diff --git a/Libplanet.Explorer.Tests/Queries/TransactionQueryTest.cs b/Libplanet.Explorer.Tests/Queries/TransactionQueryTest.cs
index 3caab136c52..a44d928054e 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Explorer.Tests/Queries/TransactionQueryTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Explorer.Tests/Queries/TransactionQueryTest.cs
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@
 using Libplanet.Types.Assets;
 using Libplanet.Types.Consensus;
 using Libplanet.Types.Tx;
-using Libplanet.Consensus;
 using Libplanet.Explorer.Queries;
 using Libplanet.Store;
 using Libplanet.Store.Trie;
 using Xunit;
 using static Libplanet.Explorer.Tests.GraphQLTestUtils;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 
 namespace Libplanet.Explorer.Tests.Queries;
 
@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@ public class TransactionQueryTest
 
     public TransactionQueryTest()
     {
-        Chain = Libplanet.Tests.TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<NullAction>(
+        Chain = Libplanet.Tests.TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
             new BlockPolicy(),
             new MemoryStore(),
             new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+            new SingleActionLoader(typeof(NullAction)),
             privateKey: new PrivateKey(),
             timestamp: DateTimeOffset.UtcNow
         );
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextNonProposerTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextNonProposerTest.cs
index 6d88ea247e2..fb1caf88646 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextNonProposerTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextNonProposerTest.cs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ public async void NewHeightWithLastCommit()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[2]);
             blockChain.TipChanged += (_, __) => tipChanged.Set();
             consensusContext.MessagePublished += (_, eventArgs) =>
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ public async void HandleMessageFromHigherHeight()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 newHeightDelay,
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[2]);
 
             consensusContext.StateChanged += (_, eventArgs) =>
@@ -247,6 +249,7 @@ public async void UseLastCommitCacheIfHeightContextIsEmpty()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[2]);
 
             consensusContext.MessageConsumed += (_, eventArgs) =>
@@ -287,6 +290,7 @@ public async void NewHeightDelay()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 newHeightDelay,
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[2]);
             consensusContext.StateChanged += (_, eventArgs) =>
             {
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextProposerTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextProposerTest.cs
index 9c447b933b3..9b93e649317 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextProposerTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextProposerTest.cs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ public async void IncreaseRoundWhenTimeout()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             var timeoutProcessed = new AsyncAutoResetEvent();
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextTest.cs
index f8e1678bf3f..97bc84ff827 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ConsensusContextTest.cs
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ public async void NewHeightIncreasing()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[3]);
 
             AsyncAutoResetEvent heightThreeStepChangedToPropose = new AsyncAutoResetEvent();
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ public void Ctor()
             var (_, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             Assert.Equal(ConsensusStep.Null, consensusContext.Step);
@@ -126,6 +128,7 @@ public async void NewHeightWhenTipChanged()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 newHeightDelay,
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             Assert.Equal(-1, consensusContext.Height);
@@ -142,6 +145,7 @@ public void IgnoreMessagesFromLowerHeight()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             consensusContext.NewHeight(blockChain.Tip.Index + 1);
@@ -159,6 +163,7 @@ public void RemoveOldContexts()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             // Create context of index 1.
@@ -197,6 +202,7 @@ public async void VoteSetGetOnlyProposeCommitHash()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             consensusContext.StateChanged += (sender, tuple) =>
@@ -264,6 +270,7 @@ public async void GetVoteSetBits()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[0]);
             consensusContext.NewHeight(1);
             var block = blockChain.ProposeBlock(proposer);
@@ -336,6 +343,7 @@ public async void HandleVoteSetBits()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[0]);
             consensusContext.NewHeight(1);
             consensusContext.StateChanged += (_, eventArgs) =>
@@ -405,6 +413,7 @@ public async void HandleProposalClaim()
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = TestUtils.CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 TestUtils.Policy,
+                TestUtils.ActionLoader,
                 TestUtils.PrivateKeys[0]);
             consensusContext.NewHeight(1);
             consensusContext.StateChanged += (_, eventArgs) =>
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextNonProposerTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextNonProposerTest.cs
index 57f9dd6599c..73af67e8449 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextNonProposerTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextNonProposerTest.cs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Bencodex.Types;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain.Policies;
@@ -295,7 +296,8 @@ public async Task EnterPreVoteNilOnInvalidBlockContent()
 
             using var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
             var diffPolicyBlockChain =
-                TestUtils.CreateDummyBlockChain(fx, policy, blockChain.Genesis);
+                TestUtils.CreateDummyBlockChain(
+                    fx, policy, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)), blockChain.Genesis);
 
             var invalidTx = diffPolicyBlockChain.MakeTransaction(invalidKey, new DumbAction[] { });
 
