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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="author" content="Brian Eaton, Jonathan Gregory, Bob Drach, Karl Taylor, Steve Hankin, Jon Blower, John Caron, Rich Signell, Phil Bentley, Greg Rappa, Heinke Höck, Alison Pamment, Martin Juckes, Martin Raspaud, Randy Horne, Timothy Whiteaker, David Blodgett, Charlie Zender, Daniel Lee, David Hassell, Alan D. Snow, Tobias Kölling, Dave Allured, Aleksandar Jelenak, Anders Meier Soerensen, Lucile Gaultier, Sylvain Herlédan, Fernando Manzano, Lars Bärring, Christopher Barker, Sadie Bartholomew">
<title>NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions</title>
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<div id="header">
<h1>NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata Conventions</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">Brian Eaton</span><br>
<span id="author2" class="author">Jonathan Gregory</span><br>
<span id="author3" class="author">Bob Drach</span><br>
<span id="author4" class="author">Karl Taylor</span><br>
<span id="author5" class="author">Steve Hankin</span><br>
<span id="author6" class="author">Jon Blower</span><br>
<span id="author7" class="author">John Caron</span><br>
<span id="author8" class="author">Rich Signell</span><br>
<span id="author9" class="author">Phil Bentley</span><br>
<span id="author10" class="author">Greg Rappa</span><br>
<span id="author11" class="author">Heinke Höck</span><br>
<span id="author12" class="author">Alison Pamment</span><br>
<span id="author13" class="author">Martin Juckes</span><br>
<span id="author14" class="author">Martin Raspaud</span><br>
<span id="author15" class="author">Randy Horne</span><br>
<span id="author16" class="author">Timothy Whiteaker</span><br>
<span id="author17" class="author">David Blodgett</span><br>
<span id="author18" class="author">Charlie Zender</span><br>
<span id="author19" class="author">Daniel Lee</span><br>
<span id="author20" class="author">David Hassell</span><br>
<span id="author21" class="author">Alan D. Snow</span><br>
<span id="author22" class="author">Tobias Kölling</span><br>
<span id="author23" class="author">Dave Allured</span><br>
<span id="author24" class="author">Aleksandar Jelenak</span><br>
<span id="author25" class="author">Anders Meier Soerensen</span><br>
<span id="author26" class="author">Lucile Gaultier</span><br>
<span id="author27" class="author">Sylvain Herlédan</span><br>
<span id="author28" class="author">Fernando Manzano</span><br>
<span id="author29" class="author">Lars Bärring</span><br>
<span id="author30" class="author">Christopher Barker</span><br>
<span id="author31" class="author">Sadie Bartholomew</span><br>
<span id="revnumber">version  1.11,</span>
<span id="revdate">  05 December, 2023</span>
<br><span id="revremark">See <a href="https://cfconventions.org" target="_blank">https://cfconventions.org</a> for further information.</span>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle" class="title">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_about_the_authors">About the authors</a></li>
<li><a href="#_abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#_introduction">1. Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_goals">1.1. Goals</a></li>
<li><a href="#design">1.2. Principles for design</a></li>
<li><a href="#terminology">1.3. Terminology</a></li>
<li><a href="#_overview">1.4. Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#coards-relationship">1.5. Relationship to the COARDS Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#ugrid-conventions">1.6. UGRID Conventions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_netcdf_files_and_components">2. NetCDF Files and Components</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_filename">2.1. Filename</a></li>
<li><a href="#_data_types">2.2. Data Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#_naming_conventions">2.3. Naming Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#dimensions">2.4. Dimensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#variables">2.5. Variables</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#missing-data">2.5.1. Missing data, valid and actual range of data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_attributes">2.6. Attributes</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#identification-of-conventions">2.6.1. Identification of Conventions</a></li>
<li><a href="#description-of-file-contents">2.6.2. Description of file contents</a></li>
<li><a href="#external-variables">2.6.3. External Variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#groups">2.7. Groups</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_scope">2.7.1. Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#_application_of_attributes">2.7.2. Application of attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_description_of_the_data">3. Description of the Data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#units">3.1. Units</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#dimensionless-units">3.1.1. Dimensionless units</a></li>
<li><a href="#temperature-units">3.1.2. Temperature units</a></li>
<li><a href="#units-multiples">3.1.3. Scale factors and offsets</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#long-name">3.2. Long Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#standard-name">3.3. Standard Name</a></li>
