CONTRIBUTING.md

Contributing Guide

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Target audiences

The OpenTelemetry Collector has two main target audiences:

1. End-users, aiming to use an OpenTelemetry Collector binary.
2. Collector distributions, consuming the APIs exposed by the OpenTelemetry core repository. Distributions can be an official OpenTelemetry community project, such as the OpenTelemetry Collector "core" and "contrib", or external distributions, such as other open-source projects building on top of the Collector or vendor-specific distributions.

End-users

End-users are the target audience for our binary distributions, as made available via the opentelemetry-collector-releases repository. To them, stability in the behavior is important, be it runtime or configuration. They are more numerous and harder to get in touch with, making our changes to the collector more disruptive to them than to other audiences. As a general rule, whenever you are developing OpenTelemetry Collector components (extensions, receivers, processors, exporters), you should have end-users' interests in mind. Similarly, changes to code within packages like config will have an impact on this audience. Make sure to cause minimal disruption when doing changes here.

Collector distributions

In this capacity, the opentelemetry-collector repository's public Go types, functions, and interfaces act as an API for other projects. In addition to the end-user aspect mentioned above, this audience also cares about API compatibility, making them susceptible to our refactorings, even though such changes wouldn't cause any impact to end-users. See the "Breaking changes" in this document for more information on how to perform changes affecting this audience.

This audience might use tools like the opentelemetry-collector-builder as part of their delivery pipeline. Be mindful that changes there might cause disruption to this audience.

How to structure PRs to get expedient reviews?

We recommend that any PR (unless it is trivial) to be smaller than 500 lines (excluding go mod/sum changes) in order to help reviewers to do a thorough and reasonably fast reviews.

When adding a new component

Components refer to connectors, exporters, extensions, processors, and receivers. The key criteria to implementing a component is to:

• Implement the component.Component interface
• Provide a configuration structure which defines the configuration of the component
• Provide the implementation which performs the component operation

For more details on components, see the Adding New Components document and the tutorial Building a Trace Receiver which provides a detailed example of building a component.

When adding a new component to the OpenTelemetry Collector, ensure that any configuration structs used by the component include fields with the configopaque.String type for sensitive data. This ensures that the data is masked when serialized to prevent accidental exposure.

When submitting a component to the community, consider breaking it down into separate PRs as follows:

• First PR should include the overall structure of the new component:
  • Readme, configuration, and factory implementation usually using the helper factory structs.
  • This PR is usually trivial to review, so the size limit does not apply to it.
  • The component should use In Development Stability in its README.
• Second PR should include the concrete implementation of the component. If the size of this PR is larger than the recommended size consider splitting it in multiple PRs.
• Last PR should mark the new component as Alpha stability and add it to the otelcorecol binary by updating the otelcorecol/components.go file. The component must be enabled only after sufficient testing and only when it meets Alpha stability requirements.
• Once a new component has been added to the executable, please add the component to the OpenTelemetry.io registry.
• intra-repository replace statements in go.mod files can be automatically inserted by running make crosslink. For more information on the crosslink tool see the README here.

Refactoring Work

Any refactoring work must be split in its own PR that does not include any behavior changes. It is important to do this to avoid hidden changes in large and trivial refactoring PRs.

Report a bug or requesting feature

Reporting bugs is an important contribution. Please make sure to include:

• Expected and actual behavior
• OpenTelemetry version you are running
• If possible, steps to reproduce

How to contribute

Before you start

Please read project contribution guide for general practices for OpenTelemetry project.

Select a good issue from the links below (ordered by difficulty/complexity):

• Good First Issue
• Up for Grabs
• Help Wanted

Comment on the issue that you want to work on so we can assign it to you and clarify anything related to it.

If you would like to work on something that is not listed as an issue (e.g. a new feature or enhancement) please first read our vision to make sure your proposal aligns with the goals of the Collector, then create an issue and describe your proposal. It is best to do this in advance so that maintainers can decide if the proposal is a good fit for this repository. This will help avoid situations when you spend significant time on something that maintainers may decide this repo is not the right place for.

Follow the instructions below to create your PR.

Fork

In the interest of keeping this repository clean and manageable, you should work from a fork. To create a fork, click the 'Fork' button at the top of the repository, then clone the fork locally using git clone [email protected]:USERNAME/opentelemetry-collector.git.