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextTest.cs
index c93f8942014..7021512259a 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Consensus/ContextTest.cs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 using Bencodex;
 using Bencodex.Types;
 using Libplanet.Action;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain.Policies;
 using Libplanet.Consensus;
@@ -292,10 +293,11 @@ public async Task CanPreCommitOnEndCommit()
                 blockAction: new MinerReward(1),
                 getMaxTransactionsBytes: _ => 50 * 1024);
             var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
-            var blockChain = Libplanet.Tests.TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DelayAction>(
+            var blockChain = Libplanet.Tests.TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 fx.Store,
-                new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()));
+                new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DelayAction)));
 
             Context? context = null;
 
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Messages/NetMQMessageCodecTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Messages/NetMQMessageCodecTest.cs
index eb452a3bb3c..11eec0dd9ca 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Messages/NetMQMessageCodecTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Messages/NetMQMessageCodecTest.cs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 using System.Collections.Immutable;
 using System.Net;
 using Bencodex;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain.Policies;
@@ -78,10 +79,11 @@ private MessageContent CreateMessage(MessageContent.MessageType type)
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
             var boundPeer = new BoundPeer(privateKey.PublicKey, new DnsEndPoint("127.0.0.1", 1000));
             IBlockPolicy policy = new BlockPolicy();
-            BlockChain chain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain chain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
-                new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore())
+                new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction))
             );
             var codec = new Codec();
             Block genesis = chain.Genesis;
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Broadcast.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Broadcast.cs
index d6b496bfbe1..b7ee8e04ef5 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Broadcast.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Broadcast.cs
@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ public async Task BroadcastBlockToReconnectedPeer()
             var miner = new PrivateKey();
             var policy = new NullBlockPolicy();
             var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
-            var minerChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx.Store, fx.StateStore);
+            var minerChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx.Store, fx.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
             foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(0, 10))
             {
                 Block block = minerChain.ProposeBlock(
@@ -183,10 +184,11 @@ public async Task BroadcastIgnoreFromDifferentGenesisHash()
             BlockChain receiverChain = receiverSwarm.BlockChain;
             var seedStateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
             IBlockPolicy policy = receiverChain.Policy;
-            BlockChain seedChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain seedChain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 seedStateStore,
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 privateKey: receiverKey);
             var seedMiner = new PrivateKey();
             Swarm seedSwarm =
@@ -700,7 +702,8 @@ public async Task BroadcastBlockWithSkip()
         {
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(new MinerReward(1));
             var fx1 = new MemoryStoreFixture();
-            var blockChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore);
+            var blockChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
             var minerSwarm =
                 await CreateSwarm(blockChain, privateKey).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -709,10 +712,11 @@ public async Task BroadcastBlockWithSkip()
             var loggedRenderer = new LoggedActionRenderer(
                 receiverRenderer,
                 _logger);
-            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 fx2.Store,
                 fx2.StateStore,
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 renderers: new[] { loggedRenderer });
             Swarm receiverSwarm =
                 await CreateSwarm(receiverChain).ConfigureAwait(false);
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Fixtures.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Fixtures.cs
index 1bd32a0bb47..b44f77fb5a2 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Fixtures.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Fixtures.cs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Net;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain.Policies;
@@ -36,7 +37,11 @@ private static (Address, Block[])
                 using (var storeFx = new MemoryStoreFixture())
                 {
                     var chain =
-                        MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, storeFx.Store, storeFx.StateStore);
+                        MakeBlockChain(
+                            policy,
+                            storeFx.Store,
+                            storeFx.StateStore,
+                            new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
                     var miner = new PrivateKey();
                     var signer = new PrivateKey();
                     Address address = signer.Address;
@@ -113,10 +118,11 @@ private async Task<Swarm> CreateSwarm(
         {
             policy = policy ?? new BlockPolicy(new MinerReward(1));
             var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
-            var blockchain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var blockchain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 fx.Store,
                 fx.StateStore,
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 genesisBlock: genesis
             );
             appProtocolVersionOptions ??= new AppProtocolVersionOptions();
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Preload.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Preload.cs
index b3d7b736e71..9c6071b868d 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Preload.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.Preload.cs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Bencodex.Types;
 using Libplanet.Action;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.State;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain;
@@ -378,20 +379,22 @@ public async Task NoRenderInPreload()
         {
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(new MinerReward(1));
             var renderer = new RecordingActionRenderer();
-            var chain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var chain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 renderers: new[] { renderer });
 
