_generator_frame.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for MakeGeneratorFrame {
     panic!("Not appropriate for MakeGeneratorFrame")
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    panic!("Not appropriate for MakeGeneratorFrame");
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {
     panic!("Not appropriate for MakeGeneratorFrame");
   }
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/stack_frame.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/stack_frame.rs
index b9499ce..7825877 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/stack_frame.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/stack_frame.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ pub trait StackFrameTrait {
   fn step(&mut self) -> FrameStepResult;
   fn apply_call_result(&mut self, call_result: CallResult);
   fn get_call_result(&mut self) -> CallResult;
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, exception: &Val) -> bool;
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, exception: &mut Val);
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame;
 }
@@ -63,6 +64,10 @@ impl StackFrameTrait for VoidStackFrame {
     }
   }
 
+  fn can_catch_exception(&self, _exception: &Val) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
+
   fn catch_exception(&mut self, _exception: &mut Val) {}
 
   fn clone_to_stack_frame(&self) -> StackFrame {
diff --git a/valuescript_vm/src/virtual_machine.rs b/valuescript_vm/src/virtual_machine.rs
index 0657c0b..66a9894 100644
--- a/valuescript_vm/src/virtual_machine.rs
+++ b/valuescript_vm/src/virtual_machine.rs
@@ -119,9 +119,8 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
   pub fn handle_exception(&mut self, mut exception: Val) -> Result<(), Val> {
     while !self.stack.is_empty() {
-      self.frame.catch_exception(&mut exception);
-
-      if let Val::Void = exception {
+      if self.frame.can_catch_exception(&exception) {
+        self.frame.catch_exception(&mut exception);
         return Ok(());
       }