transcribe_audio_and_add_to_index.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/alex/anaconda3/envs/audio-sifter/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:22: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets. See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_install.html\n",
      "  from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm\n",
      "/home/alex/anaconda3/envs/audio-sifter/lib/python3.10/site-packages/whisper/transcribe.py:78: UserWarning: FP16 is not supported on CPU; using FP32 instead\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"FP16 is not supported on CPU; using FP32 instead\")\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " You know, I've talked about some of these projects before about the human genome and what that might mean, and discovering new sets of genes. We're actually starting at a new point. We've been digitizing biology, and now we're trying to go from that digital code into a new phase of biology with designing and synthesizing life. So we've always been trying to ask big questions. What is life is something that I think many biologists have been trying to understand at various levels. We've tried various approaches, pairing it down to minimal components. We've been digitizing it now for almost 20 years when we sequenced the human genome. It was going from the analog world of biology into the digital world of the computer. Now we're trying to ask, can we regenerate life, or can we create new life out of this digital universe? This is the map of a small organism, microplasma genitalium. That has the smallest genome for a species that can self-replicate in the laboratory. We've been trying to just see if we can come up with the even smaller genome. We were able to knock out on the order of 100 genes out of the 500 or so that are here. But when we look at its metabolic map, it's relatively simple compared to ours. Trust me, this is simple. But when we look at all the genes that we can knock out one at a time, it's very unlikely that this would yield a living cell. So we decided the only way forward was to actually synthesize this chromosome so we could vary the components to ask some of these most fundamental questions. And so we started down the road of can we synthesize chromosome, can chemistry permit making these really large molecules where we've never been before? And if we do, can we boot up a chromosome? The chromosome, by the way, is just a piece of inert chemical material. So our pace of digitizing life has been increasing at an exponential pace. Our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly, but has been increasing and our latest point would put it on now on exponential curve. We started this over 15 years ago. It took several stages in fact starting with a bioethical review before we did the first experiments. But it turns out synthesizing DNA is very difficult. There's tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces of DNA 30 to 50 letters in length. And it's a degenerate process so the longer you make the piece the more errors there are. So we had to create a new method for putting these little pieces together and correct all the errors. And this was our first attempt starting with the digital information of the genome of 5x174. It's a small virus that kills bacteria. We designed the pieces and went through our error correction and had a DNA molecule of about 5,000 letters. The exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical and put it in the bacteria. And the bacteria started to read this genetic code, made the viral particles. The viral particles then were released from the cells and came back and killed the E. coli. I was talking to the oil industry recently and I said they clearly understood that model. They laughed more than you guys are. And so we think this is a situation where the software can actually build its own hardware in a biological system. But we wanted to go much larger. We wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome. It's over 580,000 letters of genetic code. So we thought we'd build them and cassettes the size of the viruses. So we could actually vary the cassettes to understand what the actual components of a living cell are. Design is critical. And if you're starting with digital information in the computer, that digital information has to be really accurate. When we first sequenced this genome in 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error for 10,000 base pairs. We actually found on re-sequencing at 30 errors, how do we use that original sequence it never would have been able to be booted up. Part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters long that have to overlap with all the other 50 letter pieces to build smaller subunits. We have to design so they can go together. We design unique elements into this. You may have read that we put water marks in. Think of this. We have a four letter genetic code at ACG and T. Triplets of those letters code for roughly 20 amino acids that there's a single letter designation for each of the amino acids. So we can use the genetic code to write out words, sentences, thoughts. Initially all we did was autograph it. Some people were disappointed there was not poetry. We designed these pieces so we can just chew back with enzymes. There's enzymes that repair them and put them together. We started making pieces, starting with pieces that were five to 7,000 letters, put those together to make 24,000 letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000. At each stage we grew up these pieces in abundance so we could sequence them because we're trying to create a process that's extremely robust that you can see in a minute we're trying to get to the point of automation. So this looks like a basketball playoff. When we get into these really large pieces over 100,000 base pairs they won't any longer grow readily any coal. I had exhaust all the modern tools of molecular biology and so we turned to other mechanisms. We knew there's a mechanism called homologist recombination that biology uses to repair DNA that can put pieces together. Here's an example of it. There's an organism called dynococcus radiodorans that can take 3 million rads of radiation. You can see in the top panel it's chromosome just gets blown apart. 