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The Ruby Programming Language for Contract / Transaction Scripts on the Blockchain World Computer - Yes, It's Just Ruby

sruby - Small, Smart, Secure, Safe, Solid & Sound (S6) Ruby

sruby is a subset of mruby [1] that is a subset of "classic" ruby [2].

What's missing and why?

Less is more. The golden rule of secure code is keep it simple, stupid.

  • NO inheritance
  • NO recursion
  • NO re-entrance - auto-magic protection on function calls
  • NO floating point numbers or arithmetic
  • NO overflow & underflow in numbers - auto-magic "safe-math" protection
  • NO null (nil) - all variables, structs and hash mappings have default (zero) values
  • and much much more

What's the upside?

You can cross-compile (transpile) contract scripts (*) to:

  • Solidity [3] - JavaScript-like contract scripts
  • Vyper [4] - Python-like contract scripts
  • Yul [5] - EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) Assembly-like intermediate contract scripts
  • Liquidity [6] - OCaml-like (or ReasonML-like) contract scripts
  • and much much more

(*) in the future.

Yes, yes, yes - It's just "plain-vanilla" ruby

Remember - the code is and always will be just "plain-vanilla" ruby that runs with "classic" ruby or mruby "out-of-the-box".

Contract Samples

Hello, World! - Greeter

############################
# Greeter Contract 

def setup( greeting )
  @owner    = msg.sender
  @greeting = greeting
end

def greet
  @greeting
end

def kill
  selfdestruct( msg.sender )  if msg.sender == @owner
end

Mint Your Own Money - Minimal Viable Token

#######################
# Token Contract

def setup( initial_supply )
  @balance_of = Mapping.of( Address => Money ).new   # or Mapping‹Address→Money›.new 
  @balance_of[ msg.sender] = initial_supply
end

def transfer( to, value )
  assert @balance_of[ msg.sender ] >= value
  assert @balance_of[ to ] + value >= @balance_of[ to ]

  @balance_of[ msg.sender ] -= value
  @balance_of[ to ]         += value

  true
end

Win x65 000 - Roll the (Satoshi) Dice

################################
# Satoshi Dice Contract

struct :Bet,
         user:   Address(0), 
         block:  0, 
         cap:    0, 
         amount: 0

## Fee (Casino House Edge) is 1.9%, that is, 19 / 1000
FEE_NUMERATOR   = 19
FEE_DENOMINATOR = 1000

MAXIMUM_CAP = 2**16   # 65_536 = 2^16 = 2 byte/16 bit
MAXIMUM_BET = 100_000_000
MINIMUM_BET = 100

event :BetPlaced, :id, :user, :cap, :amount
event :Roll,      :id, :rolled

def setup
  @owner   = msg.sender
  @counter = 0
  @bets    = Mapping.of( Integer => Bet ).new   # or Mapping‹Integer→Bet›.new
end

def bet( cap )
  assert cap >= 1 && cap <= MAXIMUM_CAP
  assert msg.value >= MINIMUM_BET && msg.value <= MAXIMUM_BET

  @counter += 1
  @bets[@counter] = Bet.new( msg.sender, block.number+3, cap, msg.value )
  log BetPlaced.new( @counter, msg.sender, cap, msg.value )
end

def roll( id )
  bet = @bets[id]

  assert msg.sender == bet.user
  assert block.number >= bet.block
  assert block.number <= bet.block + 255

  ## "provable" fair - random number depends on
  ##  - blockhash (of block in the future - t+3)
  ##  - nonce (that is, bet counter id)
  hex = sha256( "#{blockhash( bet.block )} #{id}" )
  ## get first 2 bytes (4 chars in hex string) and convert to integer number
  ##   results in a number between 0 and 65_535
  rolled = hex_to_i( hex[0,4] )

  if rolled < bet.cap
     payout = bet.amount * MAXIMUM_CAP / bet.cap
     fee = payout * FEE_NUMERATOR / FEE_DENOMINATOR
     payout -= fee

     msg.sender.transfer( payout )
  end

  log Roll.new( id, rolled )
  @bets.delete( id )
end

def fund
end

def kill
  assert msg.sender == @owner
  selfdestruct( @owner )
end

Kick Start Your Project with a Crowd Funder

##############################
# Crowd Funder Contract

enum :State, :fundraising, :expired_refund, :successful

struct :Contribution,
         amount:      0, 
         contributor: Address(0)

event :FundingReceived, :address, :amount, :current_total
event :WinnerPaid,      :winner_address


def setup(
      time_in_hours_for_fundraising,
      campaign_url,
      fund_recipient,
      minimum_to_raise )

  @creator          = msg.sender
  @fund_recipient   = fund_recipient   # note: creator may be different than recipient
  @campaign_url     = campaign_url
  @minimum_to_raise = minimum_to_raise # required to tip, else everyone gets refund
  @raise_by         = block.timestamp + (time_in_hours_for_fundraising * 1.hour )

  @state            = State.fundraising
  @total_raised     = 0
  @complete_at      = 0
  @contributions    = Array.of( Contribution ).new  # or Array‹Contribution›.new or Contribution[].new
end



def pay_out
  assert @state.successful?

