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@article{Harding2006,
author = {Harding, Jon S. and Claassen, Koen and Evers, Niels},
doi = {10.1007/s10750-006-0206-0},
file = {::},
isbn = {1075000602},
issn = {0018-8158},
journal = {Hydrobiologia},
keywords = {diversity,forest fragmentation,refugia,reserves,species richness,streams},
month = {jun},
number = {1},
pages = {391--402},
title = {{Can forest fragments reset physical and water quality conditions in agricultural catchments and act as refugia for forest stream invertebrates?}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10750-006-0206-0},
volume = {568},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Wuyts2008,
author = {Wuyts, Karen and Verheyen, Kris and {De Schrijver}, An and Cornelis, Wim M. and Gabriels, Donald},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.010},
file = {::},
issn = {13522310},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
month = {dec},
number = {37},
pages = {8651--8660},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{The impact of forest edge structure on longitudinal patterns of deposition, wind speed, and turbulence}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1352231008007577},
volume = {42},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Dambros2013,
author = {Dambros, Cristian De Sales and da Silva, Val{\'{e}}ria Nat{\'{a}}lia Vasconcelos and Azevedo, Renato and de Morais, Jos{\'{e}} Wellington},
doi = {10.1016/j.jnc.2013.02.003},
file = {::},
issn = {16171381},
journal = {Journal for Nature Conservation},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {279--285},
publisher = {Elsevier GmbH.},
title = {{Road-associated edge effects in Amazonia change termite community composition by modifying environmental conditions}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S161713811300023X},
volume = {21},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Wilson2012,
abstract = {Variation in the physical characteristics of the environment should impact the movement energetics of animals. Although cognizance of this may help interpret movement ecology, determination of the landscape-dependent energy expenditure of wild animals is problematic. We used accelerometers in animal-attached tags to derive energy expenditure in 54 free-living imperial cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps and construct an energy landscape of the area around a breeding colony. Examination of the space use of a further 74 birds over 4 years showed that foraging areas selected varied considerably in distance from the colony and water depth, but were characterized by minimal power requirements compared with other areas in the available landscape. This accords with classic optimal foraging concepts, which state that animals should maximize net energy gain by minimizing costs where possible and show how deriving energy landscapes can help understand how and why animals distribute themselves in space.},
author = {Wilson, Rory P and Quintana, Flavio and Hobson, Victoria J},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.1544},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Wilson, Quintana, Hobson{\_}2012{\_}Construction of energy landscapes can clarify the movement and distribution of foraging animals.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1471-2954},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
keywords = {Animals,Argentina,Birds,Birds: physiology,Diving,Energy Metabolism,Feeding Behavior,Homing Behavior,Population Density,Population Dynamics},
month = {mar},
number = {1730},
pages = {975--80},
pmid = {21900327},
title = {{Construction of energy landscapes can clarify the movement and distribution of foraging animals.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3259934{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {279},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Ewers2013,
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tropical forest species are among the most sensitive to changing climatic conditions, and the forest they inhabit helps to buffer their microclimate from the variable climatic conditions outside the forest. However, habitat fragmentation and edge effects exposes vegetation to outside microclimatic conditions, thereby reducing the ability of the forest to buffer climatic variation. In this paper, we ask what proportion of forest in a fragmented ecosystem is impacted by altered microclimate conditions driven by edge effects, and extrapolate these results to the whole Atlantic Forest biome, one of the most disturbed biodiversity hotspots. To address these questions, we collected above and below ground temperature for a full year using temperature sensors placed in forest fragments of different sizes, and at different distances from the forest edge.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the Atlantic forests of Brazil, we found that the buffering effect of forests reduced maximum outside temperatures by one third or more at ground level within a forest, with the buffering effect being stronger below-ground than one metre above-ground. The temperature buffering effect of forests was, however, reduced near forest edges with the edge effect extending up to 20 m inside the forest. The heavily fragmented nature of the Brazilian Atlantic forest means that 12{\%} of the remaining biome experiences altered microclimate conditions.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results add further information about the extent of edge effects in the Atlantic Forest, and we suggest that maintaining a low perimeter-to-area ratio may be a judicious method for minimizing the amount of forest area that experiences altered microclimatic conditions in this ecosystem.},
