diff --git a/.github/workflows/next.yml b/.github/workflows/next.yml
index e0dd8feeec..07250449e3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/next.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/next.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,3 @@ jobs:
       upload: true
       next: ${{ github.ref_name }}
     secrets: inherit
-
-  docker:
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/docker-shared.yml
-    secrets: inherit
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 251a0d7f0f..da5bf8e6c8 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# IDEs.
+/.vscode
+/.idea
+
 # Bazel.
 /.user.bazelrc
 /bazel-*
diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index 3e162f02ea..9f55b2ccb5 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.12
+3.0
diff --git a/flake.lock b/flake.lock
index 12ffaf6f77..45c4d968fb 100644
--- a/flake.lock
+++ b/flake.lock
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
   "nodes": {
     "nixpkgs": {
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1677383253,
-        "narHash": "sha256-UfpzWfSxkfXHnb4boXZNaKsAcUrZT9Hw+tao1oZxd08=",
+        "lastModified": 1683236849,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Y7PNBVLOBvZrmrFmHgXUBUA1lM72tl6JGIn1trOeuyE=",
         "owner": "nixos",
         "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "9952d6bc395f5841262b006fbace8dd7e143b634",
+        "rev": "374ffe54403c3c42d97a513ac7a14ce1b5b86e30",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@
         ]
       },
       "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1675933616,
-        "narHash": "sha256-/rczJkJHtx16IFxMmAWu5nNYcSXNg1YYXTHoGjLrLUA=",
+        "lastModified": 1682984683,
+        "narHash": "sha256-fSMthG+tp60AHhNmaHc4StT3ltfHkQsJtN8GhfLWmtI=",
         "owner": "hercules-ci",
         "repo": "flake-parts",
-        "rev": "47478a4a003e745402acf63be7f9a092d51b83d7",
+        "rev": "86684881e184f41aa322e653880e497b66429f3e",
         "type": "github"
       },
       "original": {
diff --git a/pkg/c3/defs.h b/pkg/c3/defs.h
index 38b39263a9..bbf8d91ef7 100644
--- a/pkg/c3/defs.h
+++ b/pkg/c3/defs.h
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@
         mkdir(a, b);})
 #     define c3_rmdir(a) ({                                     \
         rmdir(a);})
+#     define c3_link(a, b) ({                                   \
+        link(a, b);})
 #     define c3_unlink(a) ({                                    \
         unlink(a);})
 #     define c3_fopen(a, b) ({                                  \
diff --git a/pkg/noun/events.c b/pkg/noun/events.c
index dc1ba965d0..0294f522ab 100644
--- a/pkg/noun/events.c
+++ b/pkg/noun/events.c
@@ -398,23 +398,14 @@ _ce_ephemeral_open(c3_i* eph_i)
 /* _ce_image_open(): open or create image.
 */
 static c3_o
-_ce_image_open(u3e_image* img_u)
+_ce_image_open(u3e_image* img_u, c3_c* ful_c)
 {
   c3_i mod_i = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
-  c3_c ful_c[8193];
-
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s", u3P.dir_c);
-  c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700);
-
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb", u3P.dir_c);
-  c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700);
-
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/chk", u3P.dir_c);
-  c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700);
 
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/chk/%s.bin", u3P.dir_c, img_u->nam_c);
-  if ( -1 == (img_u->fid_i = c3_open(ful_c, mod_i, 0666)) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "loom: c3_open %s: %s\r\n", ful_c, strerror(errno));
+  c3_c pax_c[8192];
+  snprintf(pax_c, 8192, "%s/%s.bin", ful_c, img_u->nam_c);
+  if ( -1 == (img_u->fid_i = c3_open(pax_c, mod_i, 0666)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "loom: c3_open %s: %s\r\n", pax_c, strerror(errno));
     return c3n;
   }
   else if ( c3n == _ce_image_stat(img_u, &img_u->pgs_w) ) {
@@ -1345,54 +1336,75 @@ _ce_image_copy(u3e_image* fom_u, u3e_image* tou_u)
   return c3y;
 }
 
-/* u3e_backup(): copy snapshot to .urb/bhk (if it doesn't exist yet).
+/* u3e_backup(): copy snapshot from [pux_c] to [pax_c],
+ * overwriting optionally. note that image files must
+ * be named "north" and "south".
 */
 c3_o
-u3e_backup(c3_o ovw_o)
+u3e_backup(c3_c* pux_c, c3_c* pax_c, c3_o ovw_o)
 {
-  u3e_image nop_u = { .nam_c = "north", .pgs_w = 0 };
-  u3e_image sop_u = { .nam_c = "south", .pgs_w = 0 };
-  c3_i mod_i = O_RDWR | O_CREAT; // XX O_TRUNC ?
-  c3_c ful_c[8193];
+  //  source image files from [pux_c]
+  u3e_image nux_u = { .nam_c = "north", .pgs_w = 0 };
+  u3e_image sux_u = { .nam_c = "south", .pgs_w = 0 };
+
+  //  destination image files to [pax_c]
+  u3e_image nax_u = { .nam_c = "north", .pgs_w = 0 };
+  u3e_image sax_u = { .nam_c = "south", .pgs_w = 0 };
+
+  c3_i mod_i = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
 
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/bhk", u3P.dir_c);
+  if ( !pux_c || !pax_c ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "loom: image backup: bad path\r\n");
+    return c3n;
+  }
 
-  if ( (c3n == ovw_o) && c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700) ) {
+  if ( (c3n == ovw_o) && c3_mkdir(pax_c, 0700) ) {
     if ( EEXIST != errno ) {
       fprintf(stderr, "loom: image backup: %s\r\n", strerror(errno));
     }
     return c3n;
   }
 
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/bhk/%s.bin", u3P.dir_c, nop_u.nam_c);
-
-  if ( -1 == (nop_u.fid_i = c3_open(ful_c, mod_i, 0666)) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "loom: c3_open %s: %s\r\n", ful_c, strerror(errno));
+  //  open source image files if they exist
+  //
+  c3_c nux_c[8193];
+  snprintf(nux_c, 8192, "%s/%s.bin", pux_c, nux_u.nam_c);
+  if ( (0 != access(nux_c, F_OK)) || (c3n == _ce_image_open(&nux_u, pux_c)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "loom: couldn't open north image at %s\r\n", pux_c);
+    return c3n;
+  }
+  c3_c sux_c[8193];
+  snprintf(sux_c, 8192, "%s/%s.bin", pux_c, sux_u.nam_c);
+  if ( (0 != access(sux_c, F_OK)) || (c3n == _ce_image_open(&sux_u, pux_c)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "loom: couldn't open south image at %s\r\n", pux_c);
     return c3n;
   }
 
-  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/bhk/%s.bin", u3P.dir_c, sop_u.nam_c);
-
-  if ( -1 == (sop_u.fid_i = c3_open(ful_c, mod_i, 0666)) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "loom: c3_open %s: %s\r\n", ful_c, strerror(errno));
+  //  open destination image files
+  c3_c nax_c[8193];
+  snprintf(nax_c, 8192, "%s/%s.bin", pax_c, nax_u.nam_c);
+  if ( -1 == (nax_u.fid_i = c3_open(nax_c, mod_i, 0666)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "loom: c3_open %s: %s\r\n", nax_c, strerror(errno));
+    return c3n;
+  }
+  c3_c sax_c[8193];
+  snprintf(sax_c, 8192, "%s/%s.bin", pax_c, sax_u.nam_c);
+  if ( -1 == (sax_u.fid_i = c3_open(sax_c, mod_i, 0666)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "loom: c3_open %s: %s\r\n", sax_c, strerror(errno));
     return c3n;
   }
 