<li><a href="#ancillary-data">3.4. Ancillary Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#flags">3.5. Flags</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#coordinate-types">4. Coordinate Types</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#latitude-coordinate">4.1. Latitude Coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#longitude-coordinate">4.2. Longitude Coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#vertical-coordinate">4.3. Vertical (Height or Depth) Coordinate</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_dimensional_vertical_coordinate">4.3.1. Dimensional Vertical Coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#dimensionless-vertical-coordinate">4.3.2. Dimensionless Vertical Coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#parametric-vertical-coordinate">4.3.3. Parametric Vertical Coordinate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#time-coordinate">4.4. Time Coordinate</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#calendar">4.4.1. Calendar</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#discrete-axis">4.5. Discrete Axis</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#coordinate-system">5. Coordinate Systems and Domain</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_independent_latitude_longitude_vertical_and_time_axes">5.1. Independent Latitude, Longitude, Vertical, and Time Axes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_two_dimensional_latitude_longitude_coordinate_variables">5.2. Two-Dimensional Latitude, Longitude, Coordinate Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#reduced-horizontal-grid">5.3. Reduced Horizontal Grid</a></li>
<li><a href="#_timeseries_of_station_data">5.4. Timeseries of Station Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#_trajectories">5.5. Trajectories</a></li>
<li><a href="#grid-mappings-and-projections">5.6. Horizontal Coordinate Reference Systems, Grid Mappings, and Projections</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#use-of-the-crs-well-known-text-format">5.6.1. Use of the CRS Well-known Text Format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#scalar-coordinate-variables">5.7. Scalar Coordinate Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#domain-variables">5.8. Domain Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#mesh-topology-variables">5.9. Mesh Topology Variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_labels_and_alternative_coordinates">6. Labels and Alternative Coordinates</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#labels">6.1. Labels</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#geographic-regions">6.1.1. Geographic Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="#taxon-names-and-identifiers">6.1.2. Taxon Names and Identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#alternative-coordinates">6.2. Alternative Coordinates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_representative_of_cells">7. Data Representative of Cells</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#cell-boundaries">7.1. Cell Boundaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#cell-measures">7.2. Cell Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="#cell-methods">7.3. Cell Methods</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#statistics-more-than-one-axis">7.3.1. Statistics for more than one axis</a></li>
<li><a href="#recording-spacing-original-data">7.3.2. Recording the spacing of the original data and other information</a></li>
<li><a href="#statistics-applying-portions">7.3.3. Statistics applying to portions of cells</a></li>
<li><a href="#cell-methods-no-coordinates">7.3.4. Cell methods when there are no coordinates</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#climatological-statistics">7.4. Climatological Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="#geometries">7.5. Geometries</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_reduction_of_dataset_size">8. Reduction of Dataset Size</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#packed-data">8.1. Packed Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-gathering">8.2. Lossless Compression by Gathering</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling">8.3. Lossy Compression by Coordinate Subsampling</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-tie-points-and-interpolation-subareas">8.3.1. Tie Points and Interpolation Subareas</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-coordinate-interpolation-attribute">8.3.2. Coordinate Interpolation Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-interpolation-variable">8.3.3. Interpolation Variable</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-dimensions">8.3.4. Subsampled, Interpolated and Non-Interpolated Dimensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-tie-point-mapping-attribute">8.3.5. Tie Point Mapping Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-tie-point-dimension-mapping">8.3.6. Tie Point Dimension Mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-tie-point-index-mapping">8.3.7. Tie Point Index Mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-interpolation-parameters">8.3.8. Interpolation Parameters</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-interpolation-of-cell-boundaries">8.3.9. Interpolation of Cell Boundaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#compression-by-coordinate-subsampling-interpolation-method-implementation">8.3.10. Interpolation Method Implementation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#discrete-sampling-geometries">9. Discrete Sampling Geometries</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_features_and_feature_types">9.1. Features and feature types</a></li>