12 to 24 hours later it put it back together exactly as it was before. We have thousands of organisms that can do this. These organisms can be totally desiccated. They can live in a vacuum. I am absolutely certain that life can exist in outer space. Move around, find a new aqueous environment. In fact NASA has shown a lot of this is out there. Here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes. Actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them in, yeast put them together automatically. This is not an electron micrograph. This is just a regular photomicrograph. It's such a large molecule. We can see it with a light microscope. These are pictures over about a six second period. This is the publication we had just a short while ago. This is over 580,000 letters of genetic code. It's the largest molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure. It's over 300 million molecular weight. If we print it out at a 10 font with no spacing that takes 142 pages just to print this genetic code, how do we boot up a chromosome? How do we activate this? Obviously with the virus it's pretty simple. It's much more complicated dealing with bacteria. It's also simpler when you go into eukaryotes like ourselves. You can just pop out the nucleus and pop in another one. That's what you've all heard about with cloning. With bacteria in archaea, the chromosome is integrated into the cell. We recently showed that we can do a complete transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it. We purified a chromosome from one microbial species. Roughly these two are as distant as human and mice. We had a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome. We digested it with enzymes to kill all the proteins. It was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell. You'll appreciate our very sophisticated graphics here. The new chromosome went into the cell. In fact, we thought this might be as far as it went, but we tried to design the process a little bit further. This is a major mechanism of evolution right here. We find all kinds of species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere, adding thousands of new traits in a second to that species. People who think of evolution is just one gene changing at a time have missed a much of biology. There's enzymes called restriction enzymes that actually digest DNA. The chromosome that was in the cell doesn't have one. The chromosome we put in does. It got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material chuted up. We ended up just with the cell with the new chromosome. It turned blue because of the genes we put in it. With a very short period of time, all the characteristics of one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software that we put in the cell. All the proteins changed. The membranes changed when we read the genetic code. It's exactly what we had transferred in. This may sound like genomic alchemy, but we can by moving the software DNA around, change things quite dramatically. I've argued this is not genesis. This is building on three and a half billion years of evolution. I've argued that we're about to perhaps create a new version of the Cambrian explosion where there's massive new speciation based on this digital design. Why do this? I think this is pretty obvious in terms of some of the needs. We're about to go from six and a half to nine billion people over the next 40 years. To put it in context for myself, I was born in 1946. There's now three people on the planet for every one of us that existed in 1946 and 40 years there'll be four. We have trouble feeding, providing fresh, clean water, medicines, fuel for the six and a half billion. It's going to be stretched to do it for nine. We use over five billion tons of coal, 30 billion plus barrels of oil. That's 100 million barrels a day. When we try to think of biological processes or any process to replace that, it's going to be a huge challenge. Then of course, there's all that CO2 from this material that ends up in the atmosphere. We now from our discovery around the world have a database with about 20 million genes. I like to think of these as the design components of the future. The electronics industry only had a dozen or so components. Look at the diversity that came out of that. We're limited here primarily by biological reality and our imagination. We now have techniques because of these rapid methods of synthesis to do what we're calling combinatorial genomics. We have the ability now to build a large robot that can make a million chromosomes a day. When you think of processing these 20 million different genes or trying to optimize processes to produce octane or to produce pharmaceuticals, new vaccines, we can change just what they small team, do more molecular biology than the last 20 years of all science. It's just standard selection. We can select for viability, chemical or fuel production, vaccine production, et cetera. This is a screen snapshot of some true design software that we're working on to actually be able to sit down and design species in the computer. We don't know necessarily what we look like. We know exactly what their genetic code looks like. We're focusing on now a fourth generation fuels. You've seen recently, corn to ethanol is just a bad experiment. We have second and third generation fuels that are becoming out relatively soon that are sugar to much higher of value fuels like octane or different types of butanol. The only way we think that biology can have a major impact without further increasing the cost of food and luminance availability is if we start with CO2 as