-  if (  (c3n == _ce_image_copy(&u3P.nor_u, &nop_u))
-     || (c3n == _ce_image_copy(&u3P.sou_u, &sop_u)) )
+  if (  (c3n == _ce_image_copy(&nux_u, &nax_u))
+     || (c3n == _ce_image_copy(&sux_u, &sax_u)) )
   {
-
-    c3_unlink(ful_c);
-    snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/bhk/%s.bin", u3P.dir_c, nop_u.nam_c);
-    c3_unlink(ful_c);
-    snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/bhk", u3P.dir_c);
-    c3_rmdir(ful_c);
+    c3_unlink(nax_c);
+    c3_unlink(sax_c);
     fprintf(stderr, "loom: image backup failed\r\n");
     return c3n;
   }
 
-  close(nop_u.fid_i);
-  close(sop_u.fid_i);
+  close(nax_u.fid_i);
+  close(sax_u.fid_i);
   fprintf(stderr, "loom: image backup complete\r\n");
   return c3y;
 }
@@ -1502,8 +1514,6 @@ u3e_save(u3_post low_p, u3_post hig_p)
   }
 
   u3e_toss(low_p, hig_p);
-
-  u3e_backup(c3n);
 }
 
 /* _ce_toss_pages(): discard ephemeral pages.
@@ -1573,8 +1583,10 @@ u3e_live(c3_o nuu_o, c3_c* dir_c)
 
     //  Open image files.
     //
-    if ( (c3n == _ce_image_open(&u3P.nor_u)) ||
-         (c3n == _ce_image_open(&u3P.sou_u)) )
+    c3_c chk_c[8193];
+    snprintf(chk_c, 8193, "%s/.urb/chk", u3P.dir_c);
+    if ( (c3n == _ce_image_open(&u3P.nor_u, chk_c)) ||
+         (c3n == _ce_image_open(&u3P.sou_u, chk_c)) )
     {
       fprintf(stderr, "boot: image failed\r\n");
       exit(1);
diff --git a/pkg/noun/events.h b/pkg/noun/events.h
index b17dcba65d..7442c9df94 100644
--- a/pkg/noun/events.h
+++ b/pkg/noun/events.h
@@ -74,10 +74,11 @@
 
   /** Functions.
   **/
-    /* u3e_backup(): copy the snapshot from chk to bhk. 
+    /* u3e_backup(): copy the snapshot from [pux_c] to [pax_c],
+     * overwriting optional.
     */
-      c3_o 
-      u3e_backup(c3_o ovw_o);
+      c3_o
+      u3e_backup(c3_c* pux_c, c3_c* pax_c, c3_o ovw_o);
 
     /* u3e_fault(): handle a memory fault.
     */
diff --git a/pkg/noun/manage.c b/pkg/noun/manage.c
index 5ff7d7b129..9b6d47fcab 100644
--- a/pkg/noun/manage.c
+++ b/pkg/noun/manage.c
@@ -1762,14 +1762,6 @@ _cm_limits(void)
 # endif
 }
 
-/* u3m_backup(): copy snapshot to .urb/bhk (if it doesn't exist yet).
-*/
-c3_o
-u3m_backup(c3_o ovw_o)
-{
-  return u3e_backup(ovw_o);
-}
-
 /* u3m_fault(): handle a memory event with libsigsegv protocol.
 */
 c3_i
@@ -2090,6 +2082,42 @@ u3m_stop()
   u3je_secp_stop();
 }
 
+/* u3m_pier(): make a pier.
+*/
+c3_c*
+u3m_pier(c3_c* dir_c)
+{
+  c3_c ful_c[8193];
+
+  u3C.dir_c = dir_c;
+
+  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s", dir_c);
+  if ( c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700) ) {
+    if ( EEXIST != errno ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "loom: pier create: %s\r\n", strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb", dir_c);
+  if ( c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700) ) {
+    if ( EEXIST != errno ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "loom: .urb create: %s\r\n", strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  snprintf(ful_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/chk", dir_c);
+  if ( c3_mkdir(ful_c, 0700) ) {
+    if ( EEXIST != errno ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "loom: .urb/chk create: %s\r\n", strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return strdup(dir_c);
+}
+
 /* u3m_boot(): start the u3 system. return next event, starting from 1.
 */
 c3_d
@@ -2105,7 +2133,7 @@ u3m_boot(c3_c* dir_c, size_t len_i)
 
   /* Activate the storage system.
   */
-  nuu_o = u3e_live(c3n, dir_c);
+  nuu_o = u3e_live(c3n, u3m_pier(dir_c));
 
   /* Activate tracing.
   */
diff --git a/pkg/noun/manage.h b/pkg/noun/manage.h
index 297585c486..56d4ca7901 100644
--- a/pkg/noun/manage.h
+++ b/pkg/noun/manage.h
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@
         c3_d
         u3m_boot(c3_c* dir_c, size_t len_i);
 
+      /* u3m_pier(): make a pier.
+      */
+        c3_c*
+        u3m_pier(c3_c* dir_c);
+
       /* u3m_boot_lite(): start without checkpointing.
       */
         c3_d
diff --git a/pkg/noun/version.h b/pkg/noun/version.h
index f64d0a398e..125abd684c 100644
--- a/pkg/noun/version.h
+++ b/pkg/noun/version.h
@@ -18,4 +18,10 @@ typedef c3_w       u3e_version;
 #define U3E_VER1   1
 #define U3E_VERLAT U3E_VER1
 
+/* DISK FORMAT
+ */
+
+#define U3D_VER1   1
+#define U3D_VERLAT U3L_VER1
+
 #endif /* ifndef U3_VERSION_H */
diff --git a/pkg/vere/disk.c b/pkg/vere/disk.c
index 2cc270a368..f24c11e11b 100644
--- a/pkg/vere/disk.c
+++ b/pkg/vere/disk.c
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 /// @file
 
 #include "noun.h"
+#include "events.h"
 #include "vere.h"
+#include "version.h"
 #include "db/lmdb.h"
+#include <types.h>
 
 struct _cd_read {
   uv_timer_t       tim_u;
@@ -28,6 +31,15 @@ struct _u3_disk_walk {
   c3_o          liv_o;
 };
 
+// for u3_lmdb_init() calls
+static const size_t siz_i =
+#if (defined(U3_CPU_aarch64) && defined(U3_OS_linux))
+  // 500 GiB is as large as musl on aarch64 wants to allow
+  0x7d00000000;
+#else
+  0x10000000000;
+#endif
+
 #undef VERBOSE_DISK
 #undef DISK_TRACE_JAM
 #undef DISK_TRACE_CUE
@@ -963,7 +975,7 @@ u3_disk_slog(u3_disk* log_u)
 /* u3_disk_init(): load or create pier directories and event log.
 */
 u3_disk*
-u3_disk_init(c3_c* pax_c, u3_disk_cb cb_u)
+u3_disk_init(c3_c* pax_c, u3_disk_cb cb_u, c3_o mig_o)
 {
   u3_disk* log_u = c3_calloc(sizeof(*log_u));
   log_u->liv_o = c3n;
@@ -1019,62 +1031,83 @@ u3_disk_init(c3_c* pax_c, u3_disk_cb cb_u)
     c3_free(dir_c);
   }
 
