8 Basic xarray - Saving data to netcdf.ipynb

{
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Saving data to netCDF"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "xarray supports saving data to a number of formats, but this tutorial will only cover saving to netCDF files."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The most common usage pattern for saving data is one where data is read from a netCDF file, manipulated or analysed in some way and then written out again. This is what is assumed in this tutorial.\n",
    "\n",
    "For more information refer to the excellent xarray documentation on [reading and writing files](http://xarray.pydata.org/en/stable/io.html)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import xarray"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Load the surface air temperature dataset that has been used previously"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "url = 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/latest/tas/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc'\n",
    "ds = xarray.open_dataset(url)\n",
    "tas = ds.tas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 1.5\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-3b2773d1-6a08-41f7-93d1-6a4c3eafa136' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-3b2773d1-6a08-41f7-93d1-6a4c3eafa136' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-831282aa-3168-445f-a3d4-3bdb6abd7973' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-831282aa-3168-445f-a3d4-3bdb6abd7973' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-a01f0cb5-4218-4a00-9b36-3fdcbbf6f5a5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-a01f0cb5-4218-4a00-9b36-3fdcbbf6f5a5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9d61ac2d-dc7f-4f92-b614-c2eeebe4248f' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9d61ac2d-dc7f-4f92-b614-c2eeebe4248f' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-d0d9335d-c0a6-429a-bc72-e4412f7e0ecb' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-d0d9335d-c0a6-429a-bc72-e4412f7e0ecb' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-cb96ba9c-2e8a-4aac-9e84-7a655cde224d' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-cb96ba9c-2e8a-4aac-9e84-7a655cde224d' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-f1c30041-cf7a-463a-89a0-c4284fc0fc17' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-f1c30041-cf7a-463a-89a0-c4284fc0fc17' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bb65845a-fd4b-4177-a5ef-f6f300c64700' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bb65845a-fd4b-4177-a5ef-f6f300c64700' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-bec79cce-1bec-4eac-9a6e-18b066a3cc5c' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-bec79cce-1bec-4eac-9a6e-18b066a3cc5c' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-3ab55a85-b71a-442a-8136-bbe1c6526745' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-3ab55a85-b71a-442a-8136-bbe1c6526745' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-bee635b7-8e85-4dcc-9695-cfce042e228a' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-bee635b7-8e85-4dcc-9695-cfce042e228a' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-bb1dc95a-40e0-484a-a9b1-5192e0191ad5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-bb1dc95a-40e0-484a-a9b1-5192e0191ad5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-0d10c467-c185-4730-8418-8914e5e599cb' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-0d10c467-c185-4730-8418-8914e5e599cb' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[&#x27;1850-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-04-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-10-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2006-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;]],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-5c45bdb9-0cd3-4804-814e-7e5a8db95e94' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-5c45bdb9-0cd3-4804-814e-7e5a8db95e94' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-faf7a78e-5c06-495a-a9c7-00581c1e30c6' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-faf7a78e-5c06-495a-a9c7-00581c1e30c6' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[-90.   , -89.375],\n",
       "       [-89.375, -88.125],\n",
       "       [-88.125, -86.875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [ 86.875,  88.125],\n",
       "       [ 88.125,  89.375],\n",
       "       [ 89.375,  90.   ]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-dc815147-2315-4698-b819-3f1b086ef070' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-dc815147-2315-4698-b819-3f1b086ef070' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-decd1904-7016-4744-9b86-200256fd8bb4' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-decd1904-7016-4744-9b86-200256fd8bb4' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[ -0.9375,   0.9375],\n",
       "       [  0.9375,   2.8125],\n",
       "       [  2.8125,   4.6875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [353.4375, 355.3125],\n",
       "       [355.3125, 357.1875],\n",
