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linux-shell-commands-categorized.html
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linux-shell-commands-categorized.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en">
<head>
<title>Linux shell commands (categorized) - kb.haeringer.org</title>
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<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span10">
<div id="content">
<div class="header">
<h1>Linux shell commands (categorized)</h1>
</br>
</div>
<p class="meta"><small><span><a href="/author/ben/">ben</a> - </span><span>Mi 09 September 2009</span> - <span class="tags"><a href="/tag/Command reference/">Command reference</a>, <a href="/tag/Shell/">Shell</a></span></small></p>
<div class="entry-content">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; width: 419pt;" width="558" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 101pt;" width="134">
</col>
<col style="width: 318pt;" width="424">
</col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt; width: 419pt;" colspan="2" width="558" height="15">
**Help**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
<span class="font52619">*command*</span><span
class="font02619">--help</span>
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show a brief help text
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
man <span class="font52619">*command*</span>
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show the man page of a command
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**Files and directories**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cat
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
display the contents of a file
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cd
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change to the home directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cd <span class="font52619">*directory*</span>
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change to this directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cd ..
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change one directory up
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cd /
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change to the main directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cd -
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change to the last directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cmp
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
compare two files
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
cp
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
copy file(s)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
file
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
determine file type
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
gzip / gunzip
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
compress or decompress file(s)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
tar xvf
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
extract \*.tar.gz file
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
tar xvjf
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
extract \*.tar.bz2 file
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ls
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show contents of directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ls -d \*/
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show only directories within a directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mv
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
move or rename files or directories
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mkdir
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create a directory (mkdir -p for a hierarchy)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
pwd
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
display the working directory (Print Working Directory)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
rcp
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
copy files between machines (scp for secure copy via ssh)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
rm
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
remove files
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
rm -r
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
remove directory + contents
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
less
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
display output and page through text one screenful at a time
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ln -s
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create a symbolic link to a file (ln -h for a hardlink)/directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
split
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
split a file, e.g. for transfer
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
sum
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show file size and checksum
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
touch
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create a file
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**Rights management**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
chgrp
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change group ownership
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
chmod
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change access permissions, change mode
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
chown
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change file owner and group
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**Users & groups**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
chfn
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change the user information of an account
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
chsh
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change the login shell of a user account
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
finger
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show user account information like name, login time etc.
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
groupadd
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
add a new user group
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
groupdel
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
delete a user group
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
groupmod
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
modify a user group
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
groups
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show group name a user is in
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
id
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show real and effective user id (uid) and group id (gid)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
last
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show the last logins
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
newgrp
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
change the current group
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
passwd
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
set or change the password
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
su
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
open a new session with another user account
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
sudo
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
execute a command with root rights, if granted
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
useradd
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
add a new user (-m to additionaly create the home dir)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
userdel
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
delete a user
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
usermod
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
modify a user account
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
w
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show the currently logged in users (similar: who)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**Search**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
find / -name xyz
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
search a folder hierarchy (root in this case) for file "xyz"
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
locate
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
search the system for files
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
updatedb
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
update the database before using locate
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
grep
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
search within a file (cat test.txt | grep whatever OR grep whatever
test.txt)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
which
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show path of binary of a program
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**Network**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ftp
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
open an ftp session
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ifconfig
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show network interfaces including current IP address
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ifup / ifdown
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
start / stop a network interface
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ipchains
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
tool for configuration of the kernel firewall
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
netstat
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show information about network connections, routing tables etc.
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ping
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
send ICMP packets to an IP address
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
route
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create static routes
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
telnet
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
open a telnet session
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
traceroute
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
trace the route to an IP address
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
ssh
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
open an SSH session
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**Partitions / File system**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
badblocks
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
search a partition for bad blocks
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
dd
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
copy partitions / file systems
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
dumpe2fs
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show information about the file system on a partition
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
e2fsck
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
check and repair ext2 file systems
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
e2label
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
show or assign a label to a file system
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
fdisk -l
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
list all partitions, including e.g. connected USB drives
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
fsck
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
check and repair linux file systems
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mkdosfs
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create a Dos (FAT16 & FAT32) file system
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mke2fs
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create an ext2 file system
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mkfs
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
frontend for several file system creators
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mkswap
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
create a swap partition
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
mount / umount
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
mount / unmount a file system
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl632619" style="height: 10pt;" colspan="2" height="15">
**System**
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
apt-cache search
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
search the repository for software packages (Debian)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
apt-get install/remove
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
install or remove software packages (Debian)
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
df -h
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
disk free - display free disk space
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
du -h
</td>
<td class="xl102619">
disk usage - show size of a file or directory
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10pt;">
<td class="xl102619" style="height: 10pt;" height="15">
free
</td>
<td class="xl102619">