author = {Ewers, Robert M and Banks-Leite, Cristina},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0058093},
file = {::},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PloS one},
keywords = {Brazil,Conservation of Natural Resources,Microclimate,Temperature,Time Factors,Trees,Trees: physiology,Tropical Climate},
month = {jan},
number = {3},
pages = {e58093},
pmid = {23483976},
title = {{Fragmentation impairs the microclimate buffering effect of tropical forests.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3587424{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {8},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Chen1999,
author = {Chen, J and Saunders, SC},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chen et al.{\_}1999{\_}Microclimate in Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Ecology.pdf:pdf},
journal = {BioScience},
number = {4},
pages = {288--297},
title = {{Microclimate in Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Ecology Variations in local climate can be used to monitor and compare the effects of different management regimes}},
url = {http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51001641.pdf http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/4/288.short},
volume = {49},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Mahmood2014,
author = {Mahmood, Rezaul and Pielke, Roger a. and Hubbard, Kenneth G. and Niyogi, Dev and Dirmeyer, Paul a. and McAlpine, Clive and Carleton, Andrew M. and Hale, Robert and Gameda, Samuel and Beltr{\'{a}}n-Przekurat, Adriana and Baker, Bruce and McNider, Richard and Legates, David R. and Shepherd, Marshall and Du, Jinyang and Blanken, Peter D. and Frauenfeld, Oliver W. and Nair, U.S. and Fall, Souleymane},
doi = {10.1002/joc.3736},
file = {::},
issn = {08998418},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
keywords = {accepted 21 april 2013,biogeophysical impacts,climate,land cover change,received 5 august 2012,revised 5 february 2013},
month = {mar},
number = {4},
pages = {929--953},
title = {{Land cover changes and their biogeophysical effects on climate}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/joc.3736},
volume = {34},
year = {2014}
}
@article{DAngelo2004,
author = {DAngelo, Sammya a. and Andrade, Ana C. S. and Laurance, Susan G. and Laurance, William F. and Mesquita, Rita C. G.},
doi = {10.1017/S0266467403001032},
file = {::},
issn = {0266-4674},
journal = {Journal of Tropical Ecology},
keywords = {amazon,among the most,biomass,change are edge effects,demography,edge effect,forest dynamics,habitat fragmentation,in fragmented tropical landscapes,microclimate,pervasive causes of ecological,rain forest,tree,windthrow},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {243--246},
title = {{Inferred causes of tree mortality in fragmented and intact Amazonian forests}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0266467403001032},
volume = {20},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Wickham2012,
author = {Wickham, James D. and Wade, Timothy G. and Riitters, Kurt H.},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.002},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Wickham, Wade, Riitters{\_}2012{\_}Comparison of cropland and forest surface temperatures across the conterminous United States.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01681923},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
month = {dec},
pages = {137--143},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Comparison of cropland and forest surface temperatures across the conterminous United States}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168192312002365},
volume = {166-167},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Friedland2003,
author = {Friedland, AJ and Boyce, RL},
file = {::},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest {\ldots}},
keywords = {forest micrometeorology,within canopy measurements},
pages = {195--200},
title = {{Winter and early spring microclimate within a mid-elevation conifer forest canopy}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192302002009},
volume = {115},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Lakeman-Fraser2014,
author = {Lakeman-Fraser, P and Ewers, RM},
file = {::},
journal = {Proc. R. Soc. B},
title = {{Untangling interactions : do temperature and habitat fragmentation gradients simultaneously impact biotic relationships}},
url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/281/1787/20140687.short},
volume = {281},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hertz1992,
author = {Hertz, PE},
file = {::},
journal = {Oecologia},
keywords = {anolis thermal biology -,partitioning thermal},
pages = {127--136},
title = {{Evaluating thermal resource partitioning}},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Yu2013,