       "       [357.1875, 359.0625]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tas</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-4ae6c6cc-4ab8-4914-9928-4e044986dbc5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-4ae6c6cc-4ab8-4914-9928-4e044986dbc5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-a788e623-e593-414e-8c86-a8662f5c0532' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-a788e623-e593-414e-8c86-a8662f5c0532' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-cbe0fc98-7145-4ed6-ab86-d9ad5f9afc4f' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  ><label for='section-cbe0fc98-7145-4ed6-ab86-d9ad5f9afc4f' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(29)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>institution :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), and BOM (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)</dd><dt><span>institute_id :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO-BOM</dd><dt><span>experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>source :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-point, 1.875 degrees EW x approx 1.25 degree NS, 38 levels); ocean: NOAA/GFDL MOM4p1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S, 50 levels); sea ice: CICE4.1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S); land: CABLE1.0 (1.875 degree EW x 1.25 degree NS, 6 levels</dd><dt><span>model_id :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>forcing :</span></dt><dd>GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a)</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>piControl</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_rip :</span></dt><dd>r1i1p1</dd><dt><span>branch_time :</span></dt><dd>90945.0</dd><dt><span>contact :</span></dt><dd>The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/Home. Contact Tony.Hirst@csiro.au regarding the ACCESS coupled climate model. Contact Peter.Uhe@csiro.au regarding ACCESS coupled climate model CMIP5 datasets.</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a forcing,global,m,c,GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a) /projects/p66/pfu599/CMIP5/output/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/tas/r1i1p1/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc\n",
       "CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS model output using the ACCESS Post-Processor and CMOR2. 2012-02-05T23:50:03Z CMOR rewrote data to comply with CF standards and CMIP5 requirements. Fri Apr 13 12:13:13 2012: updated version number to v20120413. Fri Apr 13 12:29:32 2012: corrected model_id from ACCESS1-3 to ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>references :</span></dt><dd>See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/ACCESS+Publications</dd><dt><span>initialization_method :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>physics_version :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>tracking_id :</span></dt><dd>7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d</dd><dt><span>version_number :</span></dt><dd>v20120413</dd><dt><span>product :</span></dt><dd>output</dd><dt><span>experiment :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>frequency :</span></dt><dd>mon</dd><dt><span>creation_date :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:50:03Z</dd><dt><span>Conventions :</span></dt><dd>CF-1.4</dd><dt><span>project_id :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5</dd><dt><span>table_id :</span></dt><dd>Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842df9a62ef38b1e2575bb</dd><dt><span>title :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment :</span></dt><dd>pre-industrial control</dd><dt><span>modeling_realm :</span></dt><dd>atmos</dd><dt><span>realization :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>cmor_version :</span></dt><dd>2.8.0</dd><dt><span>DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 ...\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] ...\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Because xarray saves all the metadata and coordinates in a dataset object it is very simple to write it back out to a netCDF file. To save a dataset to a local file call the `to_netcdf` method and supply a filename"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ds.to_netcdf('ds.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And that is it. The saved file can be read back into a new variable, `ds_local` and inspection of the metadata suggests it is the same. It is impossible to say for certain just by inspecting the metadata, luckily ..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ds_local = xarray.open_dataset('ds.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 1.5\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-41d2d01c-3116-4d8a-b6f4-4dad9e0ce285' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-41d2d01c-3116-4d8a-b6f4-4dad9e0ce285' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-c66a2f93-215d-4bc5-8f9c-6714236c849f' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-c66a2f93-215d-4bc5-8f9c-6714236c849f' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-84036f75-415b-4bf1-aeaa-36e769837096' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-84036f75-415b-4bf1-aeaa-36e769837096' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-dd8aba8c-627b-4208-92b1-813fcd85abe7' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-dd8aba8c-627b-4208-92b1-813fcd85abe7' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-77bbd047-7c4e-4aab-ad89-498a86a7c59f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-77bbd047-7c4e-4aab-ad89-498a86a7c59f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-49f35574-9281-4c58-bd0b-e846bdd63c89' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-49f35574-9281-4c58-bd0b-e846bdd63c89' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-be637dc6-d9c9-4811-a6b7-3a7b7947f96a' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-be637dc6-d9c9-4811-a6b7-3a7b7947f96a' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d84b5247-840c-4b30-858a-374281dbc2ac' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d84b5247-840c-4b30-858a-374281dbc2ac' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-ec6e9ee8-d087-47a1-9c59-4126f865b4e2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-ec6e9ee8-d087-47a1-9c59-4126f865b4e2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-e8ba6c99-bed9-46b3-bc18-1db479fdfaea' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-e8ba6c99-bed9-46b3-bc18-1db479fdfaea' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-ce8542b6-7441-466c-8a17-99acb3f3c218' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-ce8542b6-7441-466c-8a17-99acb3f3c218' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-5c990f34-2b36-4f48-88a1-0473f06211dc' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-5c990f34