             var senderKey = new PrivateKey();
 
             var receiver = await CreateSwarm(chain).ConfigureAwait(false);
             var sender = await CreateSwarm(
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+                MakeBlockChain(
                     policy,
                     new MemoryStore(),
-                    new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore())
+                    new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction))
                 ),
                 senderKey
             ).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -434,8 +437,10 @@ public async Task PreloadWithFailedActions()
             var policy = new BlockPolicy();
             var fx1 = new MemoryStoreFixture();
             var fx2 = new MemoryStoreFixture();
-            var minerChain = MakeBlockChain<ThrowException>(policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore);
-            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain<ThrowException>(policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore);
+            var minerChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(ThrowException)));
+            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(ThrowException)));
 
             var minerKey = new PrivateKey();
 
@@ -500,14 +505,16 @@ public async Task PreloadFromNominer()
             fxForNominers[1] = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
             var blockChainsForNominers = new[]
             {
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+                MakeBlockChain(
                     policy,
                     fxForNominers[0].Store,
-                    fxForNominers[0].StateStore),
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+                    fxForNominers[0].StateStore,
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction))),
+                MakeBlockChain(
                     policy,
                     fxForNominers[1].Store,
-                    fxForNominers[1].StateStore),
+                    fxForNominers[1].StateStore,
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction))),
             };
             var nominerSwarm0 =
                 await CreateSwarm(blockChainsForNominers[0]).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -1005,21 +1012,24 @@ public async Task PreloadIgnorePeerWithDifferentGenesisBlock()
             var key2 = new PrivateKey();
             var policy = new BlockPolicy();
 
-            BlockChain receiverChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain receiverChain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 privateKey: key1);
-            BlockChain validSeedChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain validSeedChain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 privateKey: key1,
                 genesisBlock: receiverChain.Genesis);
-            BlockChain invalidSeedChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain invalidSeedChain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 privateKey: key2);
             Swarm receiverSwarm =
                 await CreateSwarm(receiverChain).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -1071,8 +1081,10 @@ public async Task ActionExecutionWithBranchpoint()
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(new MinerReward(1));
             var fx1 = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
             var fx2 = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
-            var seedChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore);
-            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore);
+            var seedChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
+            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
 
             var seedKey = new PrivateKey();
 
@@ -1132,8 +1144,10 @@ public async Task UpdateTxExecution()
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(new MinerReward(1));
             var fx1 = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
             var fx2 = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
-            var seedChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore);
-            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore);
+            var seedChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
+            var receiverChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
 
             Swarm seed =
                 await CreateSwarm(seedChain).ConfigureAwait(false);
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.cs
index 8ee5f11e290..8cee7d251c9 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/SwarmTest.cs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Bencodex.Types;
 using Libplanet.Action;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.State;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain;
@@ -679,7 +680,8 @@ public async Task ThrowArgumentExceptionInConstructor()
         {
             var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture();
             var policy = new BlockPolicy();
-            var blockchain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx.Store, fx.StateStore);
+            var blockchain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx.Store, fx.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
             var key = new PrivateKey();
             var apv = AppProtocolVersion.Sign(key, 1);
             var apvOptions = new AppProtocolVersionOptions() { AppProtocolVersion = apv };
@@ -877,10 +879,11 @@ public async Task RenderInFork()
         {
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(new MinerReward(1));
             var renderer = new RecordingActionRenderer();
-            var chain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var chain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 renderers: new[] { renderer }
             );
 
