Lithophane_Tutorial.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "# Lithophane Library \n",
    "written by Dirk Colbry\n",
    "\n",
    "[Link to slides](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1s_8gcGfFDEHnqS7U-TkC4xp9T49fblb2_EWRpsd-v_I/edit#slide=id.g7d81a7112a_0_68)"
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    "In this notebook we will use some code that makes lithophanes out of images.  \n",
    "\n",
    "![Lithophane](https://colbrydi.github.io/images/il_570xN.688476899_eapl.jpg)"
   ]
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    "Lithophans work by changing the thickness of a material to correspond with how bright or dark a pixel is in an image. Dark pixels are thicker and light pixels are thiner.  This notebook describes steps to build a lithophane using python:\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Step 1: Installing numpy-stl](#Installing_numpy-stl)\n",
    "* [Step 2: Reading an image into python](#Reading_an_image_into_python)\n",
    "* [Step 3: Flat Lithophane](#Flat_Lithophane)\n",
    "* [Step 4: Cylinder Lithophane](#Cylinder_Lithophane)\n"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name=\"Installing_numpy-stl\"></a>\n",
    "# Step 1: Installing numpy-stl\n",
    "\n",
    "First thing we need to do is install some functions that I have written to convert an image into an stl file.  I have stored these functions in a file named ```lithophane.py``` which should be in the same directory as this notebokk.   These functions also use a module called [numpy-stl](https://pypi.org/project/numpy-stl/) which can be installed using pip. \n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "&#9989; **<font color=red>DO THIS:</font>** Uncomment the following command (Delete the #) and run the cell using \"shift-enter\".   your own image and change the following code to display your image. Show the instructor when you get it working."
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   "source": [
    "!pip install numpy-stl"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "import urllib\n",
    "imageurl = 'https://insideindiana.images.worldnow.com/images/9914370_G.jpg?auto=webp&disable=upscale&height=560&fit=bounds'\n",
    "urllib.request.urlretrieve('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/colbrydi/Lithophane/master/lithophane.py', 'lithophane.py')\n",
    "urllib.request.urlretrieve(imageurl, 'image.jpg')"
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   "source": [
    "import lithophane as li"
   ]
  },
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   "source": [
    "**Note** The above import may give a warning.  This can be ignored for now."
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   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name=\"Reading_an_image_into_python\"></a>\n",
    "\n",
    "# Step 2: Reading image data into python\n",
    "\n",
    "There are many python libraries that can read an image.  In this example we will use a very common one called ```matplotlib```.  Run the following code by clicking on the cell and hitting \"Shift and Enter\" at the same time.\n",
    "\n",
    "&#9989; **<font color=red>DO THIS:</font>** Upload your own image and change the following code to display your image. UShow the instructor when you get it working."
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   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pylab as plt\n",
    "import matplotlib.image as img\n",
    "imagefile = './image.jpg'\n",
    "im = img.imread(imagefile)\n",
    "plt.imshow(im);"
   ]
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    "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo\n",
    "YouTubeVideo(\"15aqFQQVBWU\",width=640,height=360)"
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   "source": [
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pylab as plt\n",
    "from ipywidgets import interact, fixed\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "def showcolor(red,green,blue):\n",
    "    plt.scatter(1,1, color=(red/255,green/255,blue/255), s=10000 );\n",
    "    plt.axis('off');\n",
    "    plt.show();\n",
    "\n",
    "interact(showcolor, red=(0,255), green=(0,255), blue=(0,255));"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "We use the following fomula to convert the colors to a grayscale value.  An average would work but these look more \"realistic\":\n",
    "\n",
    "$$gray = 0.2989r + 0.5870g + 0.1140b$$\n",
    "\n",
    "<img src=\"https://cezannec.github.io/assets/cnn_intro/grayscale_image.png\" width=\"60%\">"
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   "source": [
    "gray = li.rgb2gray(im)\n",
    "plt.imshow(gray, cmap='gray');\n",
    "plt. colorbar()"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name=\"Flat_Lithophane\"></a>\n",
    "\n",
    "# Step 3: Generate Flat Lithophane\n",
    "\n",
    "First we will start by creating a \"point cloud\" of three matrixes. The following function takes in a python image object (the one we created above is called ```im```) and returns the point cloud scaled to a width in millimeters.  The aspect ratio of the image will be maintained.  "
   ]
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   "source": [
    "$$z = h\\left(1 - \\frac{p}{255}\\right) + d$$"
   ]