-  //  create/load $pier/.urb/log, initialize db
+  //  create/load $pier/.urb/log
   //
   {
-    c3_c* log_c = c3_malloc(10 + strlen(pax_c));
-
-    strcpy(log_c, pax_c);
-    strcat(log_c, "/.urb/log");
+    c3_c log_c[8193];
+    snprintf(log_c, sizeof(log_c), "%s/.urb/log", pax_c);
 
     if ( 0 == (log_u->com_u = u3_foil_folder(log_c)) ) {
       fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to load /.urb/log in %s\r\n", pax_c);
-      c3_free(log_c);
       c3_free(log_u);
       return 0;
     }
 
-    //  Arbitrarily choosing 1TB as a "large enough" mapsize
-    //
-    //  per the LMDB docs:
-    //  "[..] on 64-bit there is no penalty for making this huge (say 1TB)."
-    //
-    {
-      const size_t siz_i =
-      // 500 GiB is as large as musl on aarch64 wants to allow
-      #if (defined(U3_CPU_aarch64) && defined(U3_OS_linux))
-        0x7d00000000;
-      #else
-        0x10000000000;
-      #endif
-
-      if ( 0 == (log_u->mdb_u = u3_lmdb_init(log_c, siz_i)) ) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize database\r\n");
-        c3_free(log_c);
+    if ( c3y == u3_disk_need_migrate(log_u) ) {
+      if ( (c3y == mig_o) && (c3n == u3_disk_migrate(log_u)) ) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to migrate log\r\n");
         c3_free(log_u);
         return 0;
       }
+      else {
+        fprintf(stderr, "disk: loading old format\r\n");
+
+        if ( 0 == (log_u->mdb_u = u3_lmdb_init(log_c, siz_i)) ) {
+          fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize lmdb\r\n");
+          c3_free(log_u);
+        }
+
+        c3_d fir_d;
+        if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(log_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &log_u->dun_d) ) {
+          fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to load latest event from lmdb\r\n");
+          c3_free(log_u);
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+        log_u->sen_d = log_u->dun_d;
+
+        return log_u;
+      }
     }
 
-    c3_free(log_c);
-  }
+    //  get latest epoch number
+    c3_d lat_d;
+    if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_last(log_u, &lat_d) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to load epoch number\r\n");
+      c3_free(log_u);
+      return 0;
+    }
 
-  //  get the latest event number from the db
-  //
-  {
-    log_u->dun_d = 0;
-    c3_d fir_d;
+    //  set path to latest epoch
+    c3_c epo_c[8193];
+    snprintf(epo_c, 8192, "%s/0i%" PRIc3_d, log_c, lat_d);
 
-    if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(log_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &log_u->dun_d) ) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to load latest event from database\r\n");
+    //  initialize latest epoch's db
+    if ( 0 == (log_u->mdb_u = u3_lmdb_init(epo_c, siz_i)) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize database\r\n");
       c3_free(log_u);
       return 0;
     }
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: loaded epoch 0i%" PRIc3_d "\r\n", lat_d);
+
+    //  get first/last event numbers from lmdb
+    c3_d fir_d, las_d;
+    if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(log_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &las_d) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to get first/last event numbers\r\n");
+      return 0;
+    }
 
+    //  initialize dun_d/sen_d values
+    log_u->dun_d = ( 0 != las_d ) ? las_d : lat_d;
     log_u->sen_d = log_u->dun_d;
+
+    //  mark the latest epoch directory
+    log_u->epo_d = lat_d;
+
+    //  mark the log as live
+    log_u->liv_o = c3y;
   }
 
-  log_u->liv_o = c3y;
 
 #if defined(DISK_TRACE_JAM) || defined(DISK_TRACE_CUE)
   u3t_trace_open(pax_c);
@@ -1082,3 +1115,365 @@ u3_disk_init(c3_c* pax_c, u3_disk_cb cb_u)
 
