From a452485d2b3a3448702e19aab604d68163c5127a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Jeremy W. Sherman" Date: Mon, 2 Jan 2023 10:40:47 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Convert org part 2 to Markdown and begin editing Got through section 24 of 40 and change. Left an HTML comment beginning JWS: to know where to pick up. --- teaching-pt2.md | 568 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 565 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/teaching-pt2.md b/teaching-pt2.md index c65e8dc..67a1f01 100644 --- a/teaching-pt2.md +++ b/teaching-pt2.md @@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ title: "The Teaching of Orthic Shorthand, Part 2" subtitle: "Rules for reporting, for the use of teaching and students of Orthographic shorthand (Callendar's system)" author: "W. Stevens" toc: true -toc_hmax: 6 +toc_hmax: 4 --- # The Teaching of Orthic Shorthand, Part 2 -Rules for reporting, for the use of teaching and students of Orthographic shorthand (Callendar's system) +Rules for reporting, for the use of teachers and students of Orthographic shorthand (Callendar's system) by W. Stevens, secretary to the Cambridge Shorthand Society. 1896. @@ -22,4 +22,566 @@ This document was transcribed by Jacob Moena in September 2022. He has made avai ## Accompanying Readings -- [Psalms 66–83 in reporting style]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/reading/Orthic Psalms 66-83 (Reporting Style) 1897 Stevens.pdf) accompanies the second volume of _The Teaching of Orthic Shorthand._ (1897; 16 pages of shorthand) +- [Psalms 66–83 in reporting style [PDF]]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/reading/Orthic Psalms 66-83 (Reporting Style) 1897 Stevens.pdf) serves as both exercise book and exam for the second volume of _The Teaching of Orthic Shorthand._ (1897; 16 pages of shorthand). + +## 1. The object of this second Manual + +The object of this second manual on the teaching of Orthic Shorthand is +to supply fuller explanations, and illustrations, of the methods of +abbreviation. + +## 2. "Reporting Style" is the same methods of abbreviation, extended + +The "Reporting Style" of Orthic is in no way essentially different from +the "Corresponding Style." + +There is little new to learn, and nothing to unlearn. It is simply the +same methods of abbreviation as given in the Teacher's Manual, part 1, +extended. + +## 3. Abbreviations are no mere arbitraries + +Impress, therefore, upon the students that the abbreviations are no mere +arbitraries, but are logical conclusions based upon what has gone +before. + +## 4. The alphabet + +The only additional character is ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig1.png) +*b* - the upright stroke of the longhand character - which may be +substituted for ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig2.png), see the combination ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig3.png) +*mb*. + +This alternative character should only be used medially; as + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig4.png) = *bible*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig5.png) *probably*: + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig6.png) equals *but*. Thus ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig7.png) +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig8.png). + +## 5. -ws final extended to "was" + +On page 6, paragraph 7, of the Teacher's Manual, and on page 12 of the +Author's Manual, it has been shown that "ws" final is written with a +loop, thus ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig9.png). + +By an extension of this principle, we may use the "ws" loop for the +_word was_, and join it to the preceding word: similarly to "t'was" +in longhand: thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig10.png) = *I was*; +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig11.png) = *it +was*; +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig12.png) *that was*; +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig13.png) *nothing was*; +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig14.png) *if it was*. + +## 6. Supra Linear + +In the termination "vowel ve", we have the rule +laid down, that the omission of this termination may be indicated by a +dot, or, if inflected, by the inflection written _above_ the last +letter; this was shown to be a logical consequence. + +Now this dot, representing the "vowel ve" termination, may very safely +be used to indicate _the verb 'have'_: as + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig15.png) *I +have*. Compare *I've* in longhand. +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig15-2.png) *do have*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig16.png) *will have*. + +N.B. This dot cannot clash with _"be"_. Why? Because this word dot +is written _midway between words_; thus, "all that can be said we +have said", ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig17.png). + +Naturally following this suggestion, we can deal with "having" in the +same way: as ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig18.png) *not having*, cp. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig19.png) +*not being*. + +### 7. Extension of this rule to imply "have" + +This supra linear ve dot may be omitted +altogether, and a following word written _in the place of it_, to +indicate the verb "have" understood. Thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig20.png) *to have been*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig21.png) *could have been*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig22.png) *he might have had*. + +### 8. Extended to the suffix -ow + +This *V Mode* may be extended to the suffix "ow"; thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig23.png) *narrower*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig24.png) *borrow*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig25.png) *borrowing*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig26.png) *sorrow*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig27.png) *sorrowful*. + +See [Section 32](#sec-32). + +## 9. Implied th- extended to "they" + +As given in the manual, initial "th" is omitted and the rest of the word +written _above_ the line. + +Extend this principle, and, by placing _the verb above_ the line, +understand the _word they_, omitted. Thus + +* *I think they might have +been* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig28.png), cp. *he might have been* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig29.png). + +## 10. Sub linear writing + +### de-, di-, dis- +As per the Author's Manual, the prefixes +*de*, *di*, and *dis* may be omitted, and the rest of the word written +below the line. Thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig30.png) *declare*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig31.png) *digress*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig32.png) *disciple*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig33.png) *descend*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig34.png) *indisputable*. + +### wh- +Further, when a word begins with "wh", the "wh" may be omitted, and the +rest of the word written _below_ the line. Thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig35.png) +*who*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig36.png) *what*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig37.png) *who was*. + +### 11. Extension of this rule to "which" + +The word "which" is so frequently in use, +that we may safely indicate the omission of the word "which" by writing +the following word _below_ the line, as + +* *did you say which it was* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig38.png), +* *which might have been* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig39.png). + +Compare the following positions: + +1. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig40.png) *they might have been*. +2. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig41.png) *might have been*. +3. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig42.png) *which might have been*. + +## 12. Intersections + +### For polysyllabic terminations +Many letters in the Orthic alphabet readily +intersect. This method may be used to indicate the omission of one or +two syllables; and it is especially adapted to the expression of +polysyllabic terminations; e.g. + +* *g* for *-logical*, +* *a* for *-diate* or *-tiate*, +* etc. + +### 13. Outline cutting outline + +The termination ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig43.png) *ing* +cutting the last part of a word, signifies the omission of "ish"; thus, + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig44.png) = *flourishing*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig45.png) = *polishing*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig46.png) = *varnishing*. + +### 14. The letters A and O intersected + +#### A for -ate, -ade, etc. +The vowel *a* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig47.png) will generally intersect another +letter, and may be used to express the terminations + +* *tiate*, +* *diate*, +* *ate*, and +* *ade*. + +As + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig48.png) *immediate*, or ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig49.png). +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig50.png) *graduate*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig51.png) *initiate*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig52.png) *fade*. + +Inflections of the terminations *ate* and *ade* will of course be +indicated by the last letter of the inflection; thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig53.png) *graduated*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig54.png) *actuated*. + +#### O for -ote, -ode +Similarly, the vowel *o* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig55.png), may be used to express + +* *ote* and +* *ode*; + +as + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig56.png) *remote*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig57.png) *antidote*, or ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig58.png). + +### 15. P for -ship + +P ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig59.png), is already given in the Manual and Supplement, +when intersecting, as equivalent for the termination 'ship', thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig60.png) *marksmanship*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig61.png) *worship*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig62.png) *fellowship*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig63.png) *secretaryship*. + +### 16. G for -logue, -logical + +G ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig64.png), readily intersects, and may be used for the +terminations _logue_ and _logical_, e.g. + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig65.png) *catalogue*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig66.png) *prologue*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig67.png) *zoological*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig68.png) *phrenological*. + +### 17. S for -ious, -ceous + +S ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig69.png), when intersecting the last letter can +conveniently stand for any polysyllabic word ending in *ious*, *ceous*, +as + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig70.png) *herbaceous*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig71.png) *extraneous*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig72.png) *expeditious*, +* etc. + +## 18. Finals + +In abbreviating words ending in + +* *ent* use *t*, +* *ence* use *ce*, +* *ency* use *cy*, +* *graph* use *ph*, +* *ism* use *m*, +* *wise* use *se*. + +Thus, + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig73.png) *subvent*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig74.png) *evidence*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig75.png) *expediency*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig76.png) *telegraph*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig77.png) *criticism*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig78.png) *otherwise*. + +### 19. Y final + +#### Joined for -ty, -ary, -ory + +Y, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig79.png), final, _when joined to a preceding letter_, +stands for the terminations *ty*, *ary*, or *ory*. Thus, + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig80.png) *duty*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig81.png) *beauty*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig82.png) *lusty*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig83.png) *canary*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig84.png) *ordinary*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig85.png) *story*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig86.png) *conservatory*. + +#### Raised for -ity +When written _above_ the last letter, and disjoined, it is the +equivalent for "ity", e.g. + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig87.png) *pity*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig88.png) *sincerity*. + +#### Lowered for -ly +When written _below_ the last letter it stands for "ly", as + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig89.png) *truly*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig90.png) *verily*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig91.png) *daily*. + +### 20. OU for -ount, -ound + +*Ou*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig92.png), stands for the terminations *ount* or *ound*. +Thus, + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig93.png) *count*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig94.png) *county*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig95.png) *profound*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig96.png) *astounding*. + +### 21. i for -ite, -ide + +On the principle that ![q.e.]