Invalid certificate chain when using Vault with Intermediate CA

[atoy3731]

Versions:

• Istio: 1.13.2
• Cert-Manager: 1.8.0
• Istio CSR: 0.4.2 (chart), 0.4.0 (app)
• Vault: 1.9.2

I'm using the following script to try to test using Vault for my Istio CA, but when using curl to between 2 istio-injected pods, I get CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED:

# Create root CA
vault secrets enable pki
vault secrets tune -max-lease-ttl=87600h pki
vault write -field=certificate pki/root/generate/internal \
     common_name="svc" \
     ttl=87600h > CA_cert.crt
vault write pki/config/urls \
     issuing_certificates="$VAULT_ADDR/v1/pki/ca" \
     crl_distribution_points="$VAULT_ADDR/v1/pki/crl"

# Generate intermediate Istio CA
vault secrets enable -path=pki_istio pki
vault secrets tune -max-lease-ttl=43800h pki_istio
vault write -format=json pki_istio/intermediate/generate/internal \
     common_name="svc Intermediate CA" \
     | jq -r '.data.csr' > pki_istio.csr
vault write -format=json pki/root/sign-intermediate csr=@pki_istio.csr \
     format=pem_bundle ttl="43800h" \
     | jq -r '.data.certificate' > istio.cert.pem
vault write pki_istio/intermediate/set-signed [email protected]

# Create role for signing
vault write pki_istio/roles/istio_role \
     allowed_domains=svc \
     allow_subdomains=true \
     allowed_uri_sans=spiffe://cluster.local/* \
     require_cn=false \
     max_ttl="8766h"

# Create approle for cert-manager
cat <<EOT >> istio_policy.hcl
path "pki_istio/*" {
  capabilities = ["create", "read", "update", "delete", "list"]
}
EOT

vault policy write istio_policy ./istio_policy.hcl
vault write auth/approle/role/istio_role \
    token_policies=istio_policy

When running this command to test:

kubectl exec -it -n sample $(k get pods -n sample -l app=sleep --no-headers | awk '{ print $1 }') -c istio-proxy -- openssl s_client -showcerts -connect helloworld.sample:5000

It appears the certificate chain is invalid and it can't get the local issuer certificate:

CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=1 CN = svc Intermediate CA
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:1
depth=0
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:
   i:CN = svc Intermediate CA
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIDWjCCAkKgAwIBAgIURRQEu9Y9asllpUpgQlVj0Z2KtDgwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
BQAwHjEcMBoGA1UEAxMTc3ZjIEludGVybWVkaWF0ZSBDQTAeFw0yMjA1MTAxNDAw
MDVaFw0yMjA1MTAxNTAwMzVaMAAwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEK
AoIBAQCqcdf2HNgIdo6Jr6s7OpUG5pmN6TzGws4cbeE/eQMZ45SVpJUmaCsuo/fw
ygYsOzbK0iywJbqCI8syJ9i5y+nv8RHAH2O+ZJEh7dNzK2T2HJez7CNUrjEP9M83
0g9xz8aNzpPP4unzDCvoY2XjXg9FyelsnLykh4X4CoBU7NRrc9e9WPPAXBoMzz50
ED/WpOeADabAV3Fbm2u6pvfjk38MDP0ggs/2ugouw9SasTSgVTRuExcJTMuTHqBe
iAC5rappmBGJh89lFG1vhE07j4zJF4WOcfXAg7Fiy9jP8hNcXVnPseWe6m3FsreL
Su/AfQyHshw0YtNIxkq4Lr2A60ODAgMBAAGjga0wgaowDgYDVR0PAQH/BAQDAgOo
MB0GA1UdJQQWMBQGCCsGAQUFBwMBBggrBgEFBQcDAjAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUVUddNc6U
WYMtvFBa84bJKd3XFBIwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUxM/MbjS1oWu2YyLB7g3sWIRCRcUw
OQYDVR0RAQH/BC8wLYYrc3BpZmZlOi8vY2x1c3Rlci5sb2NhbC9ucy9zYW1wbGUv
c2EvZGVmYXVsdDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAEfmnad74RUsKWcI6CfGPgZ+5
VPj3I7DYUKMk+7X0RWxJon8rcSUvt8m2d/MOTOxsJFIr10vZNFAN5aYr4Ac9+Al2
3sk2tBFYPkyBSgR+wEom3vxV0W+WLWh6lLboMptd8UfeW5TzLnkBhyJX49PoWB1L
q2ZOuzsFR1UQkWzzRNp19f7refuyWYW8X0Z34lqR2igqYQBF7m8GmwvZlNUkEFQY
gkqfUag8D1RV+QtB7nJhVKr9Gkhc4DN9YvChwvJ3dTyKwTrQnvRUAeMl2D63RvwM
suHTXXr0idO6qmFVbYnjZ3dVxzj5PsylDQ3oFE6YksaAeiVhiunbwYzBpUqZNw==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 1 s:CN = svc Intermediate CA
   i:CN = svc
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 2 s:CN = svc Intermediate CA
   i:CN = svc
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
---
Server certificate
subject=

issuer=CN = svc Intermediate CA

---
Acceptable client certificate CA names
CN = svc Intermediate CA
Requested Signature Algorithms: ECDSA+SHA256:RSA-PSS+SHA256:RSA+SHA256:ECDSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA384:RSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA512:RSA+SHA512:RSA+SHA1
Shared Requested Signature Algorithms: ECDSA+SHA256:RSA-PSS+SHA256:RSA+SHA256:ECDSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA384:RSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA512:RSA+SHA512
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Peer signature type: RSA-PSS
Server Temp Key: X25519, 253 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 3267 bytes and written 419 bytes
Verification error: unable to get local issuer certificate
---
New, TLSv1.3, Cipher is TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS NOT supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
Early data was not sent
Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)
---
140215270085952:error:1409445C:SSL routines:ssl3_read_bytes:tlsv13 alert certificate required:../ssl/record/rec_layer_s3.c:1543:SSL alert number 116

