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MyFirstObjectWalk.html
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MyFirstObjectWalk.html
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 10.2.0" />
<title>My First Object Walk</title>
<style type="text/css">
/* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
/* Default font. */
body {
font-family: Georgia,serif;
}
/* Title font. */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
#toctitle,
#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
#footer {
font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}
body {
margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}
a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
color: fuchsia;
}
em {
font-style: italic;
color: navy;
}
strong {
font-weight: bold;
color: #083194;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #527bbd;
margin-top: 1.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.3;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
h2 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
}
h3 {
float: left;
}
h3 + * {
clear: left;
}
h5 {
font-size: 1.0em;
}
div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 0;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid silver;
}
p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
ul, ol, li > p {
margin-top: 0;
}
ul > li { color: #aaa; }
ul > li > * { color: black; }
.monospaced, code, pre {
font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
font-size: inherit;
color: navy;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
#author {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1.1em;
}
#email {
}
#revnumber, #revdate, #revremark {
}
#footer {
font-size: small;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
padding-top: 0.5em;
margin-top: 4.0em;
}
#footer-text {
float: left;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#footer-badges {
float: right;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#preamble {
margin-top: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 2.0em;
margin-bottom: 2.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
color: #606060;
}
div.content { /* Block element content. */
padding: 0;
}
/* Block element titles. */
div.title, caption.title {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: left;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.title + * {
margin-top: 0;
}
td div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content + div.title {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.sidebarblock > div.content {
background: #ffffee;
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.listingblock > div.content {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
background: #f8f8f8;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
padding-left: 1.0em;
margin-left: 1.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
color: #888;
}
div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.5em;
text-align: right;
}
div.verseblock > pre.content {
font-family: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
}
div.verseblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.75em;
text-align: left;
}
/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
div.verseblock + div.attribution {
text-align: left;
}
div.admonitionblock .icon {
vertical-align: top;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline;
color: #527bbd;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock td.content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
}
div.exampleblock > div.content {
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
span.image img { border-style: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; }
a.image:visited { color: white; }
dl {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
dt {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0;
font-style: normal;
color: navy;
}
dd > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0.1em;
}
ul, ol {
list-style-position: outside;
}
ol.arabic {
list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol.loweralpha {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.upperalpha {
list-style-type: upper-alpha;
}
ol.lowerroman {
list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
ol.upperroman {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
div.compact p, div.compact p,
div.compact div, div.compact div {
margin-top: 0.1em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
tfoot {
font-weight: bold;
}
td > div.verse {
white-space: pre;
}
div.hdlist {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
div.hdlist tr {
padding-bottom: 15px;
}
dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
td.hdlist1 {
vertical-align: top;
font-style: normal;
padding-right: 0.8em;
color: navy;
}
td.hdlist2 {
vertical-align: top;
}
div.hdlist.compact tr {
margin: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.comment {
background: yellow;
}
.footnote, .footnoteref {
font-size: 0.8em;
}
span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
vertical-align: super;
}
#footnotes {
margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
padding: 7px 0 0 0;
}
#footnotes div.footnote {
margin: 0 0 5px 0;
}
#footnotes hr {
border: none;
border-top: 1px solid silver;
height: 1px;
text-align: left;
margin-left: 0;
width: 20%;
min-width: 100px;
}
div.colist td {
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
vertical-align: top;
}
div.colist td img {
margin-top: 0.3em;
}
@media print {
#footer-badges { display: none; }
}
#toc {
margin-bottom: 2.5em;
}
#toctitle {
color: #527bbd;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
div.toclevel0, div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
div.toclevel2 {
margin-left: 2em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel3 {
margin-left: 4em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel4 {
margin-left: 6em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
span.aqua { color: aqua; }
span.black { color: black; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
span.gray { color: gray; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: lime; }
span.maroon { color: maroon; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.olive { color: olive; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
span.red { color: red; }
span.silver { color: silver; }
span.teal { color: teal; }
span.white { color: white; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
span.black-background { background: black; }
span.blue-background { background: blue; }
span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }
span.gray-background { background: gray; }
span.green-background { background: green; }
span.lime-background { background: lime; }
span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
span.navy-background { background: navy; }
span.olive-background { background: olive; }
span.purple-background { background: purple; }
span.red-background { background: red; }
span.silver-background { background: silver; }
span.teal-background { background: teal; }
span.white-background { background: white; }
span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }
span.big { font-size: 2em; }
span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }
span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }
span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }
div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }
/*
* xhtml11 specific
*
* */
div.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.tableblock > table {
border: 3px solid #527bbd;
}
thead, p.table.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.table {
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Because the table frame attribute is overridden by CSS in most browsers. */
div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
border-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
border-top-style: none;
border-bottom-style: none;
}
/*
* html5 specific
*
* */
table.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
thead, p.tableblock.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.tableblock {
margin-top: 0;
}
table.tableblock {
border-width: 3px;
border-spacing: 0px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th.tableblock, td.tableblock {
border-width: 1px;
padding: 4px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
}
table.tableblock.frame-topbot {
border-left-style: hidden;
border-right-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-sides {
border-top-style: hidden;
border-bottom-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-none {
border-style: hidden;
}
th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {
text-align: left;
}
th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {
text-align: center;
}
th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
text-align: right;
}
th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
vertical-align: top;
}
th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
vertical-align: middle;
}
th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
vertical-align: bottom;
}
/*
* manpage specific
*
* */
body.manpage h1 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
body.manpage h2 {
border-style: none;
}
body.manpage div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 3em;
}
@media print {
body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<+'])');
// Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
// nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
// browsers).