-2b36-4f48-88a1-0473f06211dc' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-b234e92b-7b36-48ca-b9c9-f2fd26f04eb6' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-b234e92b-7b36-48ca-b9c9-f2fd26f04eb6' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[&#x27;1850-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-04-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-10-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2006-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;]],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-6a7cbb40-97c0-4429-8065-7cb9f722dc3e' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-6a7cbb40-97c0-4429-8065-7cb9f722dc3e' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9b5d4124-dacb-48aa-8d4e-8b3f91c9c8cf' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9b5d4124-dacb-48aa-8d4e-8b3f91c9c8cf' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[-90.   , -89.375],\n",
       "       [-89.375, -88.125],\n",
       "       [-88.125, -86.875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [ 86.875,  88.125],\n",
       "       [ 88.125,  89.375],\n",
       "       [ 89.375,  90.   ]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-daeefb05-9534-4789-b495-033e1a1aaa86' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-daeefb05-9534-4789-b495-033e1a1aaa86' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fa779e12-0175-4a2f-be93-2dcb9846889d' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fa779e12-0175-4a2f-be93-2dcb9846889d' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[ -0.9375,   0.9375],\n",
       "       [  0.9375,   2.8125],\n",
       "       [  2.8125,   4.6875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [353.4375, 355.3125],\n",
       "       [355.3125, 357.1875],\n",
       "       [357.1875, 359.0625]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tas</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-5db3aecb-c4ad-424e-bf00-d5dc3ac20561' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-5db3aecb-c4ad-424e-bf00-d5dc3ac20561' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-24aab50f-7d96-4208-9810-664847207a1d' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-24aab50f-7d96-4208-9810-664847207a1d' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-d478c903-d4a2-43ed-89d2-8f8f5d2351da' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  ><label for='section-d478c903-d4a2-43ed-89d2-8f8f5d2351da' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(29)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>institution :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), and BOM (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)</dd><dt><span>institute_id :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO-BOM</dd><dt><span>experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>source :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-point, 1.875 degrees EW x approx 1.25 degree NS, 38 levels); ocean: NOAA/GFDL MOM4p1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S, 50 levels); sea ice: CICE4.1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S); land: CABLE1.0 (1.875 degree EW x 1.25 degree NS, 6 levels</dd><dt><span>model_id :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>forcing :</span></dt><dd>GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a)</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>piControl</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_rip :</span></dt><dd>r1i1p1</dd><dt><span>branch_time :</span></dt><dd>90945.0</dd><dt><span>contact :</span></dt><dd>The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/Home. Contact Tony.Hirst@csiro.au regarding the ACCESS coupled climate model. Contact Peter.Uhe@csiro.au regarding ACCESS coupled climate model CMIP5 datasets.</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a forcing,global,m,c,GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a) /projects/p66/pfu599/CMIP5/output/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/tas/r1i1p1/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc\n",
       "CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS model output using the ACCESS Post-Processor and CMOR2. 2012-02-05T23:50:03Z CMOR rewrote data to comply with CF standards and CMIP5 requirements. Fri Apr 13 12:13:13 2012: updated version number to v20120413. Fri Apr 13 12:29:32 2012: corrected model_id from ACCESS1-3 to ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>references :</span></dt><dd>See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/ACCESS+Publications</dd><dt><span>initialization_method :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>physics_version :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>tracking_id :</span></dt><dd>7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d</dd><dt><span>version_number :</span></dt><dd>v20120413</dd><dt><span>product :</span></dt><dd>output</dd><dt><span>experiment :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>frequency :</span></dt><dd>mon</dd><dt><span>creation_date :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:50:03Z</dd><dt><span>Conventions :</span></dt><dd>CF-1.4</dd><dt><span>project_id :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5</dd><dt><span>table_id :</span></dt><dd>Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842df9a62ef38b1e2575bb</dd><dt><span>title :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment :</span></dt><dd>pre-industrial control</dd><dt><span>modeling_realm :</span></dt><dd>atmos</dd><dt><span>realization :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>cmor_version :</span></dt><dd>2.8.0</dd><dt><span>DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 ...\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] ...\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    tas        (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1-3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         Fri Apr 13 09:38:12 2012: ncatted -a for...