This only seems to be an issue when I'm using the intermediate CA from the above script. If I configure my issuer to use the root CA directly, things work as expected. For transparency, here's my issuer:

apiVersion: cert-manager.io/v1
kind: Issuer
metadata:
  name: vault-issuer
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  vault:
    path: pki_istio/sign/istio_role
    server: https://vault.example.com
    auth:
      appRole:
        path: approle
        roleId: "REDACTED"
        secretRef:
          name: vault-approle
          key: secretId

[kekbur]

I'm encountering this issue too with the following versions:

• Istio: 1.14.1
• Cert-Manager: 1.9.1
• Istio CSR: 0.5.0 (chart), 0.5.0 (app)
• Vault: 1.11.2

[kekbur]

Update: I was able to fix the issue by combining the intermediate certificate and the root certificate and passing the resulting file to Istio CSR as rootCAFile.

cat intermediate1.cert.pem ca.pem > combined1.cert.pem
kubectl --context="${CTX_CLUSTER1}" create secret generic istio-root-ca --from-file=ca.pem=combined1.cert.pem -n cert-manager
helm --kube-context="${CTX_CLUSTER1}" install -n cert-manager cert-manager-istio-csr jetstack/cert-manager-istio-csr --set app.server.clusterID=cluster1 --set "app.tls.rootCAFile=/var/run/secrets/istio-csr/ca.pem" --set "volumeMounts[0].name=root-ca" --set "volumeMounts[0].mountPath=/var/run/secrets/istio-csr" --set "volumes[0].name=root-ca" --set "volumes[0].secret.secretName=istio-root-ca" --set app.certmanager.issuer.name=vault-istio-ca1-issuer

As shown in atoy3731's openssl s_client log dump, the intermediate certificate is printed twice, but both openssl and curl are happy.

kubectl --context "$CTX_CLUSTER1" exec -n default deployment/helloworld-v1 -c istio-proxy -- openssl s_client -showcerts -connect helloworld.default2:5000

depth=2 CN = istio-ca-vault
verify error:num=19:self signed certificate in certificate chain
verify return:1
depth=2 CN = istio-ca-vault
verify return:1
CONNECTED(00000003)
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:
   i:CN = Istio-ca Intermediate Authority1
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 1 s:CN = Istio-ca Intermediate Authority1
   i:CN = istio-ca-vault
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 2 s:CN = Istio-ca Intermediate Authority1
   i:CN = istio-ca-vault
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
 3 s:CN = istio-ca-vault
   i:CN = istio-ca-vault
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
---
Server certificate
subject=

issuer=CN = Istio-ca Intermediate Authority1

---
Acceptable client certificate CA names
CN = istio-ca-vault
CN = Istio-ca Intermediate Authority1
Requested Signature Algorithms: ECDSA+SHA256:RSA-PSS+SHA256:RSA+SHA256:ECDSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA384:RSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA512:RSA+SHA512:RSA+SHA1
Shared Requested Signature Algorithms: ECDSA+SHA256:RSA-PSS+SHA256:RSA+SHA256:ECDSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA384:RSA+SHA384:RSA-PSS+SHA512:RSA+SHA512
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Peer signature type: RSA-PSS
Server Temp Key: X25519, 253 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 2871 bytes and written 421 bytes
Verification error: self signed certificate in certificate chain
---
New, TLSv1.3, Cipher is TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS NOT supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
Early data was not sent
Verify return code: 19 (self signed certificate in certificate chain)
---
depth=1 CN = Istio-ca Intermediate Authority1
verify return:1
depth=0
verify return:1
139984205489472:error:1409445C:SSL routines:ssl3_read_bytes:tlsv13 alert certificate required:../ssl/record/rec_layer_s3.c:1543:SSL alert number 116
command terminated with exit code 1

[volodymyr-mykhailyk]

While was trying to setup similar thing in our infrastructure stumbled upon an explanation for this issue:

• Vault by default not including root into the signed chain: vault: Fix when certificate chain does not have a root ca  cert-manager#4195
• Proposed solution in neighbor issue: Vault generated certificates cert-manager#4023 (comment)

While your solution works and follows all the security recommendations from the cert-manager to extract root CA - the proper answer might also be to change the vault configuration.

In other words, when you set the signed certificate to the intermediate PKI backend - you should also add the root certificate to the chain. When generating a signed intermediary - adjust what is included in intermediate.cert.pem file:

Instead of:

vault write -format=json pki/root/sign-intermediate csr=@pki_intermediate.csr \
        format=pem_bundle ttl="43800h" \
        | jq -r '.data.certificate' > intermediate.cert.pem

Use this:

vault write -format=json pki/root/sign-intermediate csr=@pki_intermediate.csr \
        format=pem_bundle ttl="43800h" \
        | jq -r '.data.certificate, .data.issuing_ca' > intermediate.cert.pem

[kuberkaul]

@kekbur why are you getting : Verify return code: 19 (self signed certificate in certificate chain) ? even when using Vault CA