You should also add this repository as an "upstream" repo to your local copy, in order to keep it up to date. You can add this as a remote like so:

git remote add upstream https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector.git

Verify that the upstream exists:

git remote -v

To update your fork, fetch the upstream repo's branches and commits, then merge your main with upstream's main:

git fetch upstream
git checkout main
git merge upstream/main

Remember to always work in a branch of your local copy, as you might otherwise have to contend with conflicts in main.

Please also see GitHub workflow section of general project contributing guide.

Required Tools

Working with the project sources requires the following tools:

1. git
2. go (version 1.18 and up)
3. make
4. docker

Repository Setup

Fork the repo, checkout the upstream repo to your GOPATH by:

$ git clone [email protected]:open-telemetry/opentelemetry-collector.git

Add your fork as an origin:

$ cd opentelemetry-collector
$ git remote add fork [email protected]:YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME/opentelemetry-collector.git

Run tests, fmt and lint:

$ make

Creating a PR

Checkout a new branch, make modifications, build locally, and push the branch to your fork to open a new PR:

$ git checkout -b feature
# edit
$ make
$ make fmt
$ git commit
$ git push fork feature

Commit Messages

Use descriptive commit messages. Here are some recommendations on how to write good commit messages. When creating PRs GitHub will automatically copy commit messages into the PR description, so it is a useful habit to write good commit messages before the PR is created. Also, unless you actually want to tell a story with multiple commits make sure to squash into a single commit before creating the PR.

When maintainers merge PRs with multiple commits, they will be squashed and GitHub will concatenate all commit messages right before you hit the "Confirm squash and merge" button. Maintainers must make sure to edit this concatenated message to make it right before merging. In some cases, if the commit messages are lacking the easiest approach to have at least something useful is copy/pasting the PR description into the commit message box before merging (but see above paragraph about writing good commit messages in the first place).

General Notes

This project uses Go 1.18.* and Github Actions.

It is recommended to run make gofmt all before submitting your PR

The dependencies are managed with go mod if you work with the sources under your $GOPATH you need to set the environment variable GO111MODULE=on.

Coding Guidelines

Although OpenTelemetry project as a whole is still in Alpha stage we consider OpenTelemetry Collector to be close to production quality and the quality bar for contributions is set accordingly. Contributions must have readable code written with maintainability in mind (if in doubt check Effective Go for coding advice). The code must adhere to the following robustness principles that are important for software that runs autonomously and continuously without direct interaction with a human (such as this Collector).

Naming convention

To keep naming patterns consistent across the project, naming patterns are enforced to make intent clear by:

• Methods that return a variable that uses the zero value or values provided via the method MUST have the prefix New. For example:
  • func NewKinesisExporter(kpl aws.KinesisProducerLibrary) allocates a variable that uses the variables passed on creation.
  • func NewKeyValueBuilder() SHOULD allocate internal variables to a safe zero value.
• Methods that return a variable that uses non zero value(s) that impacts business logic MUST use the prefix NewDefault. For example:
  • func NewDefaultKinesisConfig() would return a configuration that is the suggested default and can be updated without concern of a race condition.
• Methods that act upon an input variable MUST have a signature that reflect concisely the logic being done. For example:
  • func FilterAttributes(attrs []Attribute, match func(attr Attribute) bool) []Attribute MUST only filter attributes out of the passed input slice and return a new slice with values that match returns true. It may not do more work than what the method name implies, ie, it must not key a global history of all the slices that have been filtered.
• Methods that get the value of a field i.e. a getterMethod MUST use uppercase first alphabet and NOT get prefix. For example:
  • func (p *Person) Name() string {return p.name} Name (with an uppercase N,exported) method is used here to get the value of the name field and not getName.The use of upper-case names for export provides the hook to discriminate the field from the method.
• Methods that set the value of a field i.e. a setterMethod MUST use a set prefix. For example:
  • func (p *Person) SetName(newName string) {p.name = newName} SetName method here sets the value of the name field.
• Variable assigned in a package's global scope that is preconfigured with a default set of values MUST use Default as the prefix. For example:
  • var DefaultMarshallers = map[string]pdata.Marshallers{...} is defined with an exporters package that allows for converting an encoding name, zipkin, and return the preconfigured marshaller to be used in the export process.
• Types that are specific to a signal MUST be worded with the signal used as an adjective, i.e. SignalType. For example:
  • type TracesSink interface {...}
• Types that deal with multiple signal types should use the relationship between the signals to describe the type, e.g. SignalToSignalType or SignalAndSignalType. For example:
  • type TracesToTracesFunc func(...) ...
• Functions dealing with specific signals or signal-specific types MUST be worded with the signal or type as a direct object, i.e. VerbSignal, or VerbType where Type is the full name of the type including the signal name. For example:
  • func ConsumeTraces(...) {...}
  • func CreateTracesExport(...) {...}
  • func CreateTracesToTracesFunc(...) {...}