var iterate = function (el) {
for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
}
iterate(i);
}
}
}
iterate(el);
return result;
}
var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
if (!toc) {
return;
}
// Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
var i;
for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
&& entry.getAttribute("class")
&& entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
}
// Rebuild TOC entries.
var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
var entry = entries[i];
if (entry.element.id == "")
entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
var a = document.createElement("a");
a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
var div = document.createElement("div");
div.appendChild(a);
div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
toc.appendChild(div);
}
if (entries.length == 0)
toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
},
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Footnotes generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* Based on footnote generation code from:
* http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
*/
footnotes: function () {
// Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
var i;
var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
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return;
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if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
entriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < entriesToRemove.length; i++) {
noteholder.removeChild(entriesToRemove[i]);
}
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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>My First Object Walk</h1>
<span id="revdate">2024-07-02</span>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_what_8217_s_an_object_walk">What’s an Object Walk?</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The object walk is a key concept in Git - this is the process that underpins
operations like object transfer and fsck. Beginning from a given commit, the
list of objects is found by walking parent relationships between commits (commit
X based on commit W) and containment relationships between objects (tree Y is
contained within commit X, and blob Z is located within tree Y, giving our
working tree for commit X something like <code>y/z.txt</code>).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A related concept is the revision walk, which is focused on commit objects and
their parent relationships and does not delve into other object types. The
revision walk is used for operations like <code>git log</code>.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_related_reading">Related Reading</h3>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<code>Documentation/user-manual.txt</code> under "Hacking Git" contains some coverage of
the revision walker in its various incarnations.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>revision.h</code>
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://eagain.net/articles/git-for-computer-scientists/">Git for Computer Scientists</a>
gives a good overview of the types of objects in Git and what your object
walk is really describing.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_setting_up">Setting Up</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Create a new branch from <code>master</code>.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>git checkout -b revwalk origin/master</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We’ll put our fiddling into a new command. For fun, let’s name it <code>git walken</code>.
Open up a new file <code>builtin/walken.c</code> and set up the command handler:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>/*
* "git walken"
*
* Part of the "My First Object Walk" tutorial.
*/
#include "builtin.h"
#include "trace.h"
int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
trace_printf(_("cmd_walken incoming...\n"));
return 0;
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content"><code>trace_printf()</code>, defined in <code>trace.h</code>, differs from <code>printf()</code> in
that it can be turned on or off at runtime. For the purposes of this
tutorial, we will write <code>walken</code> as though it is intended for use as
a "plumbing" command: that is, a command which is used primarily in
scripts, rather than interactively by humans (a "porcelain" command).
So we will send our debug output to <code>trace_printf()</code> instead.
When running, enable trace output by setting the environment variable <code>GIT_TRACE</code>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add usage text and <code>-h</code> handling, like all subcommands should consistently do
(our test suite will notice and complain if you fail to do so).
We’ll need to include the <code>parse-options.h</code> header.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>#include "parse-options.h"
...
int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
{
const char * const walken_usage[] = {
N_("git walken"),
NULL,
};
struct option options[] = {
OPT_END()
};
argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, walken_usage, 0);
...