author = {Yu, Entao and Wang, Huijun and Sun, Jianqi and Gao, Yongqi},
doi = {10.1002/joc.3527},
file = {::},
issn = {08998418},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
keywords = {accepted 5 may 2012,climate response,northwest hetao plain,received 24 july 2011,revised 29 march 2012,vegetation change},
month = {may},
number = {6},
pages = {1470--1481},
title = {{Climatic response to changes in vegetation in the Northwest Hetao Plain as simulated by the WRF model}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/joc.3527},
volume = {33},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Laurance1998,
author = {Laurance, WF and Ferreira, LV},
file = {::},
journal = {Ecology},
keywords = {amazon rain forest,deforestation,edge effects,forest dynamics,habitat fragmen-,tation,tree mortality and turnover,wind disturbance},
number = {6},
pages = {2032--2040},
title = {{Rain forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tree communities}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2032:RFFATD]2.0.CO;2},
volume = {79},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Damschen2014,
abstract = {Determining how widespread human-induced changes such as habitat loss, landscape fragmentation, and climate instability affect populations, communities, and ecosystems is one of the most pressing environmental challenges. Critical to this challenge is understanding how these changes are affecting the movement abilities and dispersal trajectories of organisms and what role conservation planning can play in promoting movement among remaining fragments of suitable habitat. Whereas evidence is mounting for how conservation strategies such as corridors impact animal movement, virtually nothing is known for species dispersed by wind, which are often mistakenly assumed to not be limited by dispersal. Here, we combine mechanistic dispersal models, wind measurements, and seed releases in a large-scale experimental landscape to show that habitat corridors affect wind dynamics and seed dispersal by redirecting and bellowing airflow and by increasing the likelihood of seed uplift. Wind direction interacts with landscape orientation to determine when corridors provide connectivity. Our results predict positive impacts of connectivity and patch shape on species richness of wind-dispersed plants, which we empirically illustrate using 12 y of data from our experimental landscapes. We conclude that habitat fragmentation and corridors strongly impact the movement of wind-dispersed species, which has community-level consequences.},
author = {Damschen, Ellen I and Baker, Dirk V and Bohrer, Gil and Nathan, Ran and Orrock, John L and Turner, Jay R and Brudvig, Lars a and Haddad, Nick M and Levey, Douglas J and Tewksbury, Joshua J},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1308968111},
file = {::},
issn = {1091-6490},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
keywords = {Biodiversity,Ecosystem,Geography,Models, Biological,Plant Physiological Processes,Plant Physiological Processes: physiology,Seed Dispersal,Seed Dispersal: physiology,Wind},
month = {mar},
number = {9},
pages = {3484--9},
pmid = {24567398},
title = {{How fragmentation and corridors affect wind dynamics and seed dispersal in open habitats.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3948294{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {111},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Weathers2001,
author = {Weathers, KC},
file = {::},
journal = {Conservation {\ldots}},
number = {6},
pages = {1506--1514},
title = {{Forest Edges as Nutrient and Pollutant Concentrators: Potential Synergisms between Fragmentation, Forest Canopies, and the Atmosphere}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01090.x/full},
volume = {15},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Hickford2011,
abstract = {Anthropogenic impacts, including urbanization, deforestation, farming, and livestock grazing have altered riparian margins worldwide. One effect of changes to riparian vegetation is that the ground-level light, temperature, and humidity environment has also been altered. Galaxias maculatus, one of the most widely distributed fishes of the southern hemisphere, lays eggs almost exclusively beneath riparian vegetation in tidally influenced reaches of rivers. We hypothesized that the survival of these eggs is greatly affected by the micro-environment afforded by vegetation, particularly relating to temperature, humidity and UVB radiation. We experimentally reduced riparian vegetation height and altered shading characteristics, tracked egg survival, and used small ground-level temperature, humidity and UVB sensors to relate survival to ground-level effects around egg masses. The ground-level physical environment was markedly different from the surrounding ambient conditions. Tall dense riparian vegetation modified ambient conditions to produce a buffered temperature regime with constant high relative humidity, generally above 90{\%}, and negligible UVB radiation at ground-level. Where vegetation height was reduced, frequent high temperatures, low humidity, and high UVB irradiances reduced egg survival by up to 95{\%}. Temperature effects on egg survival were probably indirect, through reduced humidity, because developing eggs are known to survive in a wide range of temperatures. In this study, it was remarkable how such small variations in relatively small sites could have such a large effect on egg survival. It appears that modifications to riparian vegetation and the associated changes in the physical conditions of egg laying sites are major mechanisms affecting egg survival. The impacts associated with vegetational changes through human-induced disturbances are complex yet potentially devastating. These effects are particularly important because they affect a very small portion of habitat that is required to complete the life history of a species, despite the wide distribution of adults and juveniles across aquatic and marine environments.},