<li><a href="#collections-instances-elements">9.2. Collections, instances and elements</a></li>
<li><a href="#representations-features">9.3. Representations of collections of features in data variables</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_orthogonal_multidimensional_array_representation">9.3.1. Orthogonal multidimensional array representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_incomplete_multidimensional_array_representation">9.3.2. Incomplete multidimensional array representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_contiguous_ragged_array_representation">9.3.3. Contiguous ragged array representation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_indexed_ragged_array_representation">9.3.4. Indexed ragged array representation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#featureType">9.4. The featureType attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#coordinates-metadata">9.5. Coordinates and metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="#ch9-missing-data">9.6. Missing Data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#attribute-appendix">Appendix A: Attributes</a></li>
<li><a href="#standard-name-table-format">Appendix B: Standard Name Table Format</a></li>
<li><a href="#standard-name-modifiers">Appendix C: Standard Name Modifiers</a></li>
<li><a href="#parametric-v-coord">Appendix D: Parametric Vertical Coordinates</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#atmosphere-natural-log-pressure-coordinate">Atmosphere natural log pressure coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_atmosphere_sigma_coordinate">Atmosphere sigma coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_atmosphere_hybrid_sigma_pressure_coordinate">Atmosphere hybrid sigma pressure coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#atmosphere-hybrid-height-coordinate">Atmosphere hybrid height coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_atmosphere_smooth_level_vertical_sleve_coordinate">Atmosphere smooth level vertical (SLEVE) coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ocean_sigma_coordinate">Ocean sigma coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ocean_s_coordinate">Ocean s-coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ocean_s_coordinate_generic_form_1">Ocean s-coordinate, generic form 1</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ocean_s_coordinate_generic_form_2">Ocean s-coordinate, generic form 2</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ocean_sigma_over_z_coordinate">Ocean sigma over z coordinate</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ocean_double_sigma_coordinate">Ocean double sigma coordinate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix-cell-methods">Appendix E: Cell Methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-grid-mappings">Appendix F: Grid Mappings</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_albers_equal_area">Albers Equal Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#azimuthal-equidistant">Azimuthal equidistant</a></li>
<li><a href="#_geostationary_projection">Geostationary projection</a></li>
<li><a href="#lambert-azimuthal-equal-area">Lambert azimuthal equal area</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lambert_conformal">Lambert conformal</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lambert_cylindrical_equal_area">Lambert Cylindrical Equal Area</a></li>
<li><a href="#_latitude_longitude">Latitude-Longitude</a></li>
<li><a href="#_mercator">Mercator</a></li>
<li><a href="#_oblique_mercator">Oblique Mercator</a></li>
<li><a href="#_orthographic">Orthographic</a></li>
<li><a href="#polar-stereographic">Polar stereographic</a></li>
<li><a href="#_rotated_pole">Rotated pole</a></li>
<li><a href="#_sinusoidal">Sinusoidal</a></li>
<li><a href="#_stereographic">Stereographic</a></li>
<li><a href="#_transverse_mercator">Transverse Mercator</a></li>
<li><a href="#vertical-perspective">Vertical perspective</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_revision_history">Appendix G: Revision History</a></li>
<li><a href="#appendix-examples-discrete-geometries">Appendix H: Annotated Examples of Discrete Geometries</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#point-data">H.1. Point Data</a></li>
<li><a href="#time-series-data">H.2. Time Series Data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_orthogonal_multidimensional_array_representation_of_time_series">H.2.1. Orthogonal multidimensional array representation of time series</a></li>
<li><a href="#_incomplete_multidimensional_array_representation_of_time_series">H.2.2. Incomplete multidimensional array representation of time series</a></li>
<li><a href="#_single_time_series_including_deviations_from_a_nominal_fixed_spatial_location">H.2.3. Single time series, including deviations from a nominal fixed spatial location</a></li>