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig97.png "qe") equals *quite*, and +![w.r.e.]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig98.png "wre") equals *write*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig99.png), *i*, will stand +for the terminations "ite" or "ide". E.g. + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig100.png) *bite*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig101.png) *exquisite*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig102.png) *confide*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig103.png) *deride*, etc. + +### 22. UN for -ion, -ution, -usion + +By the Manual ![u.n.]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig104.png "un") is equivalent for "ion"; where, then, +the letter 'u' precedes 'tion' or 'sion', the 't' may be slurred, and +the 'u' lengthened to stand for "ution", or "usion". Thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig105.png) *diminution*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig106.png) *solution*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig107.png) *confusion*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig108.png) *collusion*. + +### 23. -um, -ium drop the vowels + +The termination "um" and "ium" which occur chiefly in Latin words, may +be abbreviated by omitting the 'u' and 'iu'. *Ium* can be distinguished +from 'um', when necessary, by dotting the "m". Thus + +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig109.png) *laudanum*, +* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig110.png) *sodium*. + +## 24. General Abbreviations + +When it is desired to abbreviate words +written on the line, and to which the foregoing rules do not apply, it +is usually sufficient to write the first part of the word and the +termination: to follow the usual longhand contraction, as, *st* for +*first*, *ult* for *ultimo*, etc. The great secret is to preserve the +outline of the most important part of the word, cp. *mtg* for +*mortgage*. + +### c for 'cause' +In the Manual ![B.E.C.]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig111.png "bec") equals *because*, therefore +![C.]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig112.png "c") equals 'cause', and may be used for this word. + + +## 25 + +Initial *a* - in words beginning with *anti*, *amphi*, etc. - may be +omitted altogether. + +## 26 + +*Y* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig113.png), detached and below, has been given for the +termination 'ly'. If it is found more convenient, in rapid writing, to +write the 'ly', instead of lifting the pen, it may be done, where it is +not likely to be misread. Thus, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig114.png) for *probably*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig115.png) for ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig116.png) *fully*, etc. + +## 27 + +In the common word "right", the Manual authorises the 't' to be joined +to the 'r', instead of being written below, as by the rule. This may +also be done in such words as *taught* ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig117.png), +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig118.png) *daughter*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig119.png) *fraught*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig120.png) *laughter*, etc. + +## 28 + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig121.png) stands for 'able', therefore ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig122.png) or +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig123.png) can be taken for the termination *ble*, as +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig124.png) *table*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig125.png) *liable*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig126.png) *terrible*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig127.png) *ignoble*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig128.png) *probable*, etc. + +## 29 + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig129.png) *ea* is the recognised contraction for 'each', +therefore ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig130.png) equals *teach*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig131.png) +*preach*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig132.png) *reaches*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig133.png) *preacher*. + +## 30 + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig134.png) *ay* equals 'any', therefore ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig135.png) is +*accompany*, and ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig136.png) *many*. + +## 31 + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig137.png) is *according*, therefore ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig138.png) is +*accord*, and by similar reasoning ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig139.png) *record*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig140.png) *recording*, etc. + +## 32 {#sec-32} + +On page 19 of the Manual Supplement ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig141.png) equals +*tomorrow*; to this we add ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig142.png) equals *follow*, the 'r' +and the 'l' respectively being slurred. But for other words, such as +*narrow*, *borrow*, *sorrow*, it is better to write ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig143.png), +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig144.png), ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig145.png) respectively. See Section 8. + +## 33 + +*U*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig146.png), is the authorised contraction for "under", +whether as a word, prefix, or a part of a word, e.g. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig147.png) +*under*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig148.png) *understand*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig149.png) +*blunder*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig150.png) *thunder*. + +Extend this rule to the prefixes 'unde' and 'undi'. Thus, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig151.png) *undetermined*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig152.png) *undiminishing*. + +## 34 + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig153.png) is the equivalent for *first*, and +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig154.png) for *best*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig155.png) for *whilst*. + +## 35 + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig156.png) disjoined, stands for the termination *cerning*, as +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig157.png) *concerning*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig158.png) *discerning*. + +## 36 + +In reporting the aspirate \[sound represented by the letter 'h'\] may +invariably be omitted. + +## 37 + +In the Manual an elementary rule is given, in all inflections of *y* +retain the