diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 86eef014c9..29dca789b4 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,16 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. See [standard-version](https://github.com/conventional-changelog/standard-version) for commit guidelines.
 
+### [4.10.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.10.0...v4.10.1) (2024-10-16)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-role:** add form to allowed roles of form element ([#4588](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4588)) ([d462d67](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d462d674bb7de0848ce2695f80b95d677c5016e0)), closes [/github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/lib/standards/html-elms.js#L264](https://github.com/dequelabs//github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/lib/standards/html-elms.js/issues/L264)
+- **axe.d.ts:** add typings for preload options object ([#4543](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4543)) ([72e269f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/72e269f1e6d6039e70e614005f04ebfd3fe5aca5))
+- **button-name,input-button-name,input-img-alt:** allow label to give accessible name ([#4607](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4607)) ([364eb72](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/364eb72bb8f20b0ffc31be24cc96cbd349c301cb)), closes [#4472](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4472) [#3696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3696) [#3696](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3696)
+- **get-ancestry:** add nth-child selector for multiple siblings of shadow root ([#4606](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4606)) ([bdd94a2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bdd94a227a95cd5b9f8e2a1e0fd259ddd702810c)), closes [#4563](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4563)
+- **rules:** Change "alternate text" to "alternative text" ([#4582](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4582)) ([31e0f61](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/31e0f61ca871b3df86468577c449a02c8ece12f0))
+
 ## [4.10.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.9.1...v4.10.0) (2024-07-29)
 
 ### Features
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8848b0a3e3..635a1d93ee 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # axe-core
 
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/npm/l/axe-core.svg)](LICENSE)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/npm/l/axe-core.svg?color=c41)](LICENSE)
 [![Version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/axe-core.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/axe-core)
-[![Total npm downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dt/axe-core.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/axe-core)
+[![NPM downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dw/axe-core.svg?color=080)![](https://img.shields.io/npm/dy/axe-core.svg?color=080&label=)](https://npm-stat.com/charts.html?package=axe-core&from=2017-01-01)
 [![Commits](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/y/dequelabs/axe-core.svg)](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commits/develop)
-[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/dequelabs/axe-core.svg)](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/graphs/contributors)
+[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/dequelabs/axe-core.svg?color=080)](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/graphs/contributors)
 [![Join our Slack chat](https://img.shields.io/badge/slack-chat-purple.svg?logo=slack)](https://accessibility.deque.com/axe-community)
 [![Package Quality](https://npm.packagequality.com/shield/axe-core.svg)](https://packagequality.com/#?package=axe-core)
 
diff --git a/bower.json b/bower.json
index 87018d7ffa..90cb051ba4 100644
--- a/bower.json
+++ b/bower.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
-  "version": "4.10.0",
+  "version": "4.10.1",
   "deprecated": true,
   "contributors": [
     {
diff --git a/doc/accessibility-supported.md b/doc/accessibility-supported.md
index 4e334f6c5e..6585bd0a9a 100644
--- a/doc/accessibility-supported.md
+++ b/doc/accessibility-supported.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ In order to adhere to the manifesto and at the same time be useful to developers
 
 Accessibility supported means that in order for a technique to pass, it must work in some predefined set of browsers and assistive technologies. For axe-core this means that for a screen reader, browser, or environment to be added to the list of supported combinations, the following two criteria must be met:
 
-1. Be used by more than 1% of users (currently extrapolated from the [WebAims Screen Reader User Survey](https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey8/#browsercombos))
+1. Be used by more than 1% of users (currently extrapolated from the [WebAims Screen Reader User Survey](https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey10/#browsercombos))
 1. Introduce new coverage for a screen reader, browser, or environment not currently accessibility supported
 
 We currently test the following AT combinations for support
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/explicit.json b/lib/checks/label/explicit.json
index ab765720f8..0d4c4b0997 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/explicit.json
+++ b/lib/checks/label/explicit.json
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an explicit <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an explicit <label>",
+      "pass": "Element has an explicit <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an explicit <label>",
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an explicit <label>"
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/implicit.json b/lib/checks/label/implicit.json
index b51684dd67..eaa1a2da6e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/implicit.json
+++ b/lib/checks/label/implicit.json
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "pass": "Element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js b/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
index 8be86e87bf..ec5022556c 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
@@ -16,15 +16,14 @@ const nativeTextMethods = {
    * @param {VirtualNode} element
    * @return {String} value text
    */
-  valueText: ({ actualNode }) => actualNode.value || '',
+  valueText: vNode => vNode.props.value || '',
 