author = {Hickford, Michael J H and Schiel, David R},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0024318},
file = {::},
issn = {1932-6203},
journal = {PloS one},
keywords = {Animals,Ecosystem,Humidity,Osmeriformes,Osmeriformes: physiology,Ovum,Ovum: radiation effects,Principal Component Analysis,Survival Analysis,Temperature,Time Factors,Ultraviolet Rays},
month = {jan},
number = {9},
pages = {e24318},
pmid = {21931680},
title = {{Synergistic interactions within disturbed habitats between temperature, relative humidity and UVB radiation on egg survival in a diadromous fish.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3169581{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {6},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Boggs2010,
annote = {Methods:
low N plots = patchy (60{\%}) cover
High N plots = open (45{\%}) cover
Measured surface air temps (2cm)
and forest floor temps (2cm below ground)
Also have 50{\%} girdled plots
And 100{\%} girdled plots
Canopy cover estimated for each plot, ranged from 30-90{\%}

        
Results:
In summer, mean max. surface air temps highest in 45{\%} cover (high N). Except in 2007, when 100 girdled had highest
In winter, mean max. surface air temps lowest on low

      },
author = {Boggs, JL and McNulty, SG},
file = {::},
journal = {Notes},
pages = {13--21},
title = {{Changes in canopy cover alter surface air and forest floor temperature in a high-elevation red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) forest}},
url = {http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234024457{\_}CHANGES{\_}IN{\_}CANOPY{\_}COVER{\_}ALTER{\_}SURFACE{\_}AIRAND{\_}FOREST{\_}FLOOR{\_}TEMPERATURE{\_}IN{\_}A{\_}HIGH-ELEVATION{\_}RED{\_}SPRUCE(PICEA{\_}RUBENS{\_}SARG.){\_}FOREST/file/d912f50e58e21e843a.pdf},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Porensky2013,
abstract = {Ecological edges are increasingly recognized as drivers of landscape patterns and ecosystem processes. In fragmented and patchy landscapes (e.g., a fragmented forest or a savanna with scattered termite mounds), edges can become so numerous that their effects pervade the entire landscape. Results of recent studies in such landscapes show that edge effects can be altered by the presence or proximity of other nearby edges. We considered the theoretical significance of edge-effect interactions, illustrated various landscape configurations that support them and reviewed existing research on this topic. Results of studies from a variety of locations and ecosystem types show that edge-effect interactions can have significant consequences for ecosystems and conservation, including higher tree mortality rates in tropical rainforest fragments, reduced bird densities in grassland fragments, and bush encroachment and reduced wildlife densities in a tropical savanna. To clarify this underappreciated concept and synthesize existing work, we devised a conceptual framework for edge-effect interactions. We first worked to reduce terminological confusion by clarifying differences among terms such as edge intersection and edge interaction. For cases in which nearby edge effects interact, we proposed three possible forms of interaction: strengthening (presence of a second edge causes stronger edge effects), weakening (presence of a second edge causes weaker edge effects), and emergent (edge effects change completely in the presence of a second edge). By clarifying terms and concepts, this framework enables more precise descriptions of edge-effect interactions and facilitates comparisons of results among disparate study systems and response variables. A better understanding of edge-effect interactions will pave the way for more appropriate modeling, conservation, and management in complex landscapes.},
author = {Porensky, Lauren M and Young, Truman P},
doi = {10.1111/cobi.12042},
file = {::},
issn = {1523-1739},
journal = {Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology},
keywords = {Conservation of Natural Resources,Ecosystem,Geography,Models, Theoretical,Population Dynamics},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {509--19},
pmid = {23531018},
title = {{Edge-effect interactions in fragmented and patchy landscapes.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531018},
volume = {27},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Zeng1999,
author = {Zeng, N and Neelin, JD},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop//Zeng, Neelin{\_}1999{\_}A land-atmosphere interaction theory for the tropical deforestatin problem.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Journal of Climate},
