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Cryptography

sudo apt install bsdgames

Tools

Classical

What Link
Geocaching Toolbox (many classic crypto decoders) http://www.geocachingtoolbox.com/index.php
Substitution Cipher Fiddle http://ba.net/util/cipher2/cipher.html
Substitution Cipher Autosolver http://www.quipqiup.com/index.php
ROT cipher (caesar) decoder (outputs all possible rotations) http://planetcalc.com/1434/
Rail fence cipher decoder http://rumkin.com/tools/cipher/railfence.php
Bacon cipher decoder http://rumkin.com/tools/cipher/baconian.php
Vigenere cipher decoder http://www.guballa.de/vigenere-solver
Polybius cipher breaker http://www.dcode.fr/polybius-cipher

Modern

What Link
Prime factorization (using database) factordb.com
factordb CLI + python library pypi github
RSA calculator https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~introcs/Fa11/notes/10.1_Cryptography/RSA_Express_EncryptDecrypt.html
RSA worksheet https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~introcs/Fa11/notes/10.1_Cryptography/RSAWorksheetv4d.html
RSA python lib https://pypi.python.org/pypi/rsa
Discrete logarithm calculator http://www.alpertron.com.ar/DILOG.HTM

Hashing

What Link
Online Hash database https://hashkiller.co.uk/
John the Ripper ubuntu apt tool, use Jumbo version for extra functionality http://www.openwall.com/john/
MD5 - 32 characters
SHA1 - 40 characters

Documentation

Classical

What Link
Rail Fence Cipher wikipedia
Scytale cipher scytale cipher

Modern

Hashing GOST hashing algorithm: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOST_%28hash_function%29

Tips and Tricks

$ echo 'hello, world' | rot13
uryyb, jbeyq
$ echo 'hello, world' | caesar 1
ifmmp, xpsme