   /**
    * Return default value of a button
    * @param {VirtualNode} element
    * @return {String} default button text
    */
-  buttonDefaultText: ({ actualNode }) =>
-    defaultButtonValues[actualNode.type] || '',
+  buttonDefaultText: vNode => defaultButtonValues[vNode.props.type] || '',
 
   /**
    * Return caption text of an HTML table element
diff --git a/lib/core/constants.js b/lib/core/constants.js
index 3880c0a16e..ecd01c8aba 100644
--- a/lib/core/constants.js
+++ b/lib/core/constants.js
@@ -27,7 +27,11 @@ const definitions = [
 
 const constants = {
   helpUrlBase: 'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/',
+  // Size of a grid square in pixels
   gridSize: 200,
+  // At a certain point, looping over an array of elements and using .match on them
+  // is slower than just running querySelectorAll again.
+  selectorSimilarFilterLimit: 700,
   results: [],
   resultGroups: [],
   resultGroupMap: {},
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run-rules.js b/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
index 7824080821..388aeff982 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
@@ -59,8 +59,19 @@ export default function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
 
       // after should only run once, so ensure we are in the top level window
       if (context.initiator) {
+        if (options.performanceTimer) {
+          performanceTimer.mark('auditAfterStart');
+        }
         results = audit.after(results, options);
-
+        if (options.performanceTimer) {
+          performanceTimer.mark('auditAfterEnd');
+          performanceTimer.measure(
+            'audit.after',
+            'auditAfterStart',
+            'auditAfterEnd'
+          );
+          performanceTimer.logMeasures('audit.after');
+        }
         results.forEach(publishMetaData);
         results = results.map(finalizeRuleResult);
       }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run.js b/lib/core/public/run.js
index 74983c7e86..c891784b69 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { getReporter } from './reporter';
 import normalizeRunParams from './run/normalize-run-params';
 import { setupGlobals } from './run/globals-setup';
 import { assert } from '../utils';
+import performanceTimer from '../utils/performance-timer';
 
 const noop = () => {};
 
@@ -33,11 +34,17 @@ export default function run(...args) {
 
   axe._running = true;
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
-    axe.utils.performanceTimer.start();
+    performanceTimer.start();
   }
 
   function handleRunRules(rawResults, teardown) {
     const respond = results => {
+      if (options.performanceTimer) {
+        performanceTimer.mark('reporterEnd');
+        performanceTimer.measure('reporter', 'reporterStart', 'reporterEnd');
+        performanceTimer.logMeasures('reporter');
+        performanceTimer.end();
+      }
       axe._running = false;
       teardown();
       try {
@@ -56,11 +63,10 @@ export default function run(...args) {
       }
     };
 
-    if (options.performanceTimer) {
-      axe.utils.performanceTimer.end();
-    }
-
     try {
+      if (options.performanceTimer) {
+        performanceTimer.mark('reporterStart');
+      }
       createReport(rawResults, options, respond, wrappedReject);
     } catch (err) {
       wrappedReject(err);
@@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ export default function run(...args) {
 
   function errorRunRules(err) {
     if (options.performanceTimer) {
-      axe.utils.performanceTimer.end();
+      performanceTimer.end();
     }
     axe._running = false;
     callback(err);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js b/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
index b80edb9338..5652c69ac0 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
@@ -2,22 +2,24 @@ import getShadowSelector from './get-shadow-selector';
 
 function generateAncestry(node) {
   const nodeName = node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
-  const parent = node.parentElement;
-  if (!parent) {
-    return nodeName;
-  }
+  const parentElement = node.parentElement;
+  const parentNode = node.parentNode;
 
   let nthChild = '';
   if (
     nodeName !== 'head' &&
     nodeName !== 'body' &&
-    parent.children.length > 1
+    parentNode?.children.length > 1
   ) {
-    const index = Array.prototype.indexOf.call(parent.children, node) + 1;
+    const index = Array.prototype.indexOf.call(parentNode.children, node) + 1;
     nthChild = `:nth-child(${index})`;
   }
 