its feedstock. We're working with designing cells to go down this road and we think we'll have the first fourth generation fuels in about 18 months. Sunlight and CO2 is one method. But in our discovery around the world, we have all kinds of other methods. This is an organism we described in 1996. It lives in the deep ocean about a mile and half deep. Almost at boiling water temperatures, it takes CO2 to methane using molecular hydrogen as its energy source. We're looking to see if we can take captured CO2 which can easily be piped to sites, convert that CO2 back into fuel to drive this process. In a short period of time, we think that we might be able to increase what the basic question is of what is life. We're truly, you know, have modest goals of replacing the whole petrochemical industry. If you can't do that at TED, where can you? Become a major source of energy. But also we're now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of vaccines. You've seen this year with flu. We're always a year behind in a dollar short when it comes to the right vaccine. I think that can be changed by building common editorial vaccines in advance. Here's what the future may begin to look like with changing now the evolutionary tree. Speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria, archaea, and eventually eukaryotes. We're a ways away from improving people. Our goal is to make sure that we have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that. Thank you very much.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import whisper\n",
    "\n",
    "model = whisper.load_model(\"base\")\n",
    "result = model.transcribe(\"data/CraigVenter_2008.sph\")\n",
    "print(result[\"text\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'id': 0, 'seek': 0, 'start': 0.0, 'end': 20.400000000000002, 'text': \" You know, I've talked about some of these projects before about the human genome and what\", 'tokens': [50364, 509, 458, 11, 286, 600, 2825, 466, 512, 295, 613, 4455, 949, 466, 264, 1952, 21953, 293, 437, 51384, 51384, 300, 1062, 914, 11, 293, 24773, 777, 6352, 295, 14424, 13, 51620, 51620], 'temperature': 0.0, 'avg_logprob': -0.3250291006905692, 'compression_ratio': 1.2589285714285714, 'no_speech_prob': 0.1914173662662506}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "text_segments = result[\"segments\"]\n",
    "print(text_segments[0])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import requests\n",
    "import uuid\n",
    "\n",
    "headers = {\n",
    "    'accept': 'application/json',\n",
    "    'Content-Type': 'application/json',\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "json_schema = \"\"\"{\n",
    "    'title': 'talk',\n",
    "    'type': 'object',\n",
    "    'properties': {\n",
    "        'id': { 'type': 'string', 'description': 'The id of a talk' },\n",
    "        'start': {'type': 'float', 'description': 'Start of audio segment'},\n",
    "        'end': {'type': 'float', 'description': 'End of audio segment'},\n",
    "        'year': {'type': 'int', 'description': 'Year the talk was held'},\n",
    "        'speaker': { 'type': 'string', 'description': 'The name of the speaker' },\n",
    "        'content': { 'type': 'string', 'description': 'The content of a talk' },\n",
    "        'talk-type': { 'type': 'string', 'description': 'The host that published this talk' }\n",
    "    }\n",
    "}\"\"\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# create index\n",
    "data = '{\"name\": \"talk\",\\n  \"txt_field\": \"content\",\\n  \"bucket_field\": \"talk-type\",\\n  \"json_schema\": \"{json_schema}\"}'\n",
    "\n",
    "response = requests.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/idx', headers=headers, data=data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# index items\n",
    "for segment in text_segments:\n",
    "\n",
    "    json_data = {\n",
    "        'id': str(uuid.uuid4()),\n",
    "        'start': segment['start'],\n",
    "        'end': segment['start'],\n",
    "        'year': 2008,\n",
    "        'speaker': 'Craig Venter',\n",
    "        'content': segment['text'],\n",
    "        'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
    "    }   \n",
    "\n",
    "    response = requests.put('http://127.0.0.1:8000/item/talk', headers=headers, json=json_data)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "json_data = {\n",
    "    'query': 'Chromosome transplant',\n",
    "    'bucket': 'ted',\n",
    "    'limit': 200,\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "response = requests.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/qry/talk', headers=headers, json=json_data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[{'item': {'id': 'ad484243-bd2f-419c-b7d6-411b597d3fcd',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' transplant of a chromosome from one cell to another and activate it. We purified a chromosome',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 515.48,\n",
       "   'end': 515.48,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.7013537883758545},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '516bf2ad-acdc-4c08-b1d3-8bcdaa061628',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' the chromosome is integrated into the cell. We recently showed that we can do a complete',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 509.64000000000004,\n",
       "   'end': 509.64000000000004,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5927460193634033},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '15926ce7-6d26-4b66-8f65-c119a9836ecf',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' we put in does. It got expressed and it recognized the other chromosome as foreign material',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 581.0,\n",