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    "\n",
    "\n",
    "$$\n",
    "\\begin{align}\n",
    "z &- \\text{depth value for each pixel} \\\\\n",
    "h &- \\text{hight of the lithophan (thickness)} \\\\\n",
    "p &- \\text{pixel value (0-255)} \\\\\n",
    "d &- \\text{default depth}\n",
    "\\end{align}\n",
    "$$"
   ]
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  {
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   "source": [
    "#Generate x,y and z values for each pixel\n",
    "width = 102 #Width in mm\n",
    "x,y,z = li.jpg2stl(gray, width=width, h=3, d=0.6, show=False)"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "plt.figure(figsize=(25,5))\n",
    "plt.subplot(1,3,1)\n",
    "plt.imshow(x)\n",
    "plt.axis('off')\n",
    "plt.title('x distances (mm)')\n",
    "plt.colorbar()\n",
    "plt.subplot(1,3,2)\n",
    "plt.imshow(y)\n",
    "plt.axis('off')\n",
    "plt.title('y distances (mm)')\n",
    "plt.colorbar()\n",
    "plt.subplot(1,3,3)\n",
    "plt.imshow(z)\n",
    "plt.axis('off');\n",
    "plt.title('z distances (mm)');\n",
    "plt.colorbar()"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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    "colab_type": "code",
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   "source": [
    "#plot a cross section to try and visualize data\n",
    "plt.plot(x[550,0:100],z[550,0:100])\n",
    "plt.axis('equal');\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Lithophane Depth (z direction mm)')\n",
    "plt.title('Lithophane cross-seciton');"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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    "id": "ZsKVjLO5JTs-"
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   "source": [
    "The following takes our 3D points and creates a mesh model and saves the model as an STL file. A model is just a list of points (x,y,z) and a list of triangles which are just lists of points."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
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   "source": [
    "model = li.makemesh(x,y,z);\n",
    "filename=imagefile[:-4] + '_Flat.stl'\n",
    "model.save(filename)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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    "id": "6tFvglAQJTtG"
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   "source": [
    "We can use the following function to visualize the stl file (note the z axis is _**NOT**_ to scale:"
   ]
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    "colab_type": "code",
    "id": "e9EW-xYpuoQn",
    "outputId": "0a0a49cf-98dc-4c91-dd6e-c66822bee8ff",
    "scrolled": true
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#note z axis is not same scale as x and y axes.\n",
    "li.showstl(x,y,z)"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "<a name=\"Cylinder_Lithophane\"></a>\n",
    "\n",
    "# Step 4: Cylinder Lithophane\n",
    "\n",
    "Since we understand math, there is nothing that requires us to make lithophanes flat.  Consider the following example:"
   ]
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    "outputId": "61dbfa3d-0ce5-41ee-9602-011811f4fc70",
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   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo\n",
    "YouTubeVideo(\"4I3ItcZOAjM\",height=320, cc_load_policy=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
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    "id": "RWh_Q5iRJTtV"
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   "source": [
    "To make lithophans cylinderical we just need to modify the x,y and z values.  The following code wraps x and z axis around the y axis and maintains the pixel depth described above.\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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    "colab_type": "code",
    "id": "BHu6kTp_31Gk",
    "outputId": "a27c16fb-28e0-436f-9eb3-86755f2a0cf5"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "cx,cy,cz = li.makeCylinder(x,y,z)\n",
    "li.showstl(cx,cy,cz)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "colab_type": "text",
    "id": "PCQW6QFSJTta"
   },
   "source": [
    "We can save the new file using the same ```makemesh``` function from above."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
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    "id": "gPqRf12wuoRB"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "model = li.makemesh(cx,cy,cz);\n",
    "filename=imagefile[:-4] + '_Cylinder.stl'\n",
    "model.save(filename)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "colab_type": "text",
    "id": "C5NQ54koJTtg"
   },
   "source": [
    "Here is a timelaps of a printed cylindrical stl file."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
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    },
    "colab_type": "code",
    "id": "EfRMDRjVJTti",
    "outputId": "0daccc11-89ed-4a37-b723-f3742a33687b"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo\n",
    "YouTubeVideo(\"-h8pF6psdp4\",height=320, cc_load_policy=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "colab_type": "text",
    "id": "CZYh1-wRJTtm"
   },
   "source": [
    "&#169; Copyright 2019,  Dirk Colbry "
   ]
  }
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