-  return generateAncestry(parent) + ' > ' + nodeName + nthChild;
+  if (!parentElement) {
+    return nodeName + nthChild;
+  }
+
+  return generateAncestry(parentElement) + ' > ' + nodeName + nthChild;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js b/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
index d37354df55..16e156f5fa 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import getNodeAttributes from './get-node-attributes';
 import matchesSelector from './element-matches';
 import isXHTML from './is-xhtml';
 import getShadowSelector from './get-shadow-selector';
+import memoize from './memoize';
+import constants from '../../core/constants';
 
 const ignoredAttributes = [
   'class',
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ const ignoredAttributes = [
   'aria-valuenow',
   'xmlns'
 ];
+
 const MAXATTRIBUTELENGTH = 31;
 const attrCharsRegex = /([\\"])/g;
 const newlineChars = /(\r\n|\r|\n)/g;
@@ -346,7 +349,6 @@ function getThreeLeastCommonFeatures(elm, selectorData) {
  * @param {RootNode} doc		 The root node of the document or document fragment
  * @returns {String}				 The selector
  */
-
 function generateSelector(elm, options, doc) {
   /*eslint no-loop-func:0*/
   // TODO: es-modules_selectorData
@@ -373,8 +375,9 @@ function generateSelector(elm, options, doc) {
     } else {
       selector = features;
     }
-    if (!similar) {
-      similar = Array.from(doc.querySelectorAll(selector));
+    // If there are too many similar element running QSA again is faster
+    if (!similar || similar.length > constants.selectorSimilarFilterLimit) {
+      similar = findSimilar(doc, selector);
     } else {
       similar = similar.filter(item => {
         return matchesSelector(item, selector);
@@ -398,6 +401,16 @@ function generateSelector(elm, options, doc) {
  * @param {Object} optional options
  * @returns {String|Array<String>} Unique CSS selector for the node
  */
-export default function getSelector(elm, options) {
+function getSelector(elm, options) {
   return getShadowSelector(generateSelector, elm, options);
 }
+
+// Axe can call getSelector more than once for the same element because
+// the same element can end up on multiple DqElements.
+export default memoize(getSelector);
+
+// Similar elements create similar selectors. If there are lots of similar elements on the page,
+// axe ends up needing to run that same selector many times. We can memoize for a huge perf boost.
+const findSimilar = memoize((doc, selector) =>
+  Array.from(doc.querySelectorAll(selector))
+);
diff --git a/lib/rules/button-name.json b/lib/rules/button-name.json
index 40de860a21..06b44c0e9e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/button-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/button-name.json
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
     "aria-label",
     "aria-labelledby",
     "non-empty-title",
+    "implicit-label",
+    "explicit-label",
     "presentational-role"
   ],
   "none": []
diff --git a/lib/rules/input-button-name.json b/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
index 452fd509d5..a636c06510 100644
--- a/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
     "aria-label",
     "aria-labelledby",
     "non-empty-title",
+    "implicit-label",
+    "explicit-label",
     "presentational-role"
   ],
   "none": []
diff --git a/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json b/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
index e3c40ac80a..416be1c5dd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@
     "help": "Image buttons must have alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
-  "any": ["non-empty-alt", "aria-label", "aria-labelledby", "non-empty-title"],
+  "any": [
+    "non-empty-alt",
+    "aria-label",
+    "aria-labelledby",
+    "non-empty-title",
+    "implicit-label",
+    "explicit-label"
+  ],
   "none": []
 }
diff --git a/locales/_template.json b/locales/_template.json
index 06a5013af1..b250b8cdaf 100644
--- a/locales/_template.json
+++ b/locales/_template.json
@@ -771,8 +771,8 @@
       "fail": "Element contains <img> element with alt text that duplicates existing text"
     },
     "explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an explicit <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an explicit <label>",
+      "pass": "Element has an explicit <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an explicit <label>",
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an explicit <label>"
     },
     "help-same-as-label": {
@@ -785,8 +785,8 @@
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has explicit <label> that is hidden"
     },
     "implicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
-      "fail": "Form element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "pass": "Element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
       "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>"
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 4c0edd4c2a..d644fc18b1 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
-  "version": "4.10.0",
+  "version": "4.10.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 2,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "axe-core",
-      "version": "4.10.0",
+      "version": "4.10.1",
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
       "devDependencies": {
         "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.9.0",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index d23d6b9bfa..dae167d915 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
   "description": "Accessibility engine for automated Web UI testing",
-  "version": "4.10.0",
+  "version": "4.10.1",
   "license": "MPL-2.0",
   "engines": {
     "node": ">=4"
diff --git a/sri-history.json b/sri-history.json
index b0a6f65641..cfa53c6d9d 100644
--- a/sri-history.json
+++ b/sri-history.json
@@ -382,5 +382,9 @@
   "4.10.0": {
     "axe.js": "sha256-n/KN+TQhojZXnh49uUEY3/Df5WszWcCEothu0P58qDY=",
     "axe.min.js": "sha256-SDpP7Usv5Wz9lKWFZQIMhjmD+EFeKCfzSB3ONecO/7U="
+  },
+  "4.10.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-KQDnBck/AyiC+OE3x0AJ/EQYykYTnH+1z7punr4Xc0c=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-OBXf33U9n+qCj0mI9MLkiVyC1nCzabDnmopjyuv1gZ4="
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js b/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
index 7cc6efc32d..c1700ab201 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
@@ -39,6 +39,20 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
       const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(input), '');
     });
+
+    it('returns the default button text with mixed-case types', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(
+        '<input type="SUBMIT" />' +
+          '<input type="ImAGE" />' +
+          '<input type="ResET" />' +
+          '<input type="buTTON" />'
+      );
+      const inputs = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[0]), 'Submit');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[1]), 'Submit');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[2]), 'Reset');
+      assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[3]), '');
+    });
   });
 