<li><a href="#_contiguous_ragged_array_representation_of_time_series">H.2.4. Contiguous ragged array representation of time series</a></li>
<li><a href="#_indexed_ragged_array_representation_of_time_series">H.2.5. Indexed ragged array representation of time series</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#profile-data">H.3. Profile Data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_orthogonal_multidimensional_array_representation_of_profiles">H.3.1. Orthogonal multidimensional array representation of profiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#_incomplete_multidimensional_array_representation_of_profiles">H.3.2. Incomplete multidimensional array representation of profiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#_single_profile">H.3.3. Single profile</a></li>
<li><a href="#_contiguous_ragged_array_representation_of_profiles">H.3.4. Contiguous ragged array representation of profiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#_indexed_ragged_array_representation_of_profiles">H.3.5. Indexed ragged array representation of profiles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#trajectory-data">H.4. Trajectory Data</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_multidimensional_array_representation_of_trajectories">H.4.1. Multidimensional array representation of trajectories</a></li>
<li><a href="#_single_trajectory">H.4.2. Single trajectory</a></li>
<li><a href="#_contiguous_ragged_array_representation_of_trajectories">H.4.3. Contiguous ragged array representation of trajectories</a></li>
<li><a href="#_indexed_ragged_array_representation_of_trajectories">H.4.4. Indexed ragged array representation of trajectories</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#time-series-profiles">H.5. Time Series of Profiles</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_multidimensional_array_representations_of_time_series_profiles">H.5.1. Multidimensional array representations of time series profiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#_time_series_of_profiles_at_a_single_station">H.5.2. Time series of profiles at a single station</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ragged_array_representation_of_time_series_profiles">H.5.3. Ragged array representation of time series profiles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#trajectory-profiles">H.6. Trajectory of Profiles</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_multidimensional_array_representation_of_trajectory_profiles">H.6.1. Multidimensional array representation of trajectory profiles</a></li>
<li><a href="#_profiles_along_a_single_trajectory">H.6.2. Profiles along a single trajectory</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ragged_array_representation_of_trajectory_profiles">H.6.3. Ragged array representation of trajectory profiles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix-CF-data-model">Appendix I: The CF data model</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#data-model-introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-design-criteria">Design criteria of the CF data model</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-elements-of-cf-netcdf">Elements of CF-netCDF</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-the-cf-data-model">The CF data model</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#data-model-field-construct">Field construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-domain-construct">Domain construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-domain-axis-construct-and-the-data-array">Domain axis construct and the data array</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-coordinates">Coordinates: dimension coordinate and auxiliary constructs</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-coordinate-reference">Coordinate reference construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-domain-ancillary">Domain ancillary construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-cell-measure">Cell measure construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-domain-topology">Domain topology construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-cell-connectivity">Cell connectivity construct</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-field-ancillary">Field ancillary constructs</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-model-cell-method">Cell method construct</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix-coordinate-subsampling">Appendix J: Coordinate Interpolation Methods</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#common-definitions-and-notation">Common Definitions and Notation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#common-conversions-and-formulas">Common Conversions and Formulas</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#interpolation-methods">Interpolation Methods</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_linear_interpolation">Linear Interpolation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_bilinear_interpolation">Bilinear Interpolation</a></li>
<li><a href="#quadratic">Quadratic Interpolation</a></li>
<li><a href="#quadratic_geo">Quadratic Interpolation of Geographic Coordinates Latitude and Longitude</a></li>
<li><a href="#bi_quadratic_geo">Biquadratic Interpolation of Geographic Coordinates Latitude and Longitude</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#coordinate-compression-steps">Coordinate Compression Steps</a></li>