Recommended Libraries / Defaults

In order to simplify developing within the project, library recommendations have been set and should be followed.

Scenario	Recommended	Rationale
Hashing	"hashing/fnv"	The project adopted this as the default hashing method due to the efficiency and is reasonable for non cryptographic use
Testing	Use t.Parallel() where possible	Enabling more test to be run in parallel will speed up the feedback process when working on the project.

Within the project, there are some packages that are yet to follow the recommendations and are being address, however, any new code should adhere to the recommendations.

Startup Error Handling

Verify configuration during startup and fail fast if the configuration is invalid. This will bring the attention of a human to the problem as it is more typical for humans to notice problems when the process is starting as opposed to problems that may arise sometime (potentially long time) after process startup. Monitoring systems are likely to automatically flag processes that exit with failure during startup, making it easier to notice the problem. The Collector should print a reasonable log message to explain the problem and exit with a non-zero code. It is acceptable to crash the process during startup if there is no good way to exit cleanly but do your best to log and exit cleanly with a process exit code.

Propagate Errors to the Caller

Do not crash or exit outside the main() function, e.g. via log.Fatal or os.Exit, even during startup. Instead, return detailed errors to be handled appropriately by the caller. The code in packages other than main may be imported and used by third-party applications, and they should have full control over error handling and process termination.

Do not Crash after Startup

Do not crash or exit the Collector process after the startup sequence is finished. A running Collector typically contains data that is received but not yet exported further (e.g. is stored in the queues and other processors). Crashing or exiting the Collector process will result in losing this data since typically the receiver has already acknowledged the receipt for this data and the senders of the data will not send that data again.

Bad Input Handling

Do not crash on bad input in receivers or elsewhere in the pipeline. Crash-only software is valid in certain cases; however, this is not a correct approach for Collector (except during startup, see above). The reason is that many senders from which Collector receives data have built-in automatic retries of the same data if no acknowledgment is received from the Collector. If you crash on bad input chances are high that after the Collector is restarted it will see the same data in the input and will crash again. This will likely result in infinite crashing loop if you have automatic retries in place.

Typically bad input when detected in a receiver should be reported back to the sender. If it is elsewhere in the pipeline it may be too late to send a response to the sender (particularly in processors which are not synchronously processing data). In either case it is recommended to keep a metric that counts bad input data.

Error Handling and Retries

Be rigorous in error handling. Don't ignore errors. Think carefully about each error and decide if it is a fatal problem or a transient problem that may go away when retried. Fatal errors should be logged or recorded in an internal metric to provide visibility to users of the Collector. For transient errors come up with a retrying strategy and implement it. Typically you will want to implement retries with some sort of exponential back-off strategy. For connection or sending retries use jitter for back-off intervals to avoid overwhelming your destination when network is restored or the destination is recovered. Exponential Backoff is a good library that provides all this functionality.

Logging

Log your component startup and shutdown, including successful outcomes (but don't overdo it, keep the number of success message to a minimum). This can help to understand the context of failures if they occur elsewhere after your code is successfully executed.

Use logging carefully for events that can happen frequently to avoid flooding the logs. Avoid outputting logs per a received or processed data item since this can amount to very large number of log entries (Collector is designed to process many thousands of spans and metrics per second). For such high-frequency events instead of logging consider adding an internal metric and increment it when the event happens.

Make log message human readable and also include data that is needed for easier understanding of what happened and in what context.

Executing External Processes

The components should avoid executing arbitrary external processes with arbitrary command line arguments based on user input, including input received from the network or input read from the configuration file. Failure to follow this rule can result in arbitrary remote code execution, compelled by malicious actors that can craft the input.