pages = {857--872},
title = {{A land-atmosphere interaction theory for the tropical deforestation problem}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012{\%}3C0857:ALAITF{\%}3E2.0.CO{\%}3B2},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Laurance2004,
abstract = {In the tropics, habitat fragmentation alters forest-climate interactions in diverse ways. On a local scale (less than 1 km), elevated desiccation and wind disturbance near fragment margins lead to sharply increased tree mortality, thus altering canopy-gap dynamics, plant community composition, biomass dynamics and carbon storage. Fragmented forests are also highly vulnerable to edge-related fires, especially in regions with periodic droughts or strong dry seasons. At landscape to regional scales (10-1000 km), habitat fragmentation may have complex effects on forest-climate interactions, with important consequences for atmospheric circulation, water cycling and precipitation. Positive feedbacks among deforestation, regional climate change and fire could pose a serious threat for some tropical forests, but the details of such interactions are poorly understood.},
author = {Laurance, William F},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2003.1430},
file = {::},
issn = {0962-8436},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
keywords = {Atmosphere,Biomass,Carbon,Ecosystem,Environment,Fires,Microclimate,Models, Biological,Rain,Trees,Tropical Climate,Wind},
month = {mar},
number = {1443},
pages = {345--52},
pmid = {15212089},
title = {{Forest-climate interactions in fragmented tropical landscapes.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1693331{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {359},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Walker2013,
author = {Walker, WS and Macedo, MN and Coe, MT and DeFries, R},
file = {::;::},
keywords = {ecology,environmental science},
number = {April},
title = {{Land-use-driven stream warming in southeastern Amazonia}},
url = {http://royalsocietypublishing.org/highwire/filestream/174355/field{\_}highwire{\_}article{\_}pdf/0/20120153.full.pdf},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Karlsson2005,
abstract = {Habitat fragmentation may change local climatic conditions leading to altered selection regimes for life-history traits in small ectotherms, including several insects. We investigated temperature-related performance in terms of fitness among populations of the woodland butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) originating from populations of a closed, continuous woodland landscape versus populations of an open, highly fragmented agricultural landscape in central Belgium. Female fecundity and longevity were evaluated in a temperature-gradient experiment. As predicted, females of woodland landscape origin reached higher maximum daily fecundity and lifetime number of eggs than did agricultural landscape females at low ambient temperatures, but this reversed at high ambient temperature. Egg weight decreased with temperature, and eggs of woodland butterflies were smaller. Contrary to what is generally assumed, remaining thorax mass was a better predictor of lifetime reproductive output than was abdomen mass. Since we used the F2 generation from wild-caught females reared under common garden conditions, the observed effects are likely to rely on intrinsic, heritable variation. Our results suggest that differential selection regimes associated with different landscapes intervene by intraspecific variation in the response of a butterfly to variation in ambient temperature, and may thus be helpful when making predictions of future impacts on how wild populations respond to environmental conditions under a global change scenario, with increasing temperatures and fragmented landscapes.},
author = {Karlsson, Bengt and {Van Dyck}, Hans},
doi = {10.1098/rspb.2005.3074},
file = {::},
issn = {0962-8452},
journal = {Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society},
keywords = {Adaptation, Physiological,Adaptation, Physiological: physiology,Animals,Belgium,Body Weights and Measures,Butterflies,Butterflies: physiology,Environment,Female,Fertility,Fertility: physiology,Longevity,Oviposition,Oviposition: physiology,Ovum,Ovum: cytology,Selection, Genetic,Temperature},
month = {jun},
number = {1569},
pages = {1257--63},
pmid = {16024390},
title = {{Does habitat fragmentation affect temperature-related life-history traits? A laboratory test with a woodland butterfly.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1564113{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {272},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bennie2013,
abstract = {Ecological responses to climate change may depend on complex patterns of variability in weather and local microclimate that overlay global increases in mean temperature. Here, we show that high-resolution temporal and spatial variability in temperature drives the dynamics of range expansion for an exemplar species, the butterfly Hesperia comma. Using fine-resolution (5 m) models of vegetation surface microclimate, we estimate the thermal suitability of 906 habitat patches at the species' range margin for 27 years. Population and metapopulation models that incorporate this dynamic microclimate surface improve predictions of observed annual changes to population density and patch occupancy dynamics during the species' range expansion from 1982 to 2009. Our findings reveal how fine-scale, short-term environmental variability drives rates and patterns of range expansion through spatially localised, intermittent episodes of expansion and contraction. Incorporating dynamic microclimates can thus improve models of species range shifts at spatial and temporal scales relevant to conservation interventions.},