<li><a href="#coordinate-uncompression-steps">Coordinate Uncompression Steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#appendix-mesh-topology-attributes">Appendix K: Mesh Topologies</a></li>
<li><a href="#revhistory">Revision History</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_version_1_11_05_december_2023">Version 1.11 (05 December 2023)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_10_31_august_2022">Version 1.10 (31 August 2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_9_10_september_2021">Version 1.9 (10 September 2021)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_8_11_february_2020">Version 1.8 (11 February 2020)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_7_7_august_2017">Version 1.7 (7 August 2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_6_5_december_2011">Version 1.6 (5 December 2011)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_5_25_october_2010">Version 1.5 (25 October 2010)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_4_27_february_2009">Version 1.4 (27 February 2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_3_4_may_2008">Version 1.3 (4 May 2008)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_2_4_may_2008">Version 1.2 (4 May 2008)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_1_17_january_2008">Version 1.1 (17 January 2008)</a></li>
<li><a href="#_version_1_0_28_october_2003">Version 1.0 (28 October 2003)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_bibliography">Bibliography</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>List of Tables</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>3.1. <a href="#table-supported-units">Prefixes for decimal multiples and submultiples of units</a><br>
3.2. <a href="#table-flag-variable-bits">Flag Variable Bits (from Example)</a><br>
3.3. <a href="#table-flag-variable-bit-2-and-3">Flag Variable Bit 2 and Bit 3 (from Example)</a><br>
A.1. <a href="#table-attributes">Attributes</a><br>
C.1. <a href="#table-standard-name-modifiers">Standard Name Modifiers</a><br>
D.1. <a href="#table-computed-standard-names">Consistent sets of values for the standard_names of formula terms and the computed_standard_name needed in defining the ocean sigma coordinate, the ocean s-coordinate, the ocean_sigma over z coordinate, and the ocean double sigma coordinate.</a><br>
E.1. <a href="#table-cell-methods">Cell Methods</a><br>
F.1. <a href="#table-grid-mapping-attributes">Grid Mapping Attributes</a><br>
I.1. <a href="#table-cf-concepts">The elements of the CF-netCDF conventions. The relationships to netCDF elements are shown in [figure-cf-concepts].</a><br>
I.2. <a href="#table-cf-constructs">The constructs of the CF data model. The relationships between the constructs and CF-netCDF elements are shown in in [figure-field], [figure-dim-aux] and [figure-coordinate-reference].</a><br>
K.2. <a href="#table-mesh-topology-attributes">Mesh topology attributes</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>List of Figures</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>7.1. <a href="#img-bnd_1d_coords">figure 1</a><br>
7.2. <a href="#img-bnd_2d_coords">figure 2</a><br>
8.1. <a href="#interpolation_subarea_generation">Figure 8.1</a><br>
8.2. <a href="#ci_dimensions_overview">Figure 8.2</a><br>
8.3. <a href="#ci_interpolation_parameters">Figure 8.3</a><br>
8.4. <a href="#figure_interpolation_of_cell_boundaries">Figure 8.4</a><br>
I.1. <a href="#figure-cf-concepts">Figure I.1</a><br>
I.2. <a href="#figure-field">Figure I.2</a><br>
I.3. <a href="#figure-dim-aux">Figure I.3</a><br>
I.4. <a href="#figure-coordinate-reference">Figure I.4</a><br>
I.5. <a href="#figure-mesh-example">Figure I.5</a><br>
J.1. <a href="#interpolation_subareas_1d">Figure J.1</a><br>
J.2. <a href="#interpolation_subarea_2d">Figure J.2</a><br>
J.3. <a href="#quadratic1">Figure J.3</a><br>
J.4. <a href="#quadratic2">Figure J.4</a><br>
J.5. <a href="#quadratic3">Figure J.5</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>List of Examples</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>2.1. <a href="#char-and-string-variables-ex">String Variable Representations</a><br>
3.1. <a href="#use-of-units-metadata-ex">Use of <strong><code>units_metadata</code></strong> to distinguish temperature quantities</a><br>
3.2. <a href="#use-of-standard-name-ex">Use of <strong><code>standard_name</code></strong></a><br>
3.3. <a href="#instrument-data-ex">Ancillary instrument data</a><br>
3.4. <a href="#quality-flag-ex">Ancillary quality flag data</a><br>
3.5. <a href="#flag-variable-flag-values-ex">A flag variable, using <strong><code>flag_values</code></strong></a><br>
3.6. <a href="#flag-variable-flag-masks-ex">A flag variable, using <strong><code>flag_masks</code></strong></a><br>
3.7. <a href="#region-variable-flag-values-ex">A region variable, using <strong><code>flag_values</code></strong></a><br>
3.8. <a href="#flag-variable-flag-masks-flag-values-ex">A flag variable, using <strong><code>flag_masks</code></strong> and <strong><code>flag_values</code></strong></a><br>
4.1. <a href="#latitude-axis-ex">Latitude axis</a><br>
4.2. <a href="#longitude-axis-ex">Longitude axis</a><br>
4.3. <a href="#atm-sigma-coord-ex">Atmosphere sigma coordinate</a><br>
4.4. <a href="#time-axis-ex">Time axis</a><br>
4.5. <a href="#perpetual-time-axis-ex">Perpetual time axis</a><br>