The following limitations are recommended:

• If an external process needs to be executed limit and hard-code the location where the executable file may be located, instead of allowing the input to dictate the full path to the executable.
• If possible limit the name of the executable file to be one from a hard-coded list defined at compile time.
• If command line arguments need to be passed to the process do not take the arguments from the user input directly. Instead, compose the command line arguments indirectly, if necessary, deriving the value from the user input. Limit as much as possible the possible space of values for command line arguments.

Observability

Out of the box, your users should be able to observe the state of your component. The collector exposes an OpenMetrics endpoint at http://localhost:8888/metrics where your data will land.

When using the regular helpers, you should have some metrics added around key events automatically. For instance, exporters should have otelcol_exporter_sent_spans tracked without your exporter doing anything.

Resource Usage

Limit usage of CPU, RAM or other resources that the code can use. Do not write code that consumes resources in an uncontrolled manner. For example if you have a queue that can contain unprocessed messages always limit the size of the queue unless you have other ways to guarantee that the queue will be consumed faster than items are added to it.

Performance test the code for both normal use-cases under acceptable load and also for abnormal use-cases when the load exceeds acceptable many times. Ensure that your code performs predictably under abnormal use. For example if the code needs to process received data and cannot keep up with the receiving rate it is not acceptable to keep allocating more memory for received data until the Collector runs out of memory. Instead have protections for these situations, e.g. when hitting resource limits drop the data and record the fact that it was dropped in a metric that is exposed to users.

Graceful Shutdown

Collector does not yet support graceful shutdown but we plan to add it. All components must be ready to shutdown gracefully via Shutdown() function that all component interfaces require. If components contain any temporary data they need to process and export it out of the Collector before shutdown is completed. The shutdown process will have a maximum allowed duration so put a limit on how long your shutdown operation can take.

Unit Tests

Cover important functionality with unit tests. We require that contributions do not decrease overall code coverage of the codebase - this is aligned with our goal to increase coverage over time. Keep track of execution time for your unit tests and try to keep them as short as possible.

Testing Library Recommendations

To keep testing practices consistent across the project, it is advised to use these libraries under these circumstances:

• For assertions to validate expectations, use "github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
• For assertions that are required to continue the test, use "github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
• For mocking external resources, use "github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
• For validating HTTP traffic interactions, "net/http/httptest"

Integration Testing

Integration testing is encouraged throughout the project, container images can be used in order to facilitate a local version. In their absence, it is strongly advised to mock the integration.

Using CGO

Using CGO is prohibited due to the lack of portability and complexity that comes with managing external libaries with different operating systems and configurations. However, if the package MUST use CGO, this should be explicitly called out within the readme with clear instructions on how to install the required libraries. Furthermore, if your package requires CGO, it MUST be able to compile and operate in a no op mode or report a warning back to the collector with a clear error saying CGO is required to work.

Breaking changes

Whenever possible, we adhere to semver as our minimum standards. Even before v1, we strive to not break compatibility without a good reason. Hence, when a change is known to cause a breaking change, it MUST be clearly marked in the changelog, and SHOULD include a line instructing users how to move forward.

We also strive to perform breaking changes in two stages, deprecating it first (vM.N) and breaking it in a subsequent version (vM.N+1).

• when we need to remove something, we MUST mark a feature as deprecated in one version, and MAY remove it in a subsequent one
• when renaming or refactoring types, functions, or attributes, we MUST create the new name and MUST deprecate the old one in one version (step 1), and MAY remove it in a subsequent version (step 2). For simple renames, the old name SHALL call the new one.
• when a feature is being replaced in favor of an existing one, we MUST mark a feature as deprecated in one version, and MAY remove it in a subsequent one.