   return log_u;
 }
+
+/* u3_disk_epoc_init: create new epoch.
+*/
+c3_o
+u3_disk_epoc_init(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d epo_d)
+{
+  //  check if any epoch directories exist
+  c3_d lat_d;
+  c3_o eps_o = u3_disk_epoc_last(log_u, &lat_d);
+
+  //  create new epoch directory if it doesn't exist
+  c3_c epo_c[8193];
+  snprintf(epo_c, sizeof(epo_c), "%s/0i%" PRIc3_d, log_u->com_u->pax_c, epo_d);
+  c3_d ret_d = c3_mkdir(epo_c, 0700);
+  if ( ( ret_d < 0 ) && ( errno != EEXIST ) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to create epoch directory %" PRIc3_d "\r\n", epo_d);
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  //  create epoch version file, overwriting any existing file
+  c3_c epv_c[8193];
+  snprintf(epv_c, sizeof(epv_c), "%s/epoc.txt", epo_c);
+  FILE* epv_f = fopen(epv_c, "w");
+  fprintf(epv_f, "%d\n", U3D_VER1);
+  fclose(epv_f);
+
+  //  create binary version file, overwriting any existing file
+  c3_c biv_c[8193];
+  snprintf(biv_c, sizeof(biv_c), "%s/vere.txt", epo_c);
+  FILE* biv_f = fopen(biv_c, "w");
+  fprintf(biv_f, URBIT_VERSION);
+  fclose(biv_f);
+
+  //  copy snapshot files (skip if first epoch)
+  if ( epo_d > 0 ) {
+    c3_c chk_c[8193];
+    snprintf(chk_c, 8192, "%s/.urb/chk", u3_Host.dir_c);
+    if ( c3n == u3e_backup(chk_c, epo_c, c3y) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to copy snapshot to new epoch\r\n");
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  get metadata from old epoch or unmigrated event log's db
+  c3_d     who_d[2];
+  c3_o     fak_o;
+  c3_w     lif_w;
+  if ( c3y == eps_o ) {  //  skip if no epochs yet
+    if ( c3y != u3_disk_read_meta(log_u->mdb_u, who_d, &fak_o, &lif_w) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to read metadata\r\n");
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  initialize db of new epoch
+  if ( c3y == u3_Host.ops_u.nuu || epo_d > 0 ) {
+    c3_c dat_c[8193];
+    snprintf(dat_c, sizeof(dat_c), "%s/data.mdb", epo_c);
+    if ( 0 == (log_u->mdb_u = u3_lmdb_init(epo_c, siz_i)) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize database\r\n");
+      c3_free(log_u);
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // write the metadata to the database
+  if ( c3y == eps_o ) {
+    if ( c3n == u3_disk_save_meta(log_u->mdb_u, who_d, fak_o, lif_w) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to save metadata\r\n");
+      goto fail;
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  load new epoch directory and set it in log_u
+  log_u->epo_d = epo_d;
+
+  //  success
+  return c3y;
+
+fail:
+  c3_unlink(epv_c);
+  c3_unlink(biv_c);
+  c3_rmdir(epo_c);
+  return c3n;
+}
+
+/* u3_disk_epoc_kill: delete an epoch.
+*/
+c3_o
+u3_disk_epoc_kill(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d epo_d)
+{
+  //  get epoch directory
+  c3_c epo_c[8193];
+  snprintf(epo_c, sizeof(epo_c), "%s/0i%" PRIc3_d, log_u->com_u->pax_c, epo_d);
+
+  //  delete files in epoch directory
+  u3_dire* dir_u = u3_foil_folder(epo_c);
+  u3_dent* den_u = dir_u->all_u;
+  while ( den_u ) {
+    c3_c fil_c[8193];
+    snprintf(fil_c, sizeof(fil_c), "%s/%s", epo_c, den_u->nam_c);
+    if ( 0 != c3_unlink(fil_c) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to delete file in epoch directory\r\n");
+      return c3n;
+    }
+    den_u = den_u->nex_u;
+  }
+
+  //  delete epoch directory
+  if ( 0 != c3_rmdir(epo_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to delete epoch directory\r\n");
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  //  cleanup
+  u3_dire_free(dir_u);
+
+  //  success
+  return c3y;
+}
+
+/* u3_disk_epoc_last: get latest epoch number.
+*/
+c3_o
+u3_disk_epoc_last(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d* lat_d)
+{
+  c3_o ret_o = c3n;  //  return c3n if no epoch directories exist
+  *lat_d = 0;        //  initialize lat_d to 0
+  u3_dire* die_u = u3_foil_folder(log_u->com_u->pax_c);
+  u3_dent* den_u = die_u->dil_u;
+  while ( den_u ) {
+    c3_d epo_d = 0;
+    if ( 1 == sscanf(den_u->nam_c, "0i%" PRIc3_d, &epo_d) ) {
+      ret_o = c3y;   //  NB: returns yes if the directory merely exists
+      *lat_d = c3_max(epo_d, *lat_d);  //  update the latest epoch number
+    }
+    den_u = den_u->nex_u;
+  }
+
+  u3_dire_free(die_u);
+
+  return ret_o;
+}
+
+/* u3_disk_epoc_vere: get binary version from epoch.
+*/
+c3_o
+u3_disk_epoc_vere(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d epo_d, c3_c* ver_w)
+{
+  struct stat buf_u;
+  c3_c* ver_c;
+  c3_w red_w, len_w;
+  c3_i ret_i, fid_i;
+  ret_i = asprintf(&ver_c, "%s/0i%" PRIc3_d "/vere.txt",
+           log_u->com_u->pax_c, epo_d);
+  u3_assert( ret_i > 0 );
+
+  fid_i = c3_open(ver_c, O_RDONLY, 0644);
+
+  if ( (fid_i < 0) || (fstat(fid_i, &buf_u) < 0) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to open vere.txt in epoch 0i%" PRIc3_d
+                    "\r\n", epo_d);
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  len_w = buf_u.st_size;
+  red_w = read(fid_i, ver_w, len_w);
+  close(fid_i);
+
+  if ( len_w != red_w ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to read vere.txt in epoch 0i%" PRIc3_d
+                    "\r\n", epo_d);
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  //  trim trailing whitespace
+  ver_w[len_w] = 0;
+  while ( len_w-- && isspace(ver_w[len_w]) ) {
+    ver_w[len_w] = 0;
+  }
+
+  return c3y;
+}
+
+/* u3_disk_need_migrate: does the desk need to be migrated?
+*/
+c3_o
+u3_disk_need_migrate(u3_disk* log_u)
+{
+  //  check if data.mdb is readable in log directory
+  c3_c dut_c[8193];
+  snprintf(dut_c, sizeof(dut_c), "%s/data.mdb", log_u->com_u->pax_c);
+  if ( !_(u3_Host.ops_u.nuu)
+       && 0 != access(dut_c, F_OK) ) {
+    // if .urb/log/data.mdb does not exist, skip migration
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  return c3y;
+}
+
+/* u3_disk_migrate: migrates disk format.
+ */
+c3_o
+u3_disk_migrate(u3_disk* log_u)
+{
+  /*  migration steps:
+   *  0. detect whether we need to migrate or not
+   *     a. if it's a fresh boot via u3_Host.ops_u.nuu -> skip migration
+   *     b. if data.mdb is readable in log directory -> execute migration
+   *        if not -> skip migration (returns yes)
+   *  1. initialize epoch 0i0 (first call to u3_disk_epoc_init())
+   *     a. creates epoch directory
+   *     b. creates epoch version file
+   *     c. creates binary version file
+   *     d. initializes database
+   *     e. reads metadata from old database
+   *     f. writes metadata to new database
+   *     g. loads new epoch directory and sets it in log_u
+   *  2. create hard links to data.mdb and lock.mdb in 0i0/
+   *  3. rollover to new epoch (second call to u3_disk_epoc_init())
+   *     a. same as 1a-g but also copies current snapshot between c/d steps
+   *  4. delete backup snapshot (c3_unlink() and c3_rmdir() calls)
+   *  5. delete old data.mdb and lock.mdb files (c3_unlink() calls)
+   */
+
+  fprintf(stderr, "disk: migrating disk to v%d format\r\n", U3D_VER1);
+
+  //  check if lock.mdb is readable in log directory
+  c3_o luk_o = c3n;
+  c3_c luk_c[8193];
+  snprintf(luk_c, sizeof(luk_c), "%s/lock.mdb", log_u->com_u->pax_c);
+  if ( 0 == access(luk_c, R_OK) ) {
+    luk_o = c3y;
+  }
+
+  //  if fresh boot, initialize disk v1
+  if ( c3y == u3_Host.ops_u.nuu ) {
+    //  initialize first epoch "0i0"
+    if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_init(log_u, 0) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize first epoch\r\n");
+      return c3n;
+    }
+
+    return c3y;
+  }
+
+  //  migrate existing pier which has either:
+  //  - not started the migration, or
+  //  - crashed before completing the migration
+
+  //  initialize pre-migrated lmdb
+  {
+    if ( 0 == (log_u->mdb_u = u3_lmdb_init(log_u->com_u->pax_c, siz_i)) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize database\r\n");
+      return c3n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  get first/last event numbers from pre-migrated lmdb
+  c3_d fir_d, las_d;
+  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(log_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &las_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to get first/last event numbers\r\n");
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  // ensure there's a current snapshot
+  if ( u3_Host.eve_d != las_d ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: snapshot is out of date, please "
+                    "start/shutdown your pier gracefully first\r\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: eve_d (%" PRIc3_d ") != las_d (%" PRIc3_d ")\r\n",
+                    u3_Host.eve_d, las_d);
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  //  initialize first epoch "0i0"
+  if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_init(log_u, 0) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize first epoch\r\n");
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  //  create hard links to data.mdb and lock.mdb in 0i0/
+  c3_c epo_c[8193], dut_c[8193], dat_c[8193], lok_c[8193];
+  snprintf(epo_c, sizeof(epo_c), "%s/0i0", log_u->com_u->pax_c);
+  snprintf(dut_c, sizeof(dut_c), "%s/data.mdb", log_u->com_u->pax_c);
+  snprintf(dat_c, sizeof(dat_c), "%s/data.mdb", epo_c);
+  snprintf(lok_c, sizeof(lok_c), "%s/lock.mdb", epo_c);
+
+  if ( 0 < c3_link(dut_c, dat_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to create data.mdb hard link\r\n");
+    return c3n;
+  }
+  if ( c3y == luk_o ) {  //  only link lock.mdb if it exists
+    if ( 0 < c3_link(luk_c, lok_c) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to create lock.mdb hard link\r\n");
+      return c3n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  rollover to new epoch
+  if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_init(log_u, las_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize new epoch\r\n");
+    return c3n;
+  }
+
+  //  delete backup snapshot
+  c3_c bhk_c[8193], nop_c[8193], sop_c[8193];
+  snprintf(bhk_c, sizeof(bhk_c), "%s/.urb/bhk", u3_Host.dir_c);
+  snprintf(nop_c, sizeof(nop_c), "%s/north.bin", bhk_c);
+  snprintf(sop_c, sizeof(sop_c), "%s/south.bin", bhk_c);
+  if ( c3n == c3_unlink(nop_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to delete bhk/north.bin\r\n");
+  }
+  else if ( c3n == c3_unlink(sop_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to delete bhk/south.bin\r\n");
+  }
+  else {
+    if ( c3n == c3_rmdir(bhk_c) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to delete bhk/\r\n");
+    }
+  }
+
+  //  delete old lock.mdb and data.mdb files
+  if ( 0 != c3_unlink(luk_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to unlink lock.mdb\r\n");
+  }
+  if ( 0 != c3_unlink(dut_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to unlink data.mdb\r\n");
+    return c3n;  //  migration succeeds only if we can unlink data.mdb
+  }
+
+  //  success
+  fprintf(stderr, "disk: migrated disk to v%d format\r\n", U3D_VER1);
+
+  return c3y;
+}
+
+
+/* u3_disk_vere_diff(): checks if vere version mismatches latest epoch's.
+*/
+c3_o
+u3_disk_vere_diff(u3_disk* log_u)
+{
+  c3_d lat_d;
+  if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_last(log_u, &lat_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to load last epoch\r\n");
+    c3_free(log_u);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  c3_c ver_c[8193];
+  if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_vere(log_u, lat_d, ver_c) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to load epoch version\r\n");
+    c3_free(log_u);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if ( 0 != strcmp(ver_c, URBIT_VERSION) ) {
+    return c3y;
+  }
+
+  return c3n;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pkg/vere/foil.c b/pkg/vere/foil.c
index 26ff8b3d04..9fae86973f 100644
--- a/pkg/vere/foil.c
+++ b/pkg/vere/foil.c
@@ -106,13 +106,17 @@ u3_foil_folder(const c3_c* pax_c)
     dir_u = u3_dire_init(pax_c);
   }
 