4.6. <a href="#paleoclimate-time-axis-ex">Paleoclimate time axis</a><br>
5.1. <a href="#independent-coordinate-variables-ex">Independent coordinate variables</a><br>
5.2. <a href="#two-dimensional-coordinate-variables-ex">Two-dimensional coordinate variables</a><br>
5.3. <a href="#reduced-horizontal-grid-ex">Reduced horizontal grid</a><br>
5.6. <a href="#rotated-pole-grid-ex">Rotated pole grid</a><br>
5.7. <a href="#lambert-conformal-projection">"Lambert conformal projection"</a><br>
5.8. <a href="#latitude-and-longitude-on-a-spherical-earth">Latitude and longitude on a spherical Earth</a><br>
5.9. <a href="#latitude-and-longitude-on-the-wgs-1984-datum">Latitude and longitude on the WGS 1984 datum</a><br>
5.10. <a href="#british-national-grid">British National Grid</a><br>
5.11. <a href="#latitude-and-longitude-on-the-wgs-1984-datum-in-crs-wkt-format">Latitude and longitude on the WGS 1984 datum + CRS WKT</a><br>
5.12. <a href="#british-national-grid-newlyn-datum-in-crs-wkt-format">British National Grid + Newlyn Datum in CRS WKT format</a><br>
5.13. <a href="#british-national-grid-newlyn-datum-with-wgs84-in-crs-wkt-format">British National Grid + Newlyn Datum + referenced WGS84 Geodetic in CRS WKT format</a><br>
5.14. <a href="#multiple-forecasts-from-single-analysis">"Multiple forecasts from a single analysis"</a><br>
5.15. <a href="#a-domain-with-independent-coordinate-variables">A domain with independent coordinate variables.</a><br>
5.16. <a href="#a-domain-with-a-rotated-pole-grid-and-a-scalar-coordinate-variable">A domain with a rotated pole grid and a scalar coordinate variable.</a><br>
5.17. <a href="#a-domain-containing-cell-areas-for-a-spherical-geodesic-grid">A domain containing cell areas for a spherical geodesic grid.</a><br>
5.18. <a href="#a-domain-with-no-explicit-dimensions">A domain with no explicit dimensions.</a><br>
5.19. <a href="#a-domain-containing-a-timeseries-geometry">A domain containing a timeseries geometry.</a><br>
5.20. <a href="#a-domain-containing-a-timeseries-of-station-data-in-the-indexed-ragged-array-representation">A domain containing a timeseries of station data in the indexed ragged array representation.</a><br>
5.21. <a href="#example-mesh-topology-variable">A two-dimensional UGRID mesh topology variable</a><br>
6.1. <a href="#northward-heat-transport-in-atlantic-ocean-ex">Northward heat transport in Atlantic Ocean</a><br>
6.1.2. <a href="#taxa-ex">Taxon names and identifiers</a><br>
6.2. <a href="#model-level-numbers-ex">Model level numbers</a><br>
7.1. <a href="#specifying-formula_terms-ex">Specifying <strong><code>formula_terms</code></strong> when a parametric coordinate variable has bounds.</a><br>
7.2. <a href="#cells-on-a-latitude-axis-ex">Cells on a latitude axis</a><br>
7.3. <a href="#cells-in-a-non-rectangular-grid-ex">Cells in a non-rectangular grid</a><br>
7.4. <a href="#cell-areas-for-a-spherical-geodesic-grid">Cell areas for a spherical geodesic grid</a><br>
7.5. <a href="#methods-applied-to-a-timeseries-ex">Methods applied to a timeseries</a><br>
7.6. <a href="#surface-air-temperature-variance-ex">Surface air temperature variance</a><br>
7.7. <a href="#mean-surface-temperature-sensible-heat-flux">Mean surface temperature over land and sensible heat flux averaged separately over land and sea.</a><br>
7.8. <a href="#thickness-over-sea-area-ex">Thickness of sea-ice and snow on sea-ice averaged over sea area.</a><br>
7.9. <a href="#climatological-seasons-ex">Climatological seasons</a><br>
7.10. <a href="#decadal-averages-for-january-ex">Decadal averages for January</a><br>
7.11. <a href="#temperature-each-hour-of-average-day-ex">Temperature for each hour of the average day</a><br>
7.12. <a href="#extreme-statistics-and-spell-lengths-ex">Extreme statistics and spell-lengths</a><br>
7.13. <a href="#temperature-each-hour-of-climatological-day-ex">Temperature for each hour of the typical climatological day</a><br>
7.14. <a href="#monthly-max-daily-precip-totals-ex">Monthly-maximum daily precipitation totals</a><br>
7.15. <a href="#timeseries-with-geometry">Timeseries with geometry.</a><br>
7.16. <a href="#complete-multipolygon-example">Polygons with holes</a><br>
8.1. <a href="#horiz-compression-of-three-d-array-ex">Horizontal compression of a three-dimensional array</a><br>
8.2. <a href="#compression-of-three-d-field-ex">Compression of a three-dimensional field</a><br>
8.3. <a href="#example-Two-dimensional-tie-point-interpolation">Two-dimensional tie point interpolation</a><br>
8.4. <a href="#example-1d-interpolation-of-2d-domain">One-dimensional tie point interpolation of two-dimensional domain.</a><br>
8.5. <a href="#example-VIIRS">Multiple interpolation variables with interpolation parameter attributes.</a><br>
8.6. <a href="#example-grid-mapping-and-interpolation-with-time-not-interpolated">Combining a grid mapping and coordinate interpolation, with time as a non-interpolated dimension.</a><br>
8.7. <a href="#example-interpolation-of-cell-boundaries">Interpolation of 2D Cell Boundaries corresponding to [figure_interpolation_of_cell_boundaries]</a><br>
B.1. <a href="#name-table-three-entries-ex">A name table containing three entries</a><br>
H.1. <a href="#example-h.1">"Point data"</a><br>