  @fund_recipient.transfer( this.balance )
  log WinnerPaid.new( @fund_recipient )
end

def check_if_funding_complete_or_expired
  if @total_raised > @minimum_to_raise
    @state = State.successful
    pay_out()
  elsif block.timestamp > @raise_by
    # note: backers can now collect refunds by calling refund(id)
    @state = State.expired_refund
    @complete_at = block.timestamp
  end
end


def contribute
  assert @state.fundraising?

  @contributions.push( Contribution.new( msg.value, msg.sender ))
  @total_raised += msg.value

  log FundingReceived.new( msg.sender, msg.value, @total_raised )

  check_if_funding_complete_or_expired()

  @contributions.size - 1   # return (contribution) id
end


def refund( id )
  assert @state.expired_refund?
  assert @contributions.size > id && id >= 0 && @contributions[id].amount != 0

  amount_to_refund = @contributions[id].amount
  @contributions[id].amount = 0

  @contributions[id].contributor.transfer( amount_to_refund )

  true
end

def kill
  assert msg.sender == @creator
  # wait 24 weeks after final contract state before allowing contract destruction
  assert (@state.expired_refund? || @state.successful?) && @complete_at + 24.weeks < block.timestamp

  # note: creator gets all money that hasn't be claimed
  selfdestruct( msg.sender )
end

Liquid / Delegative Democracy - Let's Vote (or Delegate Your Vote) on a Proposal

#########################
# Ballot Contract

struct :Voter,
          weight:   0,
          voted:    false,
          vote:     0,
          delegate: Address(0)

struct :Proposal, 
          vote_count: 0

## Create a new ballot with $(num_proposals) different proposals.
def setup( num_proposals )
  @chairperson = msg.sender
  @voters      = Mapping.of( Address => Voter ).new       # or Mapping‹Address→Voter›.new
  @proposals   = Array.of( Proposal, num_proposals ).new  # or Proposal[ num_proposals ].new

  @voters[@chairperson].weight = 1
end

## Give $(to_voter) the right to vote on this ballot.
## May only be called by $(chairperson).
def give_right_to_vote( to_voter ) 
   assert msg.sender == @chairperson && @voters[to_voter].voted? == false
   @voters[to_voter].weight = 1
end

## Delegate your vote to the voter $(to).
def delegate( to )
  sender = @voters[msg.sender]  # assigns reference
  assert sender.voted? == false

  while @voters[to].delegate != Address(0) && @voters[to].delegate != msg.sender do
    to = @voters[to].delegate
  end
  assert to != msg.sender

  sender.voted    = true
  sender.delegate = to
  delegate_to = @voters[to]
  if delegate_to.voted
    @proposals[delegate_to.vote].vote_count += sender.weight
  else
    delegate_to.weight += sender.weight
  end
end

## Give a single vote to proposal $(to_proposal).
def vote( to_proposal )
  sender = @voters[msg.sender]
  assert sender.voted? == false && to_proposal < @proposals.length
  sender.voted = true
  sender.vote  = to_proposal
  @proposals[to_proposal].vote_count += sender.weight
end

def winning_proposal
  winning_vote_count = 0 
  winning_proposal   = 0
  @proposals.each_with_index do |proposal,i|
    if proposal.vote_count > winning_vote_count
      winning_vote_count = proposal.vote_count
      winning_proposal   = i
    end
  end
  winning_proposal
end

Types

Value Types • Reference Types

Value Types

Bool • Integer (Money • Timestamp • Timedelta • Enum) • Address • String • Byte Array / Bytes

Bool

Class: Bool

Values: true | false

Zero: false

Bool.zero   #=> false

Integer

Class: Integer

Zero: 0

Integer.zero   #=> false

Integer Types

Money • Timestamp • Timedelta • Enum

Money (Integer)

Money Units

Timestamp (Integer)

Time Units

Timestamp.now   #=> 1551122309

Timedelta (Integer)

Enum (Integer)

Address

Class: Address

Zero: 0x0000 or 0x0 or Address(0)

Example:

owner = '0x0000'  # or
owner = Address(0)

String

Byte Array / Bytes

Reference Types

Array • Struct • Mapping

Array

Class Builder: Safe::SafeArray

Example:

Array.of()

Struct

Class Builder: Safe::SafeStruct or Safe::Struct

Mapping

Class Builder: Safe::SafeHash

Event Logging

...

Storage

The contract's state gets stored in contract storage.

...

Request for Comments (RFC)

Send your questions and comments to the ruby-talk mailing list. Thanks!

References

  1. mruby programming language, see https://mruby.org
  2. ruby programming language, see https://www.ruby-lang.org
  3. solidity programming language, see https://solidity.readthedocs.io
  4. vyper programming language, see https://vyper.readthedocs.io
  5. yul intermediate language for the EVM (ethereum virtual machine) assembly code, see the Yul section in the solidity programming language reference
  6. liquidity programing language, see http://www.liquidity-lang.org