@@ -889,10 +892,11 @@ public async Task RenderInFork()
 
             var miner1 = await CreateSwarm(chain, key1).ConfigureAwait(false);
             var miner2 = await CreateSwarm(
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+                MakeBlockChain(
                     policy,
                     new MemoryStore(),
-                    new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore())
+                    new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction))
                 ),
                 key2
             ).ConfigureAwait(false);
@@ -946,10 +950,11 @@ public async Task HandleReorgInSynchronizing()
 
             async Task<Swarm> MakeSwarm(PrivateKey key = null) =>
                 await CreateSwarm(
-                    MakeBlockChain<Sleep>(
+                    MakeBlockChain(
                         policy,
                         new MemoryStore(),
-                        new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore())
+                        new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                        new SingleActionLoader(typeof(Sleep))
                     ),
                     key
                 );
@@ -1122,10 +1127,20 @@ TxPolicyViolationException IsSignerValid(
             var fx2 = new MemoryStoreFixture();
 
             var swarmA = await CreateSwarm(
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx1.Store, fx1.StateStore, privateKey: validKey))
+                MakeBlockChain(
+                    policy,
+                    fx1.Store,
+                    fx1.StateStore,
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
+                    privateKey: validKey))
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
             var swarmB = await CreateSwarm(
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx2.Store, fx2.StateStore, privateKey: validKey))
+                MakeBlockChain(
+                    policy,
+                    fx2.Store,
+                    fx2.StateStore,
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
+                    privateKey: validKey))
                 .ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             var invalidKey = new PrivateKey();
@@ -1181,17 +1196,19 @@ TxPolicyViolationException IsSignerValid(
             var fx2 = new MemoryStoreFixture();
 
             var swarmA = await CreateSwarm(
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+                MakeBlockChain(
                     policy,
                     fx1.Store,
                     fx1.StateStore,
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                     privateKey: validKey,
                     timestamp: DateTimeOffset.MinValue)).ConfigureAwait(false);
             var swarmB = await CreateSwarm(
-                MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+                MakeBlockChain(
                     policy,
                     fx2.Store,
                     fx2.StateStore,
+                    new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                     privateKey: validKey,
                     timestamp: DateTimeOffset.MinValue.AddSeconds(1))).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
@@ -1350,25 +1367,28 @@ public async Task DoNotReceiveBlockFromNodeHavingDifferenceGenesisBlock()
             var actionsA = new[] { new DumbAction(signerAddress, "1") };
             var actionsB = new[] { new DumbAction(signerAddress, "2") };
 
-            var genesisChainA = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var genesisChainA = MakeBlockChain(
                 new BlockPolicy(),
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 actionsA,
                 null,
                 privateKeyA);
             var genesisBlockA = genesisChainA.Genesis;
-            var genesisChainB = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var genesisChainB = MakeBlockChain(
                 new BlockPolicy(),
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 actionsB,
                 null,
                 privateKeyB);
-            var genesisChainC = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var genesisChainC = MakeBlockChain(
                 new BlockPolicy(),
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 genesisBlock: genesisBlockA);
 
             var swarmA =
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/TestUtils.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/TestUtils.cs
index a9013fa7791..40e0c92ea62 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/TestUtils.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/TestUtils.cs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 using System.Net;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Bencodex;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain.Policies;
@@ -47,6 +48,9 @@ public static class TestUtils
             blockAction: new MinerReward(1),
             getMaxTransactionsBytes: _ => 50 * 1024);
 
+        public static readonly IActionLoader ActionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(
+            typeof(DumbAction));
+
         public static AppProtocolVersion AppProtocolVersion = AppProtocolVersion.FromToken(
             "1/54684Ac4ee5B933e72144C4968BEa26056880d71/MEQCICGonYW" +
             ".X8y4JpPIyccPYWGrsCXWA95sBfextucz3lOyAiBUoY5t8aYNPT0lwYwC0MSkK3HT7T" +
@@ -84,12 +88,14 @@ public static PrivateKey GeneratePrivateKeyOfBucketIndex(Address tableAddress, i
         public static BlockChain CreateDummyBlockChain(
             MemoryStoreFixture fx,
             IBlockPolicy? policy = null,
+            IActionLoader? actionLoader = null,
             Block? genesisBlock = null)
         {
-            var blockChain = Libplanet.Tests.TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var blockChain = Libplanet.Tests.TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy ?? Policy,
                 fx.Store,
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                actionLoader ?? ActionLoader,
                 genesisBlock: genesisBlock);
 
