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DOI

Quantifying ethnic segregation in cities through random walks

This repository contains software to compute the segregation indices based on Class Coverage Times (CCT), as explained in the paper:

S. Sousa, V. Nicosia, Nature Communications "Quantifying ethnic segregation in cities through random walks". DOI:10.1038/s41467-022-33344-3

The code can be copied, used, modified, and redistributed under the terms of the MIT/Expat License. Please see the file LICENSE for additional details.

Software requirements: * The list bellow indicates the versions at which the experiments were conducted.

  • anaconda 4.8.2 (recommended for operating system compatibility)
  • Python 3.7.6
  • numpy 1.18.1
  • pandas 1.0.1
  • shapely 1.6.4
  • fiona 1.8.6

For segregation measures and maps:

  • geopandas 0.8.1
  • segregation 1.5.0 (Pysal)
  • libpysal 4.4.0 (Pysal)

Obtaining the edge-list and node properties for CCT data

The script get_adjacent_polygons.py returns the edge-list and the nodes properties (ethnicity distribution). It takes the following inputs:

shape: Shapefile of the census tracts at country extent
code_name: The loop uk code (GISJOIN) string to match the tracts
pop_data: CSV file containing the tracts within the CSA
fileout: Optional filename to save the nodes properties of the resulting

Constructing the individual CSV file for each city is trivial and can be obtained either by filtering the data by name using your preferred editor or using a library such as pandas in python to group rows by the column. The CSV files from this process are available in the folder census-original. Note that the largest component is not automatically provided by the script, a version that provides the largest connected component is available here.

Note that the code_name parameter is different for each country, the Shapefile for US systems can be downloaded at US Census Tiger and they use the GEOID10 for joining data with census tables. The Shapefile for the UK systems can be downloaded at the UK Data Service where the geo_code is used to merge data.

US example:
python get_adjacent_polygons.py Tract_2010Census_DP1.shp GEOID10 data/census-original/us/SF1P9_Census_Atlanta.csv nodes_ethnics_Census_Atlanta.txt > edge_list_Census_Atlanta.txt

UK example:
python get_adjacent_polygons.py infuse_ward_lyr_2011_merged.shp geo_code data/census-original/uk/QS211_Wards_Bristol.csv nodes_ethnics_Wards_Bristol.txt > edge_list_Wards_Bristol.txt

A second edge-list file will be created automatically with following the naming convention: edges_ids_ + pop_data filename = edges_ids_QS211_Wards_Bristol.txt

Edge-list details:

  • Node IDs are defined by the row index of the population table
  • Each edge is reported once

Running the CCT random walk

The random walk on the adjacency graph of real systems can be simulated by running the python script rw_cct_fnt.py and the following input must be provided:

edge: Edge-list file;
prop: Node properties file with the frequency of each ethnicity;
num: Number of walk repetitions from the same node;
idx: range of nodes or single node ID to run the walk from, e.g.: 1, 0-10.

Example:
python rw_cct_fnt.py data/census-clean/edge_list_Wards_Bristol.txt data/census-clean/nodes_ethnics_distrib_Wards_Bristol.txt 1000 0-143 >> [output_filename]

All the files provided in data/census-clean are already in the input format needed for the script. The script will print, for each node passed to the parameter, the following results:

"Node ID" "[list with the CCT for each fraction c]"

where each line corresponds to the average over all repetitions of the random walk from node i. The runtime depends on the number of nodes in the graph and the number of repetitions per node, which is expected to take a few seconds for a single node with 100 repetitions. The runtime can vary significantly per repetition since the trajectory of the walker is a pure stochastic process.

The synthetic systems use the script rw_cct_fnt_synthetic.py which needs the following input:

edge: Edge-list file;
C: number of classes to construct the MxC matrix;
num: Number of walk repetitions from the same node;
idx: range of nodes or single node ID to run the walk from, e.g.: 1, 0-10.
mode: the spatial pattern of the population distribution

Example:
python rw_cct_fnt_synthetic.py data/synthetic/edge_list_16x16_grid.txt 5 1000 0-256 544 >> [output_filename]

For details about each pattern, please consult the inline documentation in the script.

Description of data sets

Census-clean:

  • edge_list_Census_[city].txt: Edge-list for US systems with the assigned numeric ID.
  • edge_list_Wards_[city].txt: Edge-list for UK systems with the assigned numeric ID.
  • nodes_ethnics_Census_[city].txt: Ethnic data associated with the census tract.
  • nodes_ethnics_distrib_Wards_[city].txt: Ethnic data associated with the wards.

Census-original:

  • QS211_[scale]_[city].csv: Census ethnic data with headers at the scales LSOA, OA and Wards.
  • SF1P9_Census_[city].csv: Census ethnic data with headers.

dfa:

  • edges_un_[scale]_[city].txt: Edge-list for UK systems with the assigned numeric ID *.
  • nodes_[scale]_entropy_[city].txt: Entropy of the population distribution for UK systems with the assigned numeric ID *.

* All files available at three spatial scales LSOA, OA and Wards.

Socio-economic-US:

  • ACSDP5Y2011.DP03_data_with_overlays_2021-02-21T040944.csv: Socio-Economic Indicators at CSA level.
  • ACSDP5Y2011.DP03_metadata_2021-02-21T040944.csv: Metadata information.
  • ACSDP5Y2011.DP03_table_title_2021-02-21T040944.txt: Description of the fields in the CSV table.

Synthetic:

  • edge_list_[size]_[boundary].txt: Edge-list for synthetic systems for distinct lattice size and boundary conditions.