Beginner's Guide: Get Started with Plover
This guide explains how to get started with Plover. Plover is free stenography software. All the learning resources listed below are free-of-charge.
The main steps are:
- Download and install the Plover application.
- Connect a compatible keyboard or stenography (steno) machine.
- Confirm it's working.
- Practice and learn stenography using Plover.
Plover works on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
- Download and install Plover with the Installation Guide 🚀
- If you get stuck, see the troubleshooting guide.
Steno involves pressing down groups of keys (called "strokes" or "chords) all at once. Standard QWERTY keyboards usually only recognize a few keys pressed at once. While some steno strokes may contain as many as as 10 keys, it is still possible to learn the basics of steno with a regular keyboard. While a dedicated steno keyboard will make it significantly easier to reach 120+ WPM, we would not recommend buying one until you are sure you want to dedicate the time to learning steno.
If you are on a laptop or are using a generic keyboard, chances are it does not have N-key rollover (NKRO). This refers to keyboards that are capable of recognizing any number of keys pressed simultaneously. Most keyboards can only recognize up to 6 simultaneous key presses (and some combinations may only yield 2 simultaneous key presses). To work around the lack of NKRO, you have two options: arpeggiating, and rolling your strokes.
With the arpeggiate option enabled, you can write a stroke by pressing each key individually and then the spacebar once you've finished. Plover will not process a chord until after you have pressed the spacebar. This way, you do not have to press multiple keys all at once, thereby working around the lack of NKRO.
To enable arpeggiate, open Plover's main window and press Configure. Under "Machine" enable Arpeggiate and click Apply and OK when you are done.
Try the Hello, world. example later in this page to get a hang of arpeggiating.
By default, Plover does not process steno strokes until every single key has been released. You can use this feature to your advantage if you do not have an NKRO keyboard. Instead of pressing the keys in a stroke simultaneously, press only a few. Slowly add one more key in the stroke while releasing another. As long as you keep at least one key pressed down, Plover will not receive your steno stroke, and you can still add in more keys to the stroke.
An N-key rollover (NKRO) keyboard is specially designed to allow pressing many keys at once. Many gaming/mechanical keyboards have NKRO. With an NKRO keyboard and Plover, you can press down every single key in a stroke all at once (as you're supposed to with steno)
Full NKRO over USB is possible, and many keyboards do it well. Generally, searching for "NKRO" or "anti-ghosting" keyboards will result in compatible keyboards. Make sure to check reviews before purchasing a keyboard as some have been known to falsely advertise NKRO (although, this is a rare occurrence).
- See the Supported Hardware page for a list of supported keyboards.
- See also: Which type of key switch should I choose?
Most keyboards have the keys in staggered rows, which can make it difficult to press two keys in a column with a single finger. To adapt a keyboard for steno, you can use:
You can also use a keyboard with an ortholinear layout.
Various steno enthusiasts are making and selling machines designed for use with Plover:
(* = External link)
More information: Dedicated machines designed for use with Plover.
Some professional stenography machines are compatible with Plover. You can find used steno machines on eBay at reasonable prices.
See the Supported Hardware page for a list of supported professional stenography machines.
Initially, Plover is set up to use your computer's qwerty keyboard by default. If you have a professional stenography machine, or a hobbyist steno keyboard, you'll need to configure Plover to look for your machine (usually GeminiPR or TX Bolt). See each respective vendor's guides on how to set up your keyboard with Plover. See also this video tutorial for how to set up a hobbyist steno keyboard that uses Gemini PR.
By default, Plover will use your keyboard as its input device.
- Run Plover.
- Click the Output: Enable radio button.
To confirm Plover is working correctly, you may try to write "Hello, world." into a text editor with Plover. Open Plover's main window and, and select Plover's output to be enabled. Open a text editor and write the steno key strokes in the table below, one row at a time.
NOTE: Notepad in Windows 11 is quite buggy with fast input and does not work well with Plover. Instead of Notepad, try a different program such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs in a browser.
If you are using a QWERTY keyboard, follow the QWERTY keys on the right column. Otherwise, follow the middle column. Unless you are arpeggiating or rolling your strokes, make sure to press every single key all at once. Remember to release every key after each row.
| Output | Steno Key Stroke | QWERTY Keys |
|---|---|---|
| hell | HEL |
r (left index index) n (right thumb) o (right ring finger ) |
| o | HRO |
rf (left index finger pressing in between) v (left thumb) |
| , | -RBGS |
j (right index finger) k (right middle finger) l (right ring finger) ; (right pinkie finger) |
| world | WORLD |
d (left middle finger) v (left thumb) j (right index finger) o (right ring finger) [ (right pinkie finger) |
| . | -FPLT |
u (right index finger) i (right middle finger) o (right ring finger) p (right pinkie finger) |
If you see different output, open the paper tape (in Plover's main window under Tools → Paper Tape) and try the steno strokes again. Verify that the right keys are being registered. If the steno keys shown in the paper tape are not the same as those in the middle column above, first make sure you are pressing the right physical keys. If you are still not getting the right output, have a look at the following:
- If you are using a steno machine and are not getting the right keys/output, ensure you are using the right protocol for your stenography machine
- If you are using a QWERTY keyboard and are not getting the right keys/output, your keyboard may not have NKRO
You can practice sentences that (mostly) only need two keys at once, on the StenoJig website.
Your fingers should be curled slightly, so you press the keys using the tips of your fingers.
On a QWERTY keyboard, you move your hands half an inch up so that your left thumb is resting on the cracks between the C and V keys and your right thumb is resting between the N and M keys. The rest should fall into place.
| QWERTY layout | Maps to steno layout |
|---|---|
QWER TY UIOP[ |
STPH ** FPLTD |
ASDF GH JKL; |
SKWR ** RBGSZ |
CV NM |
AO EU |
See also:
Plover supports several protocols that are in use by various professional stenography machines. To configure Plover to the protocol your machine uses:
- Run Plover and click the Enable radio button.
- Click the Configure button on the Plover Dialog screen. The Plover configuration screen appears.
- On the Machine tab, select the protocol your machine uses.
- Click Save.
See Supported protocols for more information.
It's time to start learning stenography theory for free, practicing writing using stenography, and learning how to make the most of Plover's built-in tools. See the Learning Resources.
There are many steno theories that encompass the rules you use to convert words to steno strokes.
All English language steno theories are derived from the original Stenotype theory devised by Ward Ireland. They all share the same keyboard design and basic method of representing the sounds. Theories mostly differ by how much rote memorization is required. Typically, memorization heavy theories are faster.
The default theory that comes with the Plover app (called Plover theory) is Mirabai Knight's own personal theory that she uses for stenocaptioning—it is very fast, as a result. However, there are a lot of odd inconsistencies that may not make it a great choice for beginners. Using it requires a lot of personal changes and additions very early on in the learning process.
One alternative to Plover is Lapwing theory. It was created by a community member dissatisfied with the unnecessarily steep learning curve associated with Plover theory. It has a comprehensive wiki that covers a wide range of content along with exercises to practise concepts. Many regard it as easier to learn than Plover theory due to having more consistent rules. For details on how to set up and learn Lapwing theory, see the Lapwing for Beginners Wiki.
We recommend learning either Plover theory or Lapwing theory.
Other theories also exist, but either cost money, or are not supported by Plover. Ultimately, it does not matter which theory you choose when it comes to speed—it is always possible to add more memorization into the theory you've chosen to squeeze out more speed. Furthermore, we do not recommend spending money on a theory until you're certain you like stenography and see a clear reason to switch.