             return blockChain;
@@ -222,12 +228,13 @@ public static (BlockChain BlockChain, ConsensusContext ConsensusContext)
             CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan newHeightDelay,
                 IBlockPolicy? policy = null,
+                IActionLoader? actionLoader = null,
                 PrivateKey? privateKey = null,
                 ContextTimeoutOption? contextTimeoutOptions = null)
         {
             policy ??= Policy;
             var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture(policy.BlockAction);
-            var blockChain = CreateDummyBlockChain(fx, policy);
+            var blockChain = CreateDummyBlockChain(fx, policy, actionLoader);
             ConsensusContext? consensusContext = null;
 
             privateKey ??= PrivateKeys[1];
@@ -253,6 +260,7 @@ public static (BlockChain BlockChain, Context Context)
             CreateDummyContext(
                 long height = 1,
                 IBlockPolicy? policy = null,
+                IActionLoader? actionLoader = null,
                 PrivateKey? privateKey = null,
                 ContextTimeoutOption? contextTimeoutOptions = null,
                 ValidatorSet? validatorSet = null)
@@ -270,6 +278,7 @@ void BroadcastMessage(ConsensusMsg message) =>
             var (blockChain, consensusContext) = CreateDummyConsensusContext(
                 TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1),
                 policy,
+                actionLoader,
                 PrivateKeys[1]);
 