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     7f51888d-7daa-45b3-b568-9ce3288b333d\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-02-05T23:50:03Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (27 April 2011) 9c851218e3842...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds_local"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There is an operator, `identical`, that will compare datasets and return `True` if they are identical. Running that shows that yes, xarray has saved the dataset read from an opendap URL to a local file and `ds` and `ds_local` are identical"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds.identical(ds_local)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The same `to_netcdf` operator will work for a `DataArray`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tas.to_netcdf('tas.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "When this is read back in and printed out none of the metadata from the original dataset, `ds`, is retained as it did not exist in the `tas` `DataArray`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:  (lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    tas      (time, lat, lon) float32 ...</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-349cc414-997d-4c47-9fa8-2214e670afd7' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-349cc414-997d-4c47-9fa8-2214e670afd7' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-bf6fdb91-5120-44bf-98e0-8418e8d263dc' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-bf6fdb91-5120-44bf-98e0-8418e8d263dc' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-...</div><input id='attrs-545f49cf-4e62-45f1-8161-bff700e6009e' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-545f49cf-4e62-45f1-8161-bff700e6009e' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fd26949d-dbb4-4739-88e8-c061d7b4b981' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fd26949d-dbb4-4739-88e8-c061d7b4b981' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-3437f5c6-5ad2-4521-a3e7-11ca65d12563' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-3437f5c6-5ad2-4521-a3e7-11ca65d12563' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-88f50cf7-e059-4d2d-a198-6fd601bbb208' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-88f50cf7-e059-4d2d-a198-6fd601bbb208' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-b2a06129-3731-47e5-a44b-5e5dadc68c30' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-b2a06129-3731-47e5-a44b-5e5dadc68c30' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9796a99b-ea00-44d8-9a7c-93dab0166c79' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9796a99b-ea00-44d8-9a7c-93dab0166c79' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-e60bc1be-e194-4d3d-a391-db84f45629be' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e60bc1be-e194-4d3d-a391-db84f45629be' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6a330313-3f7b-402e-ae5c-e1af34d6a9fb' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6a330313-3f7b-402e-ae5c-e1af34d6a9fb' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-e7481535-c5f8-4dcd-be9d-bf7f8ae1026f' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-e7481535-c5f8-4dcd-be9d-bf7f8ae1026f' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tas</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-8a3b4158-3509-4636-bf86-d8a0db69659a' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-8a3b4158-3509-4636-bf86-d8a0db69659a' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d7ab200e-e20b-4f26-b6ec-db69561291ae' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d7ab200e-e20b-4f26-b6ec-db69561291ae' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2012-02-05T23:49:51Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-6021062d-7430-4d4b-b713-74693f28987e' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-6021062d-7430-4d4b-b713-74693f28987e' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:  (lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 ...\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    tas      (time, lat, lon) float32 ..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas_local = xarray.open_dataset('tas.nc')\n",
    "tas_local"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Using the `identical` method shows the newly created `tas` `Dataset` is not identical to the `DataArray` `tas`. If the comparison is between `tas` and the `DataArray` `tas` inside the `tas_local` `Dataset` it shows they are identical"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas.identical(tas_local)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas.identical(tas_local.tas)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A `DataArray` cannot be written directly to a netCDF file. When `to_netcdf` is called on a `DataArray` there is an implicit `to_dataset` operation then `to_netcdf` is called on the resulting `DataSet`. So the result of `tas.to_dataset()` is identical to `tas_local`, as this is what was done implicitly before `to_netcdf`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas.to_dataset().identical(tas_local)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To save new datasets, say the results of calculations, is the same process. As an example from the surface air temp data, `tas`, a 30 year climatology is calculated and saved in the `tas_clim` variable"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tas_clim = tas.sel(time=slice('1960-01','1989-12')).mean(dim='time')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
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       "\n",
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       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
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       "\n",
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       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