       "   'end': 581.0,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5793034434318542},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '25d5691d-d522-477f-a83f-36897df24ff9',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' our very sophisticated graphics here. The new chromosome went into the cell. In fact,',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 540.76,\n",
       "   'end': 540.76,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5583311319351196},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '6a2d0fe7-da3e-461b-9d55-a76575dc759d',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" that actually digest DNA. The chromosome that was in the cell doesn't have one. The chromosome\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 574.6,\n",
       "   'end': 574.6,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5385212302207947},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'da878c03-ae36-4aad-b323-82de16e0d7ab',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' the only way forward was to actually synthesize this chromosome so we could vary the components',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 119.68,\n",
       "   'end': 119.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5322602391242981},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '5be9d660-a10f-4543-9d6b-775eff2a88ba',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" genetic code. It's exactly what we had transferred in. This may sound like genomic alchemy, but\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 611.6,\n",
       "   'end': 611.6,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5286499857902527},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '1c1533b2-cc76-4539-a7f5-efce96513917',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' chuted up. We ended up just with the cell with the new chromosome. It turned blue because',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 587.74,\n",
       "   'end': 587.74,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5279020667076111},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '86f043c0-b1d5-4b7f-bd9b-7e79fd701022',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" there's a mechanism called homologist recombination that biology uses to repair DNA that can put\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 395.68,\n",
       "   'end': 395.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5255076289176941},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'bbcef8b0-2f31-491c-a0ca-08f9045d5240',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' a few extra genes so we could select for this chromosome. We digested it with enzymes',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 528.8,\n",
       "   'end': 528.8,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5109084248542786},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '650af32e-6cc3-4263-90b9-cf9db5c80a2d',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' never been before? And if we do, can we boot up a chromosome? The chromosome, by the way,',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 140.56,\n",
       "   'end': 140.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.5009543299674988},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '5d4dda04-c736-4b27-8e34-91ad78e6359b',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" synthesize chromosome, can chemistry permit making these really large molecules where we've\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 133.12,\n",
       "   'end': 133.12,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.4707103967666626},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '67dce98b-d39d-4474-a187-dfd4036af82f',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' species that have taken up a second chromosome or a third one from somewhere, adding thousands',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 556.88,\n",
       "   'end': 556.88,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.46790823340415955},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '7109473e-5ca4-40e4-a9af-6a0eaab54f18',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" in another one. That's what you've all heard about with cloning. With bacteria in archaea,\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 503.92,\n",
       "   'end': 503.92,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.44065889716148376},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '4ff0331d-2ba3-48e7-bf75-a5e7b1878094',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' genetic code, how do we boot up a chromosome? How do we activate this? Obviously with the',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 486.08000000000004,\n",
       "   'end': 486.08000000000004,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.4312679171562195},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'eb85ee49-d382-460d-b5c9-b8c9a8272581',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" knock out one at a time, it's very unlikely that this would yield a living cell. So we decided\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 110.64,\n",
       "   'end': 110.64,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.4185541570186615},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '982df361-9b85-4627-b14b-949e7cfd56b7',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" that can take 3 million rads of radiation. You can see in the top panel it's chromosome\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 408.48,\n",
       "   'end': 408.48,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.41725432872772217},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'f57fe8a4-2da3-43af-8557-924d70e1cedf',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' We designed the pieces and went through our error correction and had a DNA molecule of about',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 209.28,\n",
