[FLINK-34194][ci] Updates test CI container to be based on Ubuntu 22.04 #227

Job	Run time
Default (Java 8) / Compile	9m 47s
Pre-compile Checks / Basic QA	7m 17s
Default (Java 8) / E2E (group 1)	1h 41m 16s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: core)	37m 7s
Default (Java 8) / Test packaging/licensing	30m 10s
Default (Java 8) / E2E (group 2)	1h 59m 42s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: python)	32m 6s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: table)	36m 23s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: connect)	20m 21s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: tests)	47m 51s
Default (Java 8) / Test (module: misc)	47m 30s
	8h 9m 30s

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