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       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;tas&#x27; (lat: 145, lon: 192)&gt;\n",
       "array([[223.5951 , 223.5951 , 223.5951 , ..., 223.58675, 223.58675,\n",
       "        223.58675],\n",
       "       [227.05313, 227.00461, 226.95636, ..., 227.20116, 227.1515 ,\n",
       "        227.10295],\n",
       "       [228.13997, 228.0243 , 227.9114 , ..., 228.49681, 228.37773,\n",
       "        228.25885],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [255.42877, 255.46603, 255.50294, ..., 255.29857, 255.34636,\n",
       "        255.38702],\n",
       "       [254.99307, 255.0079 , 255.0223 , ..., 254.94296, 254.95801,\n",
       "        254.97554],\n",
       "       [254.3218 , 254.3218 , 254.3218 , ..., 254.3218 , 254.3218 ,\n",
       "        254.3218 ]], dtype=float32)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tas'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-a89b5cc1-3846-46d8-88c5-b4ccc676f889' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-a89b5cc1-3846-46d8-88c5-b4ccc676f889' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 223.6 ... 254.3 254.3 254.3 254.3 254.3</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[223.5951 , 223.5951 , 223.5951 , ..., 223.58675, 223.58675,\n",
       "        223.58675],\n",
       "       [227.05313, 227.00461, 226.95636, ..., 227.20116, 227.1515 ,\n",
       "        227.10295],\n",
       "       [228.13997, 228.0243 , 227.9114 , ..., 228.49681, 228.37773,\n",
       "        228.25885],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [255.42877, 255.46603, 255.50294, ..., 255.29857, 255.34636,\n",
       "        255.38702],\n",
       "       [254.99307, 255.0079 , 255.0223 , ..., 254.94296, 254.95801,\n",
       "        254.97554],\n",
       "       [254.3218 , 254.3218 , 254.3218 , ..., 254.3218 , 254.3218 ,\n",
       "        254.3218 ]], dtype=float32)</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-172a339b-3032-47e5-abc9-fb4b50a7ccc1' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-172a339b-3032-47e5-abc9-fb4b50a7ccc1' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(3)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-fa35cc1e-3632-4ed6-b63b-7c35ef6219d1' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-fa35cc1e-3632-4ed6-b63b-7c35ef6219d1' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-5bf74afb-7300-4e47-bd04-e8184d6af278' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-5bf74afb-7300-4e47-bd04-e8184d6af278' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-f1037c41-1bc7-441c-8246-231a5d1f2759' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-f1037c41-1bc7-441c-8246-231a5d1f2759' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-801c51d4-9946-4f28-819d-df0dda888c1d' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-801c51d4-9946-4f28-819d-df0dda888c1d' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-0dcb6ec1-0767-4475-b3bc-48216415179f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-0dcb6ec1-0767-4475-b3bc-48216415179f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-da4e324c-78ec-44c5-a441-89a4afe84196' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-da4e324c-78ec-44c5-a441-89a4afe84196' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-a39a84ef-00a3-4ed7-922e-45a2a619f9c9' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-a39a84ef-00a3-4ed7-922e-45a2a619f9c9' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'tas' (lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "array([[223.5951 , 223.5951 , 223.5951 , ..., 223.58675, 223.58675,\n",
       "        223.58675],\n",
       "       [227.05313, 227.00461, 226.95636, ..., 227.20116, 227.1515 ,\n",
       "        227.10295],\n",
       "       [228.13997, 228.0243 , 227.9114 , ..., 228.49681, 228.37773,\n",
       "        228.25885],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [255.42877, 255.46603, 255.50294, ..., 255.29857, 255.34636,\n",
       "        255.38702],\n",
       "       [254.99307, 255.0079 , 255.0223 , ..., 254.94296, 254.95801,\n",
       "        254.97554],\n",
       "       [254.3218 , 254.3218 , 254.3218 , ..., 254.3218 , 254.3218 ,\n",
       "        254.3218 ]], dtype=float32)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas_clim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now this is saved to the netCDF file `tas_clim.nc`. Note that this is calling `to_dataset` explicitly so that a new name can be specified for the `DataArray` when it is converted into a `Dataset`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tas_clim.to_dataset(name='tas_climatology').to_netcdf('tas_clim.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Open the data again, overwriting the `tas_clim` variable in the process, and the data variable is now named `tas_climatology` as expected. If the name had not been defined it would have used the name from the original `DataArray`, namely `tas`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tas_clim = xarray.open_dataset('tas_clim.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  --xr-background-color: var(--jp-layout-color0, white);\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-even: var(--jp-layout-color1, white);\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-odd: var(--jp-layout-color2, #eeeeee);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "html[theme=dark],\n",
       "body.vscode-dark {\n",
       "  --xr-font-color0: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);\n",
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       "  --xr-font-color3: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.38);\n",
       "  --xr-border-color: #1F1F1F;\n",
       "  --xr-disabled-color: #515151;\n",
       "  --xr-background-color: #111111;\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-even: #111111;\n",
       "  --xr-background-color-row-odd: #313131;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-wrap {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "  min-width: 300px;\n",