Deprecation notice SHOULD contain a version starting from which the deprecation takes effect for tracking purposes. For example, if GetFoo function is going to be deprecated in v0.45.0 version, it gets the following godoc line:

package test

// Deprecated: [v0.45.0] Use MustDoFoo instead.
func DoFoo() {}

End-user impacting changes

When deprecating a feature affecting end-users, consider first deprecating the feature in one version, then hiding it behind a feature gate in a subsequent version, and eventually removing it after yet another version. This is how it would look like, considering that each of the following steps is done in a separate version:

1. Mark the feature as deprecated, add a short lived feature gate with the feature enabled by default
2. Change the feature gate to disable the feature by default, deprecating the gate at the same time
3. Remove the feature and the gate

Example #1 - Renaming a function

1. Current version v0.N has func GetFoo() Bar
2. We now decided that GetBar is a better name. As such, on v0.N+1 we add a new func GetBar() Bar function, changing the existing func GetFoo() Bar to be an alias of the new function. Additionally, a log entry with a warning is added to the old function, along with an entry to the changelog.
3. On v0.N+2, we MAY remove func GetFoo() Bar.

Example #2 - Changing the return values of a function

1. Current version v0.N has func GetFoo() Foo
2. We now need to also return an error. We do it by creating a new function that will be equivalent to the existing one, so that current users can easily migrate to that: func MustGetFoo() Foo, which panics on errors. We release this in v0.N+1, deprecating the existing func GetFoo() Foo with it, adding an entry to the changelog and perhaps a log entry with a warning.
3. On v0.N+2, we change func GetFoo() Foo to func GetFoo() (Foo, error).

Example #3 - Changing the arguments of a function

1. Current version v0.N has func GetFoo() Foo
2. We now decided to do something that might be blocking as part of func GetFoo() Foo, so, we start accepting a context: func GetFooWithContext(context.Context) Foo. We release this in v0.N+1, deprecating the existing func GetFoo() Foo with it, adding an entry to the changelog and perhaps a log entry with a warning. The existing func GetFoo() Foo is changed to call func GetFooWithContext(context.Background()) Foo.
3. On v0.N+2, we change func GetFoo() Foo to func GetFoo(context.Context) Foo if desired or remove it entirely if needed.

Configuration changes

Alpha components

Configuration for alpha components can be changed with minimal notice. Documenting them as part of the changelog is sufficient. We still recommend giving users one or two minor version's notice before breaking the configuration, such as when removing or renaming a configuration option. Providing a migration path in the component's repository is NOT required for alpha components, although still recommended.

• when adding a new configuration option, components MAY mark the new option as required and are not required to provide a reasonable default.
• when renaming a configuration option, components MAY treat the old name as an alias to the new one and log a WARN level message in case the old option is being used.
• when removing a configuration option, components MAY keep the old option for a few minor releases and log a WARN level message instructing users to remove the option.

Beta components

One of the requirements for a component to be marked as beta is to have its configuration options stabilized. Therefore, backward incompatible changes should be rare events for beta components. Users of those components are not expecting to have their Collector instances failing at startup because of a configuration change. When doing backward incompatible changes, component owners should add the migration path to a place within the component's repository, linked from the component's main README. This is to ensure that people using older instructions can understand how to migrate to the latest version of the component.

When adding a new required option:

• the option MUST come with a sensible default value

When renaming or removing a configuration option:

• the option MUST be deprecated in one version
• a WARN level message should be logged, with a link to a place within the component's repository where the change is documented and a migration path is provided
• the option MUST be kept for at least N+1 version, and MAY be hidden behind a feature gate in N+2
• the option and the WARN level message MAY be removed after N+2 or 6 months, whichever comes later

Additionally, when removing an option:

• the option MAY be made non operational already by the same version where it is deprecated

Stable components

Stable component MUST be compatible between minor versions, unless critical security issues are found. In that case, the component owner MUST provide a migration path and a reasonable time frame for users to upgrade. The same rules from beta components apply to stable when it comes to configuration changes.

Specification Tracking

The OpenTelemetry Specification can be a rapidly moving target at times. While it may seem efficient to get an early start on implementing new features or functionality under development in the specification, this can also lead to significant churn and a risk that changes in the specification can result in breaking changes to the implementation. For this reason it is the policy of the Collector SIG to not implement, or accept implementations of, new or changed specification language prior to inclusion in a stable release of the specification.

Changelog

Overview

There are two Changelogs for this repository:

• CHANGELOG.md is intended for users of the collector and lists changes that affect the behavior of the collector.
• CHANGELOG-API.md is intended for developers who are importing packages from the collector codebase.