-  /*  create entries for all files
+  /*  create entries for all files and directories
   */
   while ( UV_EOF != uv_fs_scandir_next(&ruq_u, &den_u) ) {
     if ( UV_DIRENT_FILE == den_u.type ) {
       u3_dent* det_u = u3_dent_init(den_u.name);
       det_u->nex_u = dir_u->all_u;
       dir_u->all_u = det_u;
+    } else if ( UV_DIRENT_DIR == den_u.type ) {
+      u3_dent* det_u = u3_dent_init(den_u.name);
+      det_u->nex_u = dir_u->dil_u;
+      dir_u->dil_u = det_u;
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/pkg/vere/main.c b/pkg/vere/main.c
index f83d656e98..cca3081a9b 100644
--- a/pkg/vere/main.c
+++ b/pkg/vere/main.c
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ _main_getopt(c3_i argc, c3_c** argv)
           return c3n;
         } else {
           u3_Host.ops_u.sap_w = arg_w * 60;
-          if ( 0 == u3_Host.ops_u.sap_w) 
+          if ( 0 == u3_Host.ops_u.sap_w )
             return c3n;
         }
         break;
@@ -712,6 +712,7 @@ _cw_usage(c3_c* bin_c)
     "  %s next %.*s              request upgrade:\n",
     "  %s queu %.*s<at-event>    cue state:\n",
     "  %s chop %.*s              truncate event log:\n",
+    "  %s roll %.*s              rollover to new epoch:\n",
     "  %s vere ARGS <output dir>    download binary:\n",
     "\n  run as a 'serf':\n",
     "    %s serf <pier> <key> <flags> <cache-size> <at-event>"
@@ -1193,7 +1194,7 @@ static u3_disk*
 _cw_disk_init(c3_c* dir_c)
 {
   u3_disk_cb cb_u = {0};
-  u3_disk*  log_u = u3_disk_init(dir_c, cb_u);
+  u3_disk*  log_u = u3_disk_init(dir_c, cb_u, c3y);
 
   if ( !log_u ) {
     fprintf(stderr, "unable to open event log\n");
@@ -1560,11 +1561,11 @@ _cw_info(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  c3_d     eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+  u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
   u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c);
 
   fprintf(stderr, "\r\nurbit: %s at event %" PRIu64 "\r\n",
-                  u3_Host.dir_c, eve_d);
+                  u3_Host.dir_c, u3_Host.eve_d);
 
   u3_disk_slog(log_u);
   printf("\n");
@@ -1719,17 +1720,17 @@ _cw_cram(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  c3_d     eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+  u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
   u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c); // XX s/b try_aquire lock
   c3_o  ret_o;
 
   fprintf(stderr, "urbit: cram: preparing\r\n");
 
-  if ( c3n == (ret_o = u3u_cram(u3_Host.dir_c, eve_d)) ) {
+  if ( c3n == (ret_o = u3u_cram(u3_Host.dir_c, u3_Host.eve_d)) ) {
     fprintf(stderr, "urbit: cram: unable to jam state\r\n");
   }
   else {
-    fprintf(stderr, "urbit: cram: rock saved at event %" PRIu64 "\r\n", eve_d);
+    fprintf(stderr, "urbit: cram: rock saved at event %" PRIu64 "\r\n", u3_Host.eve_d);
   }
 
   //  save even on failure, as we just did all the work of deduplication
@@ -1831,12 +1832,11 @@ _cw_queu(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     exit(1);
   }
   else {
+    u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
     u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c); // XX s/b try_aquire lock
 
     fprintf(stderr, "urbit: queu: preparing\r\n");
 
-    u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
-
     //  XX can spuriously fail do to corrupt memory-image checkpoint,
     //  need a u3m_half_boot equivalent
     //  workaround is to delete/move the checkpoint in case of corruption
@@ -1924,10 +1924,10 @@ _cw_meld(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c); // XX s/b try_aquire lock
-
   u3C.wag_w |= u3o_hashless;
-  u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+
+  u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+  u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c); // XX s/b try_aquire lock
 
   u3a_print_memory(stderr, "urbit: meld: gained", u3u_meld());
 
@@ -2086,9 +2086,9 @@ _cw_pack(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     exit(1);
   }
 
+  u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
   u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c); // XX s/b try_aquire lock
 