H.2. <a href="#example-h.2">Timeseries with common element times in a time coordinate variable using the orthogonal multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.3. <a href="#example-h.3">Timeseries of station data in the incomplete multidimensional array representation. </a><br>
H.4. <a href="#example-h.4">A single timeseries.</a><br>
H.5. <a href="#example-h.5">A single timeseries with time-varying deviations from a nominal point spatial location</a><br>
H.6. <a href="#example-h.6">Timeseries of station data in the contiguous ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.7. <a href="#example-h.7">Timeseries of station data in the indexed ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.8. <a href="#example-h.8">"Atmospheric sounding profiles for a common set of vertical coordinates stored in the orthogonal multidimensional array representation."</a><br>
H.9. <a href="#example-h.9">Data from a single atmospheric sounding profile.</a><br>
H.10. <a href="#example-h.10">Atmospheric sounding profiles for a common set of vertical coordinates stored in the contiguous ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.11. <a href="#example-h.11">Atmospheric sounding profiles for a common set of vertical coordinates stored in the indexed ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.12. <a href="#example-h.12">Trajectories recording atmospheric composition in the incomplete multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.13. <a href="#example-h.13">A single trajectory recording atmospheric composition.</a><br>
H.14. <a href="#example-h.14">Trajectories recording atmospheric composition in the contiguous ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.15. <a href="#example-h.15">Trajectories recording atmospheric composition in the indexed ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.16. <a href="#example-h.16">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles from a set of locations stored in a multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.17. <a href="#example-h.17">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles from a set of locations stored in an orthogonal multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.18. <a href="#example-h.18">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles from a single location stored in a multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.19. <a href="#example-h.19">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles from a set of locations stored in a ragged array representation.</a><br>
H.20. <a href="#example-h.20">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles along a set of trajectories stored in a multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.21. <a href="#example-h.21">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles along a trajectory stored in a multidimensional array representation.</a><br>
H.22. <a href="#example-h.22">Time series of atmospheric sounding profiles along a set of trajectories stored in a ragged array representation.</a><br>
I.1. <a href="#cdl-domain-anc-coordinate">A single CF-netCDF variable corresponding to two data model constructs.</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_about_the_authors"><a class="anchor" href="#_about_the_authors"></a>About the authors</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">Original Authors</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Brian Eaton, NCAR</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Jonathan Gregory, University of Reading and UK Met Office Hadley Centre</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Bob Drach, PCMDI, LLNL</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Karl Taylor, PCMDI, LLNL</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Steve Hankin, PMEL, NOAA</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">Additional Authors</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Jon Blower, University of Reading</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>John Caron, UCAR</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Rich Signell, USGS</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Phil Bentley, UK Met Office Hadley Centre</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Greg Rappa, MIT</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Heinke Höck, DKRZ</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Alison Pamment, BADC</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Martin Juckes, BADC</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Martin Raspaud, SMHI</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Randy Horne, Excalibur Laboratories, Inc., Melbourne Beach Florida USA</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Timothy Whiteaker, University of Texas</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>David Blodgett, USGS</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Charlie Zender, University of California, Irvine</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Daniel Lee, EUMETSAT</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>David Hassell, NCAS and University of Reading</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Alan D. Snow, Corteva Agriscience</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tobias Kölling, MPIM</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Dave Allured, CIRES/University of Colorado/NOAA/PSL</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Aleksandar Jelenak, HDF Group</p>