y; where the diphthong *ay* is inflected, it is not necessary +to observe this rule, e.g. *paid* can be written ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig159.png) or +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig160.png), ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig161.png) *laid*, etc. The latter form +being the easier in rapid writing. + +## 38 + +In the Supplement to the Manual, on page 19, the author says, "there can +be no doubt but that the device of shading or thickening a character is +_not_ suited for general use." + +Some writers, however, are of opinion that it may be used occasionally, +with advantage, in reporting. + +The necessary distinction between strokes cannot be accomplished by many +individuals; and in rapid reporting the distinction of the strokes, +heavy and light, is scarcely apparent. + +Moreover the joining of a thin to a thick outline, and vice-versa, is a +great difficulty. + +The author restricts the use of this device to the adding of the +characters 'l' and 'r'; but it appears to me, that it is better, if +adopted by any writer, to restrict its use to _single words_, and +_terminations standing alone_ and always written downwards. + +We therefore adduce \[offer as an example\] this rule, a thickened +_right_ hand stroke, i.e. a character written from left to right, +adds 'r', _either before or after_, e.g. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig162.png) is the +equivalent for *fr* *from*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig163.png) *rk* for *work*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig164.png) *yr* *your*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig165.png) *are*, etc. + +Again, a thickened _left_ hand stroke, adds 'l', as +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig166.png) *glad*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig167.png) *people*. + +## 39 + +I will close these reporting rules and hints by a suggestion for very +advanced writers: I will call it _line intersection_, that is, +outline cutting _ruled_ line of writing. This method of +abbreviation should only be employed by those who habitually use _ruled +paper_ for writing upon. + +When the outline ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig168.png), *i*, cuts the ruled line +_initially_ it adds the letter "n", e.g. ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig169.png) *in*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig170.png) *in the*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig171.png) *in the case of*. + +With other letters cutting the ruled line of writing, the prefixes 'an', +'en', or 'in' are indicated. Thus, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig172.png) *anvil*, +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig173.png) *endure*, ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/fig174.png) *infirm*, etc. + +## 40 + +The sole object of the foregoing pages is to give the student of Orthic +hints as to the logical sequence of reporting abbreviations. Wherever it +is easier to write a word in any other way, full or otherwise, write it +so, for it will be quicker for you. You must 'think' in shorthand, if I +may so say, before you can become absolutely proficient, be able to +'see' the outline of every word directly it is spoken and use your +context judiciously. + +| W. Stevens +| Secretary to the Cambridge Shorthand Society +| 68, High Street +| Hampstead +| N. W. + +## The Lord's Prayer + +Comparison between Pitman's, The Oxford, Everett's, Sloan Duployan, and +Orthic Shorthand. + +### Pitman's System + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/pitmans.png) + +### The Oxford + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/oxford.png) + +### Everett's + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/everetts.png) + +### Sloan Duployan + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/duployan1.png) ![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/duployan2.png) + +### Orthic + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/orthic.png) + +## Mr Gladstone at Liverpool + +### English + +I have listened, My Lord Mayor, with the warmest sympathy to the +speeches of those who have gone before me, and I desire to associate +myself with them in the closest manner, it is true, Ladies and +Gentlemen, that I have lived a long political life, and that I have +borne high, and responsible office; but it is not in regard to either of +these circumstances that I now come before you, and I make no claim to +authority in any shape. I come here as a loyal subject of her Majesty +and especially as having been admitted, through the kindness of the +Local Authority, to call myself your fellow townsman, as the possessor +of the freedom of Liverpool. It has been well said that we stand today +upon a higher platform than the platform of party. There is no man here +whatever his opinions on ordinary politics may be, who will scruple to +own or appear as if he were ashamed of them; but the national platform +on which we stand gives a higher claim and greater authority to these +sentiments, which, as we believe, are universally entertained from one +end of the country to the other. And, my Lord Mayor, I will say for +myself that, as on this occasion it is a duty to renounce all Party +sympathy and party recollections, so it is a duty most easy to perform. +I, for my part, entertain not only a lively hope, but a strong belief, +that when in the course of time we are made more largely acquainted with +the inter-relations of Governments in the transactions of the last two +years, we shall find that the present deplorable situation, to +whomsoever it may be due, is not due either to the act of defaults of +the Government of the great country. Now my Lord Mayor, I come to the +resolution which I have undertaken to move. There are certain subjects +which I should wish, if I may, to deal with. There are most important +distinctions to be drawn in this matter, especially on the ground that +the sufferers under the present misrule, and under the horribly +accumulated outrages of the last two years, the sufferers under this +misrule and these outrages are our fellow Christians; and permit me to +say seconding that which has been said already, we do not prosecute the +cause we have in hand upon the ground that they are our fellow +Christians. This is no Crusade against Mohammedanism Nay more, I will +say it is no declaration of universal condemnation of the Mohammedans +and the Turkish Empire. On the contrary, amidst the dismal and +heartrending reports one of the rare touches of relief has been that we +have seen that, in spite of the perpetration of massacre by the agents +of the Government, yet there have been good, and generous Mohammedans +who have resisted these misdeeds to the uttermost of their power and who +have established for themselves a claim to our sympathy and admiration. + +### Orthic + +The above fully reported: + +![]({{ site.baseurl }}/assets/teaching/pt2/gladstone.png)