             context = new Context(
diff --git a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Transports/BoundPeerExtensionsTest.cs b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Transports/BoundPeerExtensionsTest.cs
index 29f496ee1d9..187fbd85341 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Transports/BoundPeerExtensionsTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Net.Tests/Transports/BoundPeerExtensionsTest.cs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 using System.Net;
 using System.Net.Sockets;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Blockchain.Policies;
 using Libplanet.Crypto;
@@ -29,7 +30,8 @@ public async Task QueryAppProtocolVersion()
         {
             var fx = new MemoryStoreFixture();
             var policy = new BlockPolicy();
-            var blockchain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, fx.Store, fx.StateStore);
+            var blockchain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, fx.Store, fx.StateStore, new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)));
             var swarmKey = new PrivateKey();
             var consensusKey = new PrivateKey();
             var validators = new List<PublicKey>()
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/Action/AccountTest.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/Action/AccountTest.cs
index 1ab2fa4d235..c86dae011a6 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/Action/AccountTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/Action/AccountTest.cs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 using System.Numerics;
 using Bencodex.Types;
 using Libplanet.Action;
+using Libplanet.Action.Loader;
 using Libplanet.Action.State;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Common;
 using Libplanet.Action.Tests.Mocks;
@@ -204,10 +205,11 @@ public virtual BlockChain TransferAssetInBlock()
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
-            BlockChain chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 new NullBlockPolicy(),
                 store,
                 stateStore,
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 protocolVersion: ProtocolVersion,
                 privateKey: privateKey
             );
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/Action/ActionEvaluatorTest.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/Action/ActionEvaluatorTest.cs
index d880354e682..c7c205e4336 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/Action/ActionEvaluatorTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/Action/ActionEvaluatorTest.cs
@@ -137,10 +137,11 @@ public void Evaluate()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<EvaluateTestAction>(
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 store: store,
-                stateStore: stateStore);
+                stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(EvaluateTestAction)));
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
                 nonce: 0,
                 privateKey: privateKey,
@@ -181,10 +182,11 @@ public void EvaluateWithException()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<ThrowException>(
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 store: store,
-                stateStore: stateStore);
+                stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(ThrowException)));
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
                 nonce: 0,
                 privateKey: privateKey,
@@ -222,10 +224,11 @@ public void EvaluateWithCriticalException()
             var stateStore =
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
             var (chain, actionEvaluator) =
-                TestUtils.MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator<ThrowException>(
+                TestUtils.MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator(
                     policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                     store: store,
-                    stateStore: stateStore);
+                    stateStore: stateStore,
+                    actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(ThrowException)));
             var genesis = chain.Genesis;
             // Evaluation is run with rehearsal true to get updated addresses on tx creation.
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
@@ -813,10 +816,11 @@ public void EvaluateActions()
         [Fact]
         public void EvaluatePolicyBlockAction()
         {
-            var (chain, actionEvaluator) = MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator<DumbAction>(
+            var (chain, actionEvaluator) = MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator(
                 policy: _policy,
                 store: _storeFx.Store,
                 stateStore: _storeFx.StateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 genesisBlock: _storeFx.GenesisBlock,
                 privateKey: ChainPrivateKey);
             (_, Transaction[] txs) = MakeFixturesForAppendTests();
@@ -958,10 +962,11 @@ public void OrderTxsForEvaluation(
         [Fact]
         public void TotalUpdatedFungibleAssets()
         {
-            var (chain, actionEvaluator) = MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator<MintAction>(
+            var (chain, actionEvaluator) = MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator(
                 policy: _policy,
                 store: _storeFx.Store,
                 stateStore: _storeFx.StateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(MintAction)),
                 genesisBlock: _storeFx.GenesisBlock,
                 privateKey: ChainPrivateKey);
             var privateKeys = Enumerable.Range(0, 3).Select(_ => new PrivateKey()).ToList();
@@ -1036,11 +1041,12 @@ public void EvaluateActionAndCollectFee()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<UseGasAction>(
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 actions: new[] { freeGasAction, },
                 store: store,
-                stateStore: stateStore);
+                stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(UseGasAction)));
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
                 nonce: 0,
                 privateKey: privateKey,
@@ -1101,14 +1107,15 @@ public void EvaluateThrowingExceedGasLimit()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<UseGasAction>(
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 actions: new[]
                 {
                     freeGasAction,
                 },
                 store: store,
-                stateStore: stateStore);
+                stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(UseGasAction)));
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
                 nonce: 0,
                 privateKey: privateKey,
@@ -1175,14 +1182,15 @@ public void EvaluateThrowingInsufficientBalanceForGasFee()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<UseGasAction>(
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 actions: new[]
                 {
                     freeGasAction,
                 },
                 store: store,
-                stateStore: stateStore);
+                stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(UseGasAction)));
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
                 nonce: 0,
                 privateKey: privateKey,
@@ -1237,14 +1245,15 @@ public void EvaluateMinusGasFee()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<UseGasAction>(
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 actions: new[]
                 {
                     freeGasAction,
                 },
                 store: store,
-                stateStore: stateStore);
+                stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(UseGasAction)));
             var tx = Transaction.Create(
                 nonce: 0,
                 privateKey: privateKey,
@@ -1387,10 +1396,11 @@ private void MigrateStates()
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
             Log.Debug("Test Start.");
-            var chain = MakeBlockChain<ModernAction>(
+            var chain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy: new BlockPolicy(),
                 store: store,
                 stateStore: stateStore,
+                actionLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(ModernAction)),
                 protocolVersion: BlockMetadata.LegacyStateVersion);
             Assert.True(chain.GetWorldState().Legacy);
             var miner = new PrivateKey();
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.Append.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.Append.cs
index c00e9218fad..169e4518e89 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.Append.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.Append.cs
@@ -283,10 +283,11 @@ Func<BlockHash, TxId, TxExecution> getTxExecution
         [SkippableFact]
         public void AppendModern()
         {
-            _blockChain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbModernAction>(
+            _blockChain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 new NullBlockPolicy(),
                 new MemoryStore(),
-                new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()));
+                new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbModernAction)));
             var genesis = _blockChain.Genesis;
             var address1 = new Address(TestUtils.GetRandomBytes(20));
             var address2 = new Address(TestUtils.GetRandomBytes(20));
@@ -390,10 +391,11 @@ public void AppendWhenActionEvaluationFailed()
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore =
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(ThrowException));
             var renderer = new RecordingActionRenderer();
             BlockChain blockChain =
-                TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<ThrowException>(
-                    policy, store, stateStore, renderers: new[] { renderer });
+                TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
+                    policy, store, stateStore, actionLoader, renderers: new[] { renderer });
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
 