When to add a Changelog Entry

An entry into the changelog is required for the following reasons:

• Changes made to the behaviour of the component
• Changes to the configuration
• Changes to default settings
• New components being added
• Changes to exported elements of a package

It is reasonable to omit an entry to the changelog under these circuimstances:

• Updating test to remove flakiness or improve coverage
• Updates to the CI/CD process
• Updates to internal packages

If there is some uncertainty with regards to if a changelog entry is needed, the recomendation is to create an entry to in the event that the change is important to the project consumers.

Adding a Changelog Entry

The CHANGELOG.md and CHANGELOG-API.md files in this repo is autogenerated from .yaml files in the ./.chloggen directory.

Your pull-request should add a new .yaml file to this directory. The name of your file must be unique since the last release.

During the collector release process, all ./chloggen/*.yaml files are transcribed into CHANGELOG.md and CHANGELOG-API.md and then deleted.

Recommended Steps

1. Create an entry file using make chlog-new. This generates a file based on your current branch (e.g. ./.chloggen/my-branch.yaml)
2. Fill in all fields in the new file
3. Run make chlog-validate to ensure the new file is valid
4. Commit and push the file

Alternately, copy ./.chloggen/TEMPLATE.yaml, or just create your file from scratch.

Release

See release for details.

Contributing Images

If you are adding any new images, please use Excalidraw. It's a free and open source web application and doesn't require any account to get started. Once you've created the design, while exporting the image, make sure to tick "Embed scene into exported file" option. This allows the image to be imported in an editable format for other contributors later.

Common Issues

Build fails due to dependency issues, e.g.

go: github.com/golangci/[email protected] requires
	github.com/tommy-muehle/[email protected]: invalid pseudo-version: git fetch --unshallow -f origin in /root/go/pkg/mod/cache/vcs/053b1e985f53e43f78db2b3feaeb7e40a2ae482c92734ba3982ca463d5bf19ce: exit status 128:
	fatal: git fetch-pack: expected shallow list

go env GOPROXY should return https://proxy.golang.org,direct. If it does not, set it as an environment variable:

export GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org,direct

Makefile Guidelines

When adding or modifying the Makefile's in this repository, consider the following design guidelines.

Make targets are organized according to whether they apply to the entire repository, or only to an individual module. The Makefile SHOULD contain "repo-level" targets. (i.e. targets that apply to the entire repo.) Likewise, Makefile.Common SHOULD contain "module-level" targets. (i.e. targets that apply to one module at a time.) Each module should have a Makefile at its root that includes Makefile.Common.

Module-level targets

Module-level targets SHOULD NOT act on nested modules. For example, running make lint at the root of the repo will only evaluate code that is part of the go.opentelemetry.io/collector module. This excludes nested modules such as go.opentelemetry.io/collector/component.

Each module-level target SHOULD have a corresponding repo-level target. For example, make golint will run make lint in each module. In this way, the entire repository is covered. The root Makefile contains some "for each module" targets that can wrap a module-level target into a repo-level target.

Repo-level targets

Whenever reasonable, targets SHOULD be implemented as module-level targets (and wrapped with a repo-level target). However, there are many valid justifications for implementing a standalone repo-level target.

1. The target naturally applies to the repo as a whole. (e.g. Building the collector.)
2. Interaction between modules would be problematic.
3. A necessary tool does not provide a mechanism for scoping its application. (e.g. porto cannot be limited to a specific module.)
4. The "for each module" pattern would result in incomplete coverage of the codebase. (e.g. A target that scans all file, not just .go files.)

Default targets

The default module-level target (i.e. running make in the context of an individual module), should run a substantial set of module-level targets for an individual module. Ideally, this would include all module-level targets, but exceptions should be made if a particular target would result in unacceptable latency in the local development loop.

The default repo-level target (i.e. running make at the root of the repo) should meaningfully validate the entire repo. This should include running the default common target for each module as well as additional repo-level targets.

Exceptions

While the rules in this and other documents in this repository is what we strive to follow, we acknowledge that rules may be unfeasible to be applied in some situations. Exceptions to the rules on this and other documents are acceptable if consensus can be obtained from approvers in the pull request they are proposed. A reason for requesting the exception MUST be given in the pull request. Until unanimity is obtained, approvers and maintainers are encouraged to discuss the issue at hand. If a consensus (unanimity) cannot be obtained, the maintainers are then tasked in getting a decision using its regular means (voting, TC help, ...).