-  u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
   u3a_print_memory(stderr, "urbit: pack: gained", u3m_pack());
 
   u3m_save();
@@ -2105,6 +2105,38 @@ _cw_play_slog(u3_noun hod)
   u3z(hod);
 }
 
+/* _cw_play_snap(): prepare snapshot for full replay.
+*/
+static void
+_cw_play_snap(u3_disk* log_u)
+{
+  c3_c chk_c[8193], epo_c[8193];
+  snprintf(chk_c, 8193, "%s/.urb/chk", u3_Host.dir_c);
+  snprintf(epo_c, 8192, "%s/0i%" PRIc3_d, log_u->com_u->pax_c, log_u->epo_d);
+
+  if ( 0 == log_u->epo_d ) {
+    //  if epoch 0 is the latest, delete the snapshot files in chk/
+    c3_c nor_c[8193], sop_c[8193];
+    snprintf(nor_c, 8193, "%s/.urb/chk/north.bin", u3_Host.dir_c);
+    snprintf(sop_c, 8193, "%s/.urb/chk/south.bin", u3_Host.dir_c);
+    if ( c3_unlink(nor_c) && (ENOENT != errno) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "mars: failed to unlink %s: %s\r\n",
+                      nor_c, strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    if ( c3_unlink(sop_c) && (ENOENT != errno) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "mars: failed to unlink %s: %s\r\n",
+                      sop_c, strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  else if ( 0 != u3e_backup(epo_c, chk_c, c3y) ) {
+    //  copy the latest epoch's snapshot files into chk/
+    fprintf(stderr, "mars: failed to copy snapshot\r\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
 /* _cw_play_exit(): exit immediately.
 */
 static void
@@ -2116,6 +2148,66 @@ _cw_play_exit(c3_i int_i)
   raise(SIGINT);
 }
 
+/* _cw_play_impl(): replay events, but better.
+*/
+static void
+_cw_play_impl(c3_d eve_d, c3_d sap_d, c3_o mel_o, c3_o sof_o, c3_o ful_o)
+{
+  //  XX handle SIGTSTP so that the lockfile is not orphaned?
+  //
+  u3_disk* log_u;
+  if ( 0 == (log_u = u3_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c, (u3_disk_cb){0}, c3n)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "mars: failed to load event log\r\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  //  Handle SIGTSTP as if it was SIGINT.
+  //
+  //    Configured here using signal() so as to be immediately available.
+  //
+  signal(SIGTSTP, _cw_play_exit);
+
+  //  XX source these from a shared struct ops_u
+  if ( c3y == mel_o ) {
+    u3C.wag_w |= u3o_auto_meld;
+  }
+
+  if ( c3y == sof_o ) {
+    u3C.wag_w |= u3o_soft_mugs;
+  }
+
+  u3C.wag_w |= u3o_hashless;
+
+  if ( c3y == ful_o ) {
+    u3l_log("mars: preparing for full replay");
+    _cw_play_snap(log_u);
+  }
+
+  u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+
+  u3C.slog_f = _cw_play_slog;
+
+  {
+    u3_mars mar_u = {
+      .log_u = log_u,
+      .dir_c = u3_Host.dir_c,
+      .sen_d = u3A->eve_d,
+      .dun_d = u3A->eve_d,
+    };
+
+    u3_mars_play(&mar_u, eve_d, sap_d);
+
+    //  migrate after replay, if necessary
+    u3_Host.eve_d = mar_u.dun_d;
+    if ( c3y == u3_disk_need_migrate(log_u) ) {
+      u3_disk_migrate(log_u);
+    }
+  }
+
+  u3_disk_exit(log_u);
+  u3m_stop();
+}
+
 /* _cw_play(): replay events, but better.
 */
 static void
@@ -2208,55 +2300,7 @@ _cw_play(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  //  XX handle SIGTSTP so that the lockfile is not orphaned?
-  //
-  u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c); // XX s/b try_aquire lock
-
-  //  Handle SIGTSTP as if it was SIGINT.
-  //
-  //    Configured here using signal() so as to be immediately available.
-  //
-  signal(SIGTSTP, _cw_play_exit);
-
-  if ( c3y == mel_o ) {
-    u3C.wag_w |= u3o_auto_meld;
-  }
-
-  if ( c3y == sof_o ) {
-    u3C.wag_w |= u3o_soft_mugs;
-  }
-
-  u3C.wag_w |= u3o_hashless;
-
-  //  XX this should restore the epoch snapshot and replay that
-  //
-  if ( c3y == ful_o ) {
-    u3l_log("mars: preparing for full replay");
-    u3m_init((size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
-    u3e_live(c3n, u3_Host.dir_c);
-    u3m_foul();
-    u3m_pave(c3y);
-    u3j_boot(c3y);
-  }
-  else {
-    u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
-  }
-
-  u3C.slog_f = _cw_play_slog;
-
-  {
-    u3_mars mar_u = {
-      .log_u = log_u,
-      .dir_c = u3_Host.dir_c,
-      .sen_d = u3A->eve_d,
-      .dun_d = u3A->eve_d,
-    };
-
-    u3_mars_play(&mar_u, eve_d, sap_d);
-  }
-
-  u3_disk_exit(log_u);
-  u3m_stop();
+  _cw_play_impl(eve_d, sap_d, mel_o, sof_o, ful_o);
 }
 
 /* _cw_prep(): prepare for upgrade
@@ -2264,6 +2308,8 @@ _cw_play(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
 static void
 _cw_prep(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
 {
+  //  XX roll with old binary
+  //     check that new epoch is empty, migrate snapshot in-place
   c3_i ch_i, lid_i;
   c3_w arg_w;
 
@@ -2404,123 +2450,171 @@ _cw_chop(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
   }
 
   // gracefully shutdown the pier if it's running
-  u3_disk* old_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c);
-
-  // note: this include patch applications (if any)
-  u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+  u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+  u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c);
 
-  // check if there's a *current* snapshot
-  if ( old_u->dun_d != u3A->eve_d ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: error: snapshot is out of date, please "
-                    "start/shutdown your pier gracefully first\r\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: eve_d: %" PRIu64 ", dun_d: %" PRIu64 "\r\n", u3A->eve_d, old_u->dun_d);
+  //  get latest epoch number prior to creating a new one
+  c3_d pre_d;
+  if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_last(log_u, &pre_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to find last epoch\r\n");
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  if ( c3n == u3m_backup(c3y)) {  //  backup current snapshot
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: error: failed to backup snapshot\r\n");
+  //  create new epoch
+  c3_d fir_d, las_d;
+  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(log_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &las_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to get first/last events\r\n");
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  // initialize the lmdb environment
-  // see disk.c:885
-  const size_t siz_i =
-  // 500 GiB is as large as musl on aarch64 wants to allow
-  #if (defined(U3_CPU_aarch64) && defined(U3_OS_linux))
-    0x7d00000000;
-  #else
-    0x10000000000;
-  #endif
-  c3_c log_c[8193];
-  snprintf(log_c, sizeof(log_c), "%s/.urb/log", u3_Host.dir_c);
-
-  // get the first/last event numbers from the event log
-  c3_d fir_d, las_d;
-  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(old_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &las_d) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to load latest event from database\r\n");
+  //  create new epoch if latest isn't empty
+  if ( (fir_d != las_d) && (c3n == u3_disk_epoc_init(log_u, las_d)) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to create new epoch\r\n");
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  // get the metadata
-  c3_d     who_d[2];
-  c3_o     fak_o;
-  c3_w     lif_w;
-  if ( c3y != u3_disk_read_meta(old_u->mdb_u, who_d, &fak_o, &lif_w) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to read metadata\r\n");
-    exit(1);
+  //  sort epoch directories in descending order
+  u3_dire* ned_u = u3_foil_folder(log_u->com_u->pax_c);
+  u3_dent* den_u = ned_u->dil_u;
+  c3_z len_z = 0;
+  while ( den_u ) {  //  count epochs
+    len_z++;
+    den_u = den_u->nex_u;
+  }
+  c3_d* sot_d = c3_malloc(len_z * sizeof(c3_d));
+  len_z = 0;
+  den_u = ned_u->dil_u;
+  while ( den_u ) {
+    if ( 1 == sscanf(den_u->nam_c, "0i%" PRIc3_d, (sot_d + len_z)) ) {
+      len_z++;
+    }
+    den_u = den_u->nex_u;
   }
 