   describe('altText', () => {
diff --git a/test/core/constants.js b/test/core/constants.js
index 6b66637723..23f05a5333 100644
--- a/test/core/constants.js
+++ b/test/core/constants.js
@@ -32,4 +32,12 @@ describe('axe.constants', function () {
   it('should have groups for results', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.FAIL_GROUP, 'violations');
   });
+
+  it('should have a gridSize', function () {
+    assert.equal(axe.constants.gridSize, 200);
+  });
+
+  it('should have a selectorSimilarFilterLimit', function () {
+    assert.equal(axe.constants.selectorSimilarFilterLimit, 700);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js b/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
index c074f6f138..8f570e907a 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
@@ -1,50 +1,74 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', function () {
+describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', () => {
   'use strict';
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowTest = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function () {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function () {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getAncestry);
   });
 
-  it('should generate an ancestry selector', function () {
+  it('should generate an ancestry selector', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div>1</div> <p>2</p> <p>3</p>';
 
-    var sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[0]);
+    const sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[0]);
     assert.equal(sel1, 'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1)');
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
 
-    var sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[1]);
+    const sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[1]);
     assert.equal(sel2, 'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > p:nth-child(2)');
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
 
-    var sel3 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[2]);
+    const sel3 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[2]);
     assert.equal(sel3, 'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > p:nth-child(3)');
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
   });
 
-  shadowTest('generates selectors of nested shadow trees', function () {
-    var node = document.createElement('section');
+  it('should not throw when there is no parent', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    assert.doesNotThrow(() => axe.utils.getAncestry(node));
+  });
+
+  it('generates selectors of nested shadow trees', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-    var shadowRoot1 = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const shadowRoot1 = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadowRoot1.innerHTML = '<div><article><slot /></article</div>';
 
-    var shadowRoot2 = shadowRoot1
+    const shadowRoot2 = shadowRoot1
       .querySelector('article')
       .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadowRoot2.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello world</h1>';
 
-    var target = shadowRoot2.querySelector('h1');
-    var sel = axe.utils.getAncestry(target);
+    const target = shadowRoot2.querySelector('h1');
+    const sel = axe.utils.getAncestry(target);
     assert.deepEqual(sel, [
       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > section',
       'div > article',
       'h1'
     ]);
   });
+
+  it('generates selectors of siblings in shadow tree', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+
+    const shadowRoot = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<div>1</div> <div>2</div>';
+
+    const sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(shadowRoot.children[0]);
+    assert.deepEqual(sel1, [
+      'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > section',
+      'div:nth-child(1)'
+    ]);
+
+    const sel2 = axe.utils.getAncestry(shadowRoot.children[1]);
+    assert.deepEqual(sel2, [
+      'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > section',
+      'div:nth-child(2)'
+    ]);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html
index b3bef1c537..129304e173 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.html
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 <button id="pass1" role="presentation" disabled></button>
 <button id="pass2" role="none" disabled></button>
 