       "  max-width: 700px;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-text-repr-fallback {\n",
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       "  display: none;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-header {\n",
       "  padding-top: 6px;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 6px;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
       "  border-bottom: solid 1px var(--xr-border-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-header > div,\n",
       ".xr-header > ul {\n",
       "  display: inline;\n",
       "  margin-top: 0;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-obj-type,\n",
       ".xr-array-name {\n",
       "  margin-left: 2px;\n",
       "  margin-right: 10px;\n",
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       "\n",
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       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-sections {\n",
       "  padding-left: 0 !important;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 150px auto auto 1fr 20px 20px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input + label {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-disabled-color);\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input:enabled + label {\n",
       "  cursor: pointer;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-item input:enabled + label:hover {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color0);\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "  font-weight: 500;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary > span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding-left: 0.5em;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:disabled + label {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in + label:before {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  content: '►';\n",
       "  font-size: 11px;\n",
       "  width: 15px;\n",
       "  text-align: center;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:disabled + label:before {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-disabled-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label:before {\n",
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       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label > span {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary,\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  padding-top: 4px;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 4px;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2 / -1;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 5px;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked ~ .xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap > label {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  vertical-align: top;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-preview {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-preview,\n",
       ".xr-array-data {\n",
       "  padding: 0 5px !important;\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list {\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  list-style: none;\n",
       "  padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:before {\n",
       "  content: '(';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:after {\n",
       "  content: ')';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li:not(:last-child):after {\n",
       "  content: ',';\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-has-index {\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list,\n",
       ".xr-var-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-item label,\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-even);\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name:hover span {\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:          (lat: 145, lon: 192)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * lat              (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon              (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height           float64 1.5\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    tas_climatology  (lat, lon) float32 223.6 223.6 223.6 ... 254.3 254.3 254.3</pre><div class='xr-wrap' hidden><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-2a247d8a-933f-45ad-bb41-8674331b8de5' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-2a247d8a-933f-45ad-bb41-8674331b8de5' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-88af81cd-4e2d-4123-89a5-d709d7dcecf5' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-88af81cd-4e2d-4123-89a5-d709d7dcecf5' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(3)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-ffb595cb-ae33-487a-9981-8154c23b36f7' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-ffb595cb-ae33-487a-9981-8154c23b36f7' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bab5e1b2-dfc0-4305-9d5c-f5987706f64a' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bab5e1b2-dfc0-4305-9d5c-f5987706f64a' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-0a5da17d-3c73-45bd-a2a1-11b5076b5c97' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-0a5da17d-3c73-45bd-a2a1-11b5076b5c97' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-4f8d81c2-9ce5-40b2-bad9-b2b6864fdcfb' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-4f8d81c2-9ce5-40b2-bad9-b2b6864fdcfb' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-597b3758-40ad-47e6-911b-ae84197ba86b' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-597b3758-40ad-47e6-911b-ae84197ba86b' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-0a5e3c33-771d-4439-8413-d4bc19859862' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-0a5e3c33-771d-4439-8413-d4bc19859862' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(1.5)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-3c62308e-0139-452e-803f-73a57be1ba12' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-3c62308e-0139-452e-803f-73a57be1ba12' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tas_climatology</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-27f582fa-b9a9-4956-8523-3746ab4e63f3' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-27f582fa-b9a9-4956-8523-3746ab4e63f3' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-b24ac186-0746-409c-aeea-1a7309cb8cc6' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-b24ac186-0746-409c-aeea-1a7309cb8cc6' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[223.5951 , 223.5951 , 223.5951 , ..., 223.58675, 223.58675, 223.58675],\n",