-  // get the last event
-  u3_lmdb_walk itr_u;
-  size_t       len_i;
-  void*        buf_v[1];
-  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_walk_init(old_u->mdb_u, &itr_u, las_d, las_d) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to initialize iterator\r\n");
-    exit(1);
+  if ( len_z <= 2 ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "chop: nothing to do, have a great day\r\n");
+    exit(0);  //  enjoy
+  }
+
+  //  sort sot_d naively in descending order
+  c3_d tmp_d;
+  for ( c3_z i_z = 0; i_z < len_z; i_z++ ) {
+    for ( c3_z j_z = i_z + 1; j_z < len_z; j_z++ ) {
+      if ( sot_d[i_z] < sot_d[j_z] ) {
+        tmp_d = sot_d[i_z];
+        sot_d[i_z] = sot_d[j_z];
+        sot_d[j_z] = tmp_d;
+      }
+    }
   }
-  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_walk_next(&itr_u, &len_i, buf_v) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to read event\r\n");
+
+  //  get latest epoch number prior to creating a new one
+  c3_d pos_d;
+  if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_last(log_u, &pos_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to find last epoch\r\n");
     exit(1);
   }
-  u3_lmdb_walk_done(&itr_u);
 
-  // initialize a fresh lmdb environment in the "chop" subdir
-  c3_c cho_c[8193];
-  snprintf(cho_c, sizeof(cho_c), "%s/chop", log_c);
-  if ( 0 != access(cho_c, F_OK) ) {
-    if ( 0 != c3_mkdir(cho_c, 0700) ) {
-      fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to create chop directory\r\n");
+  //  delete all but the last two epochs
+  //  XX parameterize the number of epochs to chop
+  for ( c3_z i_z = 2; i_z < len_z; i_z++ ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "chop: deleting epoch 0i%" PRIc3_d "\r\n", sot_d[i_z]);
+    if ( c3y != u3_disk_epoc_kill(log_u, sot_d[i_z]) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to delete epoch 0i%" PRIu64 "\r\n", sot_d[i_z]);
       exit(1);
     }
   }
-  MDB_env* new_u = u3_lmdb_init(cho_c, siz_i);
-  if ( !new_u ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to initialize new database\r\n");
-    exit(1);
+
+  // cleanup
+  u3_dire_free(ned_u);
+  u3_disk_exit(log_u);
+
+  // success
+  fprintf(stderr, "chop: event log truncation complete\r\n");
+}
+
+/* _cw_roll(): rollover to new epoch
+ */
+static void
+_cw_roll(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
+{
+  c3_i ch_i, lid_i;
+  c3_w arg_w;
+
+  static struct option lop_u[] = {
+    { "loom", required_argument, NULL, c3__loom },
+    { NULL, 0, NULL, 0 }
+  };
+
+  u3_Host.dir_c = _main_pier_run(argv[0]);
+
+  while ( -1 != (ch_i=getopt_long(argc, argv, "", lop_u, &lid_i)) ) {
+    switch ( ch_i ) {
+      case c3__loom: {
+        if (_main_readw_loom("loom", &u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y)) {
+          exit(1);
+        }
+      } break;
+
+      case '?': {
+        fprintf(stderr, "invalid argument\r\n");
+        exit(1);
+      } break;
+    }
   }
 
-  // write the metadata to the database
-  if ( c3n == u3_disk_save_meta(new_u, who_d, fak_o, lif_w) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to save metadata\r\n");
-    exit(1);
+  //  argv[optind] is always "roll"
+  //
+
+  if ( !u3_Host.dir_c ) {
+    if ( optind + 1 < argc ) {
+      u3_Host.dir_c = argv[optind + 1];
+    }
+    else {
+      fprintf(stderr, "invalid command, pier required\r\n");
+      exit(1);
+    }
+
+    optind++;
   }
 
-  // write the last event to the database
-  // warning: this relies on the old database still being open
-  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_save(new_u, las_d, 1, buf_v, &len_i) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to write last event\r\n");
+  if ( optind + 1 != argc ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "invalid command\r\n");
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  // backup the original database file
-  c3_c dat_c[8193], bak_c[8193];
-  snprintf(dat_c, sizeof(dat_c), "%s/data.mdb", log_c);
-  // "data_<first>-<last>.mdb.bak"
-  snprintf(bak_c, sizeof(bak_c), "%s/data_%" PRIu64 "-%" PRIu64 ".mdb.bak", cho_c, fir_d, las_d);
-  if ( 0 != c3_rename(dat_c, bak_c) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to backup original database file\r\n");
+  // gracefully shutdown the pier if it's running
+  u3_Host.eve_d = u3m_boot(u3_Host.dir_c, (size_t)1 << u3_Host.ops_u.lom_y);
+  u3_disk* log_u = _cw_disk_init(u3_Host.dir_c);
+
+  // check if there's a *current* snapshot
+  if ( log_u->dun_d != u3A->eve_d ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "roll: error: snapshot is out of date, please "
+                    "start/shutdown your pier gracefully first\r\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "roll: eve_d: %" PRIc3_d ", dun_d: %" PRIc3_d "\r\n", \
+                     u3A->eve_d, log_u->dun_d);
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  // rename new database file to be official
-  c3_c new_c[8193];
-  snprintf(new_c, sizeof(new_c), "%s/data.mdb", cho_c);
-  if ( 0 != c3_rename(new_c, dat_c) ) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "chop: failed to rename new database file\r\n");
+  //  create new epoch
+  c3_d fir_d, las_d;
+  if ( c3n == u3_lmdb_gulf(log_u->mdb_u, &fir_d, &las_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "roll: failed to get first/last events\r\n");
     exit(1);
   }
 
-  // cleanup
-  u3_disk_exit(old_u);
-  u3_lmdb_exit(new_u);
-  u3m_stop();
+  if ( fir_d == las_d ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "roll: latest epoch already empty\r\n");
+    exit(0);
+  }
+  else if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_init(log_u, las_d) ) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "roll: failed to create new epoch\r\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
 
-  // success
-  fprintf(stderr, "chop: event log truncation complete\r\n");
-  fprintf(stderr, "      event log backup written to %s\r\n", bak_c);
-  fprintf(stderr, "      WARNING: ENSURE YOU CAN RESTART YOUR SHIP BEFORE DELETING YOUR EVENT LOG BACKUP FILE!\r\n");
-  fprintf(stderr, "      if you can't, restore your log by running:\r\n");
-  fprintf(stderr, "      `mv %s %s` then try again\r\n", bak_c, dat_c);
+  //  success
+  c3_d epo_d = log_u->dun_d + 1;
+  fprintf(stderr, "roll: epoch rollover complete\r\n");
 }
 