+<label>Name<button id="pass3"></button></label>
+<label for="pass4">Name</label>
+<button id="pass4"></button>
+
 <span id="inapplicable1" role="button">Does not apply</span>
 <input type="submit" value="submit" role="button" id="inapplicable2" />
 <button id="inapplicable2" role="gridcell" disabled></button>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json
index 2ae4a86502..432daca115 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/button-name/button-name.json
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
     ["#combo"],
     ["#buttonTitle"],
     ["#pass1"],
-    ["#pass2"]
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html
index 0019d982e6..a1f483e3ac 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.html
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
   <input type="button" role="none" id="pass12" disabled />
   <input type="button" role="presentation" id="pass13" disabled />
 
+  <label>Name<input type="button" id="pass14" /></label>
+  <label for="pass15">Name</label>
+  <input type="button" id="pass15" />
+
   <input type="button" id="fail9" role="img" disabled />
   <input type="button" id="fail10" role="gridcell" />
   <input type="button" id="inapplicable1" role="gridcell" disabled />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json
index 6a92578341..7521299031 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-button-name/input-button-name.json
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
     ["#pass10"],
     ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
-    ["#pass13"]
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html
index 8823830a52..de92c53ca9 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.html
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="pass4" title="monkeys" />
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="violation5" alt="" />
 
+  <label>Name<input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="pass5" /></label>
+  <label for="pass6">Name</label>
+  <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="pass6" />
+
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="violation6" role="img" disabled />
   <input type="image" src="img.jpg" id="violation7" role="gridcell" />
   <input
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json
index d17004deae..03a9286655 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/input-image-alt/input-image-alt.json
@@ -10,5 +10,12 @@
     ["#violation6"],
     ["#violation7"]
   ],
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"]]
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
index 74e2782332..d54ef0f62d 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+describe('button-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-label': 'foobar'
@@ -12,21 +12,24 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -38,8 +41,8 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation',
@@ -52,8 +55,8 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none',
@@ -66,30 +69,30 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for visible text content', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for visible text content', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
-    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
     });
     node.children = [child];
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for hidden text', function () {
-    var button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for hidden text', () => {
+    const button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
 
-    var span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
         'aria-hidden': true
@@ -98,119 +101,168 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     span.parent = button;
     button.children = [span];
 
-    var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    const text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
       nodeType: 3,
       nodeValue: 'foobar'
     });
     text.parent = span;
     span.children = [text];
+    button.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', button);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', button);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when alt and children are missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
+  it('should incomplete when alt and children are missing', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {}
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         alt: ' \t   \n   '
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         alt: ''
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         title: ''
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=presentation', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should pass for implicit label', function () {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button'
+    });
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'label'
+    });
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.parent = parent;
+    node.children = [];
+    parent.children = [child, node];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function () {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button',
+      attributes: {
+        id: 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'presentation'
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=none', function () {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  it('should fail for role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
         role: 'none'
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
+    node.parent = null;
 
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
index 80f03a90d5..b8972de4c2 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for type=submit without value', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for type=submit without value', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'submit'
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for value', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for value', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -40,22 +40,25 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -68,8 +71,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -83,8 +86,8 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
@@ -98,97 +101,159 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when no other attributes are passed', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should pass for implicit label', function () {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'button'
+      }
+    });
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'label'
+    });
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.parent = parent;
+    node.children = [];
+    parent.children = [child, node];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function () {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'button'
+      }
+    });
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when no other attributes are passed', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when value is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when value is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         value: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         alt: ' \t   \n   '
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         'aria-label': ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         title: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         role: 'presentation'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
+  it('should fail for role=none', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'button',
         role: 'none'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
index e2b5d48f23..27d8cd1aca 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
-  it('should pass for alt', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for alt', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
@@ -27,22 +27,25 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for title', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
         title: 'foobar'
@@ -54,55 +57,108 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is missing', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should pass for implicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'image'
+      }
+    });
+    const parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'label'
+    });
+    const child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.parent = parent;
+    node.children = [];
+    parent.children = [child, node];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image'
       }
     });
 
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when alt is missing', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'image'
+      }
+    });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
+
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when alt is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         alt: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         'aria-label': ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
-    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', () => {
+    const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
         type: 'image',
         title: ''
       }
     });
+    node.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', node);
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);