author = {Bennie, Jonathan and Hodgson, Jenny a and Lawson, Callum R and Holloway, Crispin T R and Roy, David B and Brereton, Tom and Thomas, Chris D and Wilson, Robert J},
doi = {10.1111/ele.12129},
file = {::},
issn = {1461-0248},
journal = {Ecology letters},
keywords = {Animals,Butterflies,Butterflies: physiology,Climate,Ecosystem,Models, Theoretical,Plants,Population Dynamics},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {921--9},
pmid = {23701124},
title = {{Range expansion through fragmented landscapes under a variable climate.}},
url = {http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3738923{\&}tool=pmcentrez{\&}rendertype=abstract},
volume = {16},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Pinto2010,
author = {Pinto, SRR and Mendes, Gabriel and Santos, AMM},
file = {::},
journal = {Tropical Conservation {\ldots}},
keywords = {edge effects,habitat fragmentation,hyper-fragmented landscapes,microclimate,tropical forest},
number = {4},
pages = {389--402},
title = {{Landscape attributes drive complex spatial microclimate configuration of Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}q=intitle:Landscape+attributes+drive+complex+spatial+microclimate+configuration+of+Brazilian+Atlantic+forest+fragments{\#}0},
volume = {3},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Rutherford2004,
author = {Rutherford, JC and Marsh, NA},
file = {::},
journal = {Marine and Freshwater {\ldots}},
pages = {737--748},
title = {{Effects of patchy shade on stream water temperature: how quickly do small streams heat and cool?}},
url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF04120},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Chen1995,
author = {Chen, Jiquan and Franklin, JF and Spies, TA},
file = {::},
journal = {Ecological Applications},
number = {1},
pages = {74--86},
title = {{Growing-Season Microclimatic Gradients from Clearcut Edges into Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests}},
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/1942053},
volume = {5},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Riutta2014,
author = {Riutta, Terhi and Slade, Eleanor M. and Morecroft, Michael D. and Bebber, Daniel P. and Malhi, Yadvinder},
doi = {10.1007/s10980-014-0025-z},
file = {::},
isbn = {1098001400},
issn = {0921-2973},
journal = {Landscape Ecology},
keywords = {gis {\'{a}} ancient woodland,landscape metrics {\'{a}} upscaling,{\'{a}},{\'{a}} uk},
month = {may},
number = {6},
pages = {949--961},
title = {{Living on the edge: quantifying the structure of a fragmented forest landscape in England}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-014-0025-z},
volume = {29},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Saunders1999,
author = {Saunders, Sari C. and Chen, Jiquan and Drummer, Thomas D. and Crow, Thomas R.},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00468-X},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Saunders et al.{\_}1999{\_}Modeling temperature gradients across edges over time in a managed landscape.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03781127},
journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
keywords = {00468-x,0378-1127,1-906-487-2915,1-906-487-3417,1999 elsevier science b,98,99,aei,all rights reserved,area of edge in,corresponding author,dei,depth of edge in,e-mail,edge effects,edu,fax,fragmentation,microclimate,mtu,pii,s0378-1127,scsaunde,see front matter,tel,temperature,uence,v},
month = {may},
number = {1-3},
pages = {17--31},
title = {{Modeling temperature gradients across edges over time in a managed landscape}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037811279800468X},
volume = {117},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Dirmeyer1994,
author = {Dirmeyer, Paul a. and Shukla, J.},
doi = {10.1029/94JD01311},
file = {:Users/Ty/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Dirmeyer, Shukla{\_}1994{\_}Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0148-0227},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
number = {D10},
pages = {20863},
title = {{Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/94JD01311},
volume = {99},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Riutta2012,
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doi = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.02.028},
file = {::},
issn = {00380717},
journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
month = {jun},
pages = {124--131},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Experimental evidence for the interacting effects of forest edge, moisture and soil macrofauna on leaf litter decomposition}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071712000934},
volume = {49},
year = {2012}
}