 /* _cw_vere(): download vere
@@ -2806,6 +2900,7 @@ _cw_utils(c3_i argc, c3_c* argv[])
     case c3__prep: _cw_prep(argc, argv); return 2; // continue on
     case c3__queu: _cw_queu(argc, argv); return 1;
     case c3__chop: _cw_chop(argc, argv); return 1;
+    case c3__roll: _cw_roll(argc, argv); return 1;
     case c3__vere: _cw_vere(argc, argv); return 1;
     case c3__vile: _cw_vile(argc, argv); return 1;
 
@@ -2995,6 +3090,13 @@ main(c3_i   argc,
       }
     }
 
+    //  we need the current snapshot's latest event number to
+    //  validate whether we can execute disk migration
+    if ( u3_Host.ops_u.nuu == c3n ) {
+      _cw_play_impl(0, 0, c3n, c3n, c3n);
+      //  XX  unmap loom, else parts of the snapshot could be left in memory
+    }
+
     //  starting u3m configures OpenSSL memory functions, so we must do it
     //  before any OpenSSL allocations
     //
diff --git a/pkg/vere/pier.c b/pkg/vere/pier.c
index 6bd0384d43..672ccfbb51 100644
--- a/pkg/vere/pier.c
+++ b/pkg/vere/pier.c
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ _pier_on_lord_wyrd_bail(void* ptr_v, u3_ovum* egg_u, u3_noun lud)
 #endif
 }
 
-/* _pier_wyrd_init(): construct %wyrd.
+/* _pier_wyrd_card(): construct %wyrd.
 */
 static u3_noun
 _pier_wyrd_card(u3_pier* pir_u)
@@ -827,6 +827,14 @@ _pier_wyrd_card(u3_pier* pir_u)
 static void
 _pier_wyrd_init(u3_pier* pir_u)
 {
+  //  create a new epoch if current version mismatches the latest epoch's
+  if ( c3y == u3_disk_vere_diff(pir_u->log_u) ) {
+    if ( c3n == u3_disk_epoc_init(pir_u->log_u, pir_u->log_u->dun_d) ) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "disk: failed to initialize epoch\r\n");
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
   u3_noun cad = _pier_wyrd_card(pir_u);
   u3_noun wir = u3nc(c3__arvo, u3_nul);
 
@@ -1402,6 +1410,8 @@ _pier_on_lord_live(void* ptr_v)
       //  XX print bootstrap commit complete
       //  XX s/b boot_complete_cb
       //
+      //  XX this codepath should never be hit due to sync replay
+      u3l_log("pier: warning: async replay");
       _pier_play_init(pir_u, log_u->dun_d);
     }
   }
@@ -1637,7 +1647,7 @@ _pier_init(c3_w wag_w, c3_c* pax_c)
       .write_bail_f = _pier_on_disk_write_bail
     };
 
-    if ( !(pir_u->log_u = u3_disk_init(pax_c, cb_u)) ) {
+    if ( !(pir_u->log_u = u3_disk_init(pax_c, cb_u, c3y)) ) {
       c3_free(pir_u);
       return 0;
     }
diff --git a/pkg/vere/vere.h b/pkg/vere/vere.h
index cef16810b6..cc3d71f6ed 100644
--- a/pkg/vere/vere.h
+++ b/pkg/vere/vere.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "noun.h"
 #include "serf.h"
 #include "uv.h"
+#include <types.h>
 
   /** Quasi-tunable parameters.
   **/
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@
         c3_c*    pax_c;                     //  path of directory
         uv_file  fil_u;                     //  file, opened read-only to fsync
         u3_dent* all_u;                     //  file list
+        u3_dent* dil_u;                     //  directory list
       } u3_dire;
 
     /* u3_save: checkpoint control.
@@ -313,6 +315,7 @@
       typedef struct _u3_host {
         c3_w       kno_w;                   //  current executing stage
         c3_c*      dir_c;                   //  pier path (no trailing /)
+        c3_d       eve_d;                   //  initial current snapshot
         c3_c*      dem_c;                   //  daemon executable path
         c3_c*      wrk_c;                   //  worker executable path
         c3_d       now_d;                   //  event tick
@@ -538,9 +541,10 @@
           u3_dire*         urb_u;               //  urbit system data
           u3_dire*         com_u;               //  log directory
           c3_o             liv_o;               //  live
-          void*            mdb_u;               //  lmdb environment.
+          void*            mdb_u;               //  lmdb env of current epoch
           c3_d             sen_d;               //  commit requested
           c3_d             dun_d;               //  committed
+          c3_d             epo_d;               //  current epoch number
           u3_disk_cb        cb_u;               //  callbacks
           u3_read*         red_u;               //  read requests
           union {                               //  write thread/request
@@ -932,7 +936,7 @@
       /* u3_disk_init(): load or create pier directories and event log.
       */
         u3_disk*
-        u3_disk_init(c3_c* pax_c, u3_disk_cb cb_u);
+        u3_disk_init(c3_c* pax_c, u3_disk_cb cb_u, c3_o mig_o);
 
       /* u3_disk_etch(): serialize an event for persistence. RETAIN [eve]
       */
@@ -1002,6 +1006,40 @@
         void
         u3_disk_plan(u3_disk* log_u, u3_fact* tac_u);
 
+      /* u3_disk_epoc_init(): create new epoch.
+       */
+       c3_o
+       u3_disk_epoc_init(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d epo_d);
+
+      /* u3_disk_epoc_kill(): delete an epoch.
+       */
+       c3_o
+       u3_disk_epoc_kill(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d epo_d);
+
+      /* u3_disk_epoc_last(): get latest epoch number.
+       */
+       c3_o
+       u3_disk_epoc_last(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d* lat_d);
+
+      /* u3_disk_epoc_vere(): get binary version from epoch.
+       */
+       c3_o
+       u3_disk_epoc_vere(u3_disk* log_u, c3_d epo_d, c3_c* ver_w);
+
+      /* u3_disk_vere_diff(): checks if vere version mismatches latest epoch's.
+       */
+       c3_o
+       u3_disk_vere_diff(u3_disk* log_u);
+
+      /* u3_disk_need_migrate(): does the disk need migration?
+      */
+        c3_o
+        u3_disk_need_migrate(u3_disk* log_u);
+
+      /* u3_disk_migrate(): migrates disk format.
+       */
+        c3_o
+        u3_disk_migrate(u3_disk* log_u);
       /* u3_disk_read_list(): synchronously read a cons list of events.
       */
         u3_weak
diff --git a/pkg/vere/ward.c b/pkg/vere/ward.c
index 4c90be7179..9d6c8cbed3 100644
--- a/pkg/vere/ward.c
+++ b/pkg/vere/ward.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ u3_dire_init(const c3_c* pax_c)
 {
   u3_dire *dir_u = c3_malloc(sizeof *dir_u);
   dir_u->all_u = 0;
+  dir_u->dil_u = 0;
   dir_u->pax_c = c3_malloc(1 + strlen(pax_c));
   strcpy(dir_u->pax_c, pax_c);
 
@@ -61,6 +62,17 @@ u3_dire_free(u3_dire *dir_u)
     }
   }
 
+  {
+    u3_dent *det_u = dir_u->dil_u;
+    u3_dent *nex_u;
+
+    while ( det_u ) {
+      nex_u = det_u->nex_u;
+      u3_dent_free(det_u);
+      det_u = nex_u;
+    }
+  }
+
   c3_free(dir_u->pax_c);
   c3_free(dir_u);
 }