             var action = new ThrowException { ThrowOnExecution = true };
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.ValidateNextBlock.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.ValidateNextBlock.cs
index cda6721c0ca..ddffc608fae 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.ValidateNextBlock.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.ValidateNextBlock.cs
@@ -486,10 +486,11 @@ public void ValidateBlockCommitFailsInsufficientPower()
             var validator4 = new Validator(privateKey4.PublicKey, 1);
             var validatorSet = new ValidatorSet(
                 new[] { validator1, validator2, validator3, validator4 }.ToList());
-            BlockChain blockChain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain blockChain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(
                 new NullBlockPolicy(),
                 new MemoryStore(),
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore()),
+                new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction)),
                 validatorSet: validatorSet);
             Block validNextBlock = blockChain.EvaluateAndSign(
                 new BlockContent(
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.cs
index e750413db10..5c5bf1fb9ec 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/BlockChainTest.cs
@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@ public void ActionRenderersHaveDistinctContexts()
             var policy = new NullBlockPolicy();
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
             var generatedRandomValueLogs = new List<int>();
             IActionRenderer[] renderers = Enumerable.Range(0, 2).Select(i =>
                 new LoggedActionRenderer(
@@ -320,10 +321,11 @@ public void ActionRenderersHaveDistinctContexts()
                     Log.Logger.ForContext("RendererIndex", i)
                 )
             ).ToArray();
-            BlockChain blockChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            BlockChain blockChain = MakeBlockChain(
                 policy,
                 store,
                 stateStore,
+                actionLoader,
                 renderers: renderers
             );
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
@@ -345,10 +347,11 @@ public void RenderActionsAfterBlockIsRendered()
             var policy = new NullBlockPolicy();
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
             var recordingRenderer = new RecordingActionRenderer();
             var renderer = new LoggedActionRenderer(recordingRenderer, Log.Logger);
-            BlockChain blockChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
-                policy, store, stateStore, renderers: new[] { renderer });
+            BlockChain blockChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, store, stateStore, actionLoader, renderers: new[] { renderer });
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
 
             var action = new DumbAction(default, string.Empty);
@@ -380,6 +383,7 @@ public void RenderActionsAfterAppendComplete()
             var policy = new NullBlockPolicy();
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
 
             IActionRenderer renderer = new AnonymousActionRenderer
             {
@@ -394,8 +398,8 @@ public void RenderActionsAfterAppendComplete()
                 },
             };
             renderer = new LoggedActionRenderer(renderer, Log.Logger);
-            BlockChain blockChain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
-                policy, store, stateStore, renderers: new[] { renderer });
+            BlockChain blockChain = MakeBlockChain(
+                policy, store, stateStore, actionLoader, renderers: new[] { renderer });
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
 
             var action = new DumbAction(default, string.Empty);
@@ -1212,10 +1216,12 @@ public void GetStateReturnsValidStateAfterFork()
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore =
                 new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
-            var chain = MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
+            var chain = MakeBlockChain(
                 new NullBlockPolicy(),
                 store,
                 stateStore,
+                actionLoader,
                 new[] { new DumbAction(_fx.Address1, "item0.0", idempotent: true) });
             Assert.Equal("item0.0", (Text)chain.GetWorldState().GetAccount(
                 ReservedAddresses.LegacyAccount).GetState(_fx.Address1));
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/Policies/BlockPolicyTest.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/Policies/BlockPolicyTest.cs
index 3a6e2eb9650..4b498ab2237 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/Policies/BlockPolicyTest.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/Blockchain/Policies/BlockPolicyTest.cs
@@ -155,11 +155,12 @@ public void GetMinTransactionsPerBlock()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(
                 blockAction: new MinerReward(1),
                 getMinTransactionsPerBlock: index => index == 0 ? 0 : policyLimit);
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, store, stateStore);
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(policy, store, stateStore, actionLoader);
 
             _ = chain.MakeTransaction(privateKey, new DumbAction[] { });
             Assert.Single(chain.ListStagedTransactions());
@@ -178,10 +179,11 @@ public void GetMaxTransactionsPerBlock()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(
                 getMaxTransactionsPerBlock: _ => policyLimit);
             var privateKey = new PrivateKey();
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, store, stateStore);
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(policy, store, stateStore, actionLoader);
 