       "       [227.05313, 227.00461, 226.95636, ..., 227.20116, 227.1515 , 227.10295],\n",
       "       [228.13997, 228.0243 , 227.9114 , ..., 228.49681, 228.37773, 228.25885],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [255.42877, 255.46603, 255.50294, ..., 255.29857, 255.34636, 255.38702],\n",
       "       [254.99307, 255.0079 , 255.0223 , ..., 254.94296, 254.95801, 254.97554],\n",
       "       [254.3218 , 254.3218 , 254.3218 , ..., 254.3218 , 254.3218 , 254.3218 ]],\n",
       "      dtype=float32)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-71d12ba4-aa35-4217-b862-00ed53ee1ca7' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-71d12ba4-aa35-4217-b862-00ed53ee1ca7' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:          (lat: 145, lon: 192)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * lat              (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon              (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height           float64 ...\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    tas_climatology  (lat, lon) float32 ..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas_clim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "When xarray opens a netCDF file some of the metadata is saved in a special `dict` called `encoding`. This is used when xarray writes a `Dataset` back out to a netCDF file, it encodes the data before doing so. There is an `encoding` attribute for a `Dataset` and all variables and coordinates have their own `encoding` attribute:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'unlimited_dims': {'time'},\n",
       " 'source': 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/latest/tas/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds.encoding"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'source': 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/latest/tas/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc',\n",
       " 'original_shape': (1872, 145, 192),\n",
       " 'dtype': dtype('float32'),\n",
       " 'missing_value': 1e+20,\n",
       " '_FillValue': 1e+20,\n",
       " 'coordinates': 'height'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas.encoding"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The `encoding` `dict` for the `time` coordinate is particularly interesting, as this is where the `calendar` and `units` attributes from the netCDF file are stored. When the netCDF file is opened these attributes are used to convert the time variable, which is just an array of numbers, into python `DateTime` objects. When the data is written back to a file this step must be done in reverse"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'source': 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/latest/tas/tas_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc',\n",
       " 'original_shape': (1872,),\n",
       " 'dtype': dtype('float64'),\n",
       " 'units': 'days since 0001-01-01',\n",
       " 'calendar': 'proleptic_gregorian'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds.time.encoding"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "netCDF4 files support lossless in-file compression. This can reduce the size of a netCDF file considerably, but it can still be used in the same way as an uncompressed netCDF file. See the CMS Wiki for [more details on netCDF compression](http://climate-cms.wikis.unsw.edu.au/NetCDF_Compression_Tools).\n",
    "\n",
    "Enabling in-file compression when saving data to a netCDF file is done by adding the appropriate key/value pairs to the `encoding`. The `encoding` can be updated in the object before writing to a file, or an `encoding` argument added to the `to_netcdf` method. The latter is shown below for the the `tas` `DataArray`. It is sufficient to just specify `zlib`, which would use the default compression level, `complevel`, of 1."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tas.to_netcdf('tas_compressed.nc', encoding=tas.encoding.update({'zlib': True, 'complevel': 4}))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A directory listing shows that the compressed file is 56% the size of the uncompressed data, a 1.8 compression factor. 3D ocean data will typically have compression ratios of 3-4."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "-rw-r--r--. 1 aph502 v45 111M Mar  5 15:12 tas_compressed.nc\r\n",
      "-rw-r--r--. 1 aph502 v45 199M Mar  5 15:11 tas.nc\r\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!ls -lh tas.nc tas_compressed.nc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Reading the compressed data back in shows the compression was lossless and the data is unchanged"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tas.identical(xarray.open_dataset('tas_compressed.nc').tas)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The same `encoding` option works for `Dataset` objects also"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ds.to_netcdf('ds_compressed.nc', encoding=ds.encoding.update({'zlib': True, 'complevel': 4}))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "-rw-r--r--. 1 aph502 v45 113M Mar  5 15:12 ds_compressed.nc\r\n",
      "-rw-r--r--. 1 aph502 v45 200M Mar  5 15:11 ds.nc\r\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!ls -lh ds.nc ds_compressed.nc"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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