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Also add the relevant line in <code>builtin.h</code> near <code>cmd_whatchanged()</code>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Include the command in <code>git.c</code> in <code>commands[]</code> near the entry for <code>whatchanged</code>,
maintaining alphabetical ordering:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>{ "walken", cmd_walken, RUN_SETUP },</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add it to the <code>Makefile</code> near the line for <code>builtin/worktree.o</code>:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/walken.o</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Build and test out your command, without forgetting to ensure the <code>DEVELOPER</code>
flag is set, and with <code>GIT_TRACE</code> enabled so the debug output can be seen:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ echo DEVELOPER=1 >>config.mak
$ make
$ GIT_TRACE=1 ./bin-wrappers/git walken</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">For a more exhaustive overview of the new command process, take a look at
<code>Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt</code>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">A reference implementation can be found at
<a href="https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/revwalk">https://github.com/nasamuffin/git/tree/revwalk</a>.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_code_struct_rev_cmdline_info_code"><code>struct rev_cmdline_info</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The definition of <code>struct rev_cmdline_info</code> can be found in <code>revision.h</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This struct is contained within the <code>rev_info</code> struct and is used to reflect
parameters provided by the user over the CLI.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>nr</code> represents the number of <code>rev_cmdline_entry</code> present in the array.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>alloc</code> is used by the <code>ALLOC_GROW</code> macro. Check <code>alloc.h</code> - this variable is
used to track the allocated size of the list.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Per entry, we find:</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>item</code> is the object provided upon which to base the object walk. Items in Git
can be blobs, trees, commits, or tags. (See <code>Documentation/gittutorial-2.txt</code>.)</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>name</code> is the object ID (OID) of the object - a hex string you may be familiar
with from using Git to organize your source in the past. Check the tutorial
mentioned above towards the top for a discussion of where the OID can come
from.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>whence</code> indicates some information about what to do with the parents of the
specified object. We’ll explore this flag more later on; take a look at
<code>Documentation/revisions.txt</code> to get an idea of what could set the <code>whence</code>
value.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>flags</code> are used to hint the beginning of the revision walk and are the first
block under the <code>#include`s in `revision.h</code>. The most likely ones to be set in
the <code>rev_cmdline_info</code> are <code>UNINTERESTING</code> and <code>BOTTOM</code>, but these same flags
can be used during the walk, as well.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_code_struct_rev_info_code"><code>struct rev_info</code></h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This one is quite a bit longer, and many fields are only used during the walk
by <code>revision.c</code> - not configuration options. Most of the configurable flags in
<code>struct rev_info</code> have a mirror in <code>Documentation/rev-list-options.txt</code>. It’s a
good idea to take some time and read through that document.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_basic_commit_walk">Basic Commit Walk</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, let’s see if we can replicate the output of <code>git log --oneline</code>. We’ll
refer back to the implementation frequently to discover norms when performing
an object walk of our own.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>To do so, we’ll first find all the commits, in order, which preceded the current
commit. We’ll extract the name and subject of the commit from each.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Ideally, we will also be able to find out which ones are currently at the tip of
various branches.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_setting_up_2">Setting Up</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Preparing for your object walk has some distinct stages.</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Perform default setup for this mode, and others which may be invoked.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Check configuration files for relevant settings.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Set up the <code>rev_info</code> struct.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Tweak the initialized <code>rev_info</code> to suit the current walk.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Prepare the <code>rev_info</code> for the walk.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Iterate over the objects, processing each one.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_default_setups">Default Setups</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Before examining configuration files which may modify command behavior, set up
default state for switches or options your command may have. If your command
utilizes other Git components, ask them to set up their default states as well.
For instance, <code>git log</code> takes advantage of <code>grep</code> and <code>diff</code> functionality, so
its <code>init_log_defaults()</code> sets its own state (<code>decoration_style</code>) and asks
<code>grep</code> and <code>diff</code> to initialize themselves by calling each of their
initialization functions.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_configuring_from_code_gitconfig_code">Configuring From <code>.gitconfig</code></h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Next, we should have a look at any relevant configuration settings (i.e.,
settings readable and settable from <code>git config</code>). This is done by providing a
callback to <code>git_config()</code>; within that callback, you can also invoke methods
from other components you may need that need to intercept these options. Your
callback will be invoked once per each configuration value which Git knows about
(global, local, worktree, etc.).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Similarly to the default values, we don’t have anything to do here yet
ourselves; however, we should call <code>git_default_config()</code> if we aren’t calling
any other existing config callbacks.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Add a new function to <code>builtin/walken.c</code>.
We’ll also need to include the <code>config.h</code> header:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>#include "config.h"
...
static int git_walken_config(const char *var, const char *value,
const struct config_context *ctx, void *cb)
{
/*
* For now, we don't have any custom configuration, so fall back to
* the default config.
*/
return git_default_config(var, value, ctx, cb);
}</code></pre>