             _ = Enumerable
                     .Range(0, generatedTxCount)
@@ -202,11 +204,12 @@ public void GetMaxTransactionsPerSignerPerBlock()
 
             var store = new MemoryStore();
             var stateStore = new TrieStateStore(new MemoryKeyValueStore());
+            var actionLoader = new SingleActionLoader(typeof(DumbAction));
             var policy = new BlockPolicy(
                 getMaxTransactionsPerSignerPerBlock: _ => policyLimit);
             var privateKeys = Enumerable.Range(0, keyCount).Select(_ => new PrivateKey()).ToList();
             var minerKey = privateKeys.First();
-            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain<DumbAction>(policy, store, stateStore);
+            var chain = TestUtils.MakeBlockChain(policy, store, stateStore, actionLoader);
 
             privateKeys.ForEach(
                 key => _ = Enumerable
diff --git a/Libplanet.Tests/TestUtils.cs b/Libplanet.Tests/TestUtils.cs
index e7f3e458197..5455f3cefdd 100644
--- a/Libplanet.Tests/TestUtils.cs
+++ b/Libplanet.Tests/TestUtils.cs
@@ -535,6 +535,8 @@ public static Block ProposeNextBlock(
         /// <param name="policy">A <see cref="BlockPolicy"/> of the chain.</param>
         /// <param name="store">An <see cref="IStore"/> instance to store blocks and txs.</param>
         /// <param name="stateStore">An <see cref="IStateStore"/> instance to store states.</param>
+        /// <param name="actionLoader">An <see cref="IActionLoader"/> instance to load actions.
+        /// </param>
         /// <param name="actions"><see cref="Action{T}"/>s to be included in genesis block.
         /// Works only if <paramref name="genesisBlock"/> is null.</param>
         /// <param name="validatorSet"><see cref="ValidatorSet"/> to be included in genesis block.
@@ -550,10 +552,11 @@ public static Block ProposeNextBlock(
         /// <param name="protocolVersion">Block protocol version of genesis block.</param>
         /// <typeparam name="T">An <see cref="IAction"/> type.</typeparam>
         /// <returns>A <see cref="BlockChain"/> instance.</returns>
-        public static BlockChain MakeBlockChain<T>(
+        public static BlockChain MakeBlockChain(
             IBlockPolicy policy,
             IStore store,
             IStateStore stateStore,
+            IActionLoader actionLoader,
             IEnumerable<IAction> actions = null,
             ValidatorSet validatorSet = null,
             PrivateKey privateKey = null,
@@ -562,12 +565,12 @@ public static BlockChain MakeBlockChain<T>(
             Block genesisBlock = null,
             int protocolVersion = Block.CurrentProtocolVersion
         )
-            where T : IAction, new()
         {
-            return MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator<T>(
+            return MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator(
                 policy,
                 store,
                 stateStore,
+                actionLoader,
                 actions,
                 validatorSet,
                 privateKey,
@@ -579,10 +582,11 @@ public static BlockChain MakeBlockChain<T>(
         }
 
         public static (BlockChain BlockChain, ActionEvaluator ActionEvaluator)
-            MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator<T>(
+            MakeBlockChainAndActionEvaluator(
             IBlockPolicy policy,
             IStore store,
             IStateStore stateStore,
+            IActionLoader actionLoader,
             IEnumerable<IAction> actions = null,
             ValidatorSet validatorSet = null,
             PrivateKey privateKey = null,
@@ -591,7 +595,6 @@ public static (BlockChain BlockChain, ActionEvaluator ActionEvaluator)
             Block genesisBlock = null,
             int protocolVersion = Block.CurrentProtocolVersion
         )
-            where T : IAction, new()
         {
             actions = actions ?? ImmutableArray<IAction>.Empty;
             privateKey = privateKey ?? ChainPrivateKey;
@@ -610,7 +613,7 @@ public static (BlockChain BlockChain, ActionEvaluator ActionEvaluator)
             var actionEvaluator = new ActionEvaluator(
                     _ => policy.BlockAction,
                     stateStore: stateStore,
-                    actionTypeLoader: new SingleActionLoader(typeof(T)));
+                    actionTypeLoader: actionLoader);
 
             if (genesisBlock is null)
             {