       "   'end': 209.28,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.40755581855773926},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'aa2638f3-5316-4d0f-852e-057dd5b32903',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' the even smaller genome. We were able to knock out on the order of 100 genes out of the',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 92.24000000000001,\n",
       "   'end': 92.24000000000001,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.40514078736305237},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '2314b051-5cdb-4ef7-a4b2-0fa95fe53292',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" changing at a time have missed a much of biology. There's enzymes called restriction enzymes\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
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       "   'end': 568.36,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '11ebc713-f844-4285-abec-747f8d77247f',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' review before we did the first experiments. But it turns out synthesizing DNA is very',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 174.4,\n",
       "   'end': 174.4,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3911072909832001},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '9242ee07-0179-4bb5-93bc-edddf6e9734a',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" You know, I've talked about some of these projects before about the human genome and what\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 0.0,\n",
       "   'end': 0.0,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.38919752836227417},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '1900bcfd-2116-4c50-b69c-568e1926e8d2',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' of the genes we put in it. With a very short period of time, all the characteristics of',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 594.4,\n",
       "   'end': 594.4,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3871534466743469},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '6b136ba7-c0d8-497c-94a5-9256da45a257',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" of genetic code. So we thought we'd build them and cassettes the size of the viruses.\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 261.64,\n",
       "   'end': 261.64,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': 'c2008857-3759-4b17-bfc9-8ea5664bf2e7',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" eukaryotes. We're a ways away from improving people. Our goal is to make sure that we\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 926.6800000000001,\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '28a449db-cb16-4ffc-893a-6fcd268d4be7',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" We're actually starting at a new point. We've been digitizing biology, and now we're\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 25.12,\n",
       "   'end': 25.12,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.37633755803108215},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '74937cd8-0b9d-407e-b35b-3add49b7050d',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" we can by moving the software DNA around, change things quite dramatically. I've argued\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 618.28,\n",
       "   'end': 618.28,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '513630d6-4d94-49c4-b774-7988ce53d8ca',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" of biology into the digital world of the computer. Now we're trying to ask, can we regenerate\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 64.04,\n",
       "   'end': 64.04,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.37120264768600464},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'e5888c44-f11b-402d-8039-604c8e06dbdf',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' trying to go from that digital code into a new phase of biology with designing and synthesizing',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 32.68,\n",
       "   'end': 32.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.36337563395500183},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'bd11fc0f-34e2-47b4-8629-3e0359e77171',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' that we put in the cell. All the proteins changed. The membranes changed when we read the',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 606.24,\n",
       "   'end': 606.24,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '91aa63d1-539b-47f5-97c8-8752e5f17519',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" self-replicate in the laboratory. We've been trying to just see if we can come up with\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 86.80000000000001,\n",
       "   'end': 86.80000000000001,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '621be036-ceb9-448d-b862-ec4e94e79266',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" much larger. We wanted to build the entire bacterial chromosome. It's over 580,000 letters\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 255.56,\n",
       "   'end': 255.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3459171950817108},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'ac994d84-2c70-42fd-947d-9874a0980b90',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" with the digital information of the genome of 5x174. It's a small virus that kills bacteria.\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 201.56,\n",
       "   'end': 201.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3418665826320648},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '99c78fbc-a9cc-4fbf-a7b0-1b9444be37c0',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' that might mean, and discovering new sets of genes.',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 20.400000000000002,\n",
       "   'end': 20.400000000000002,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3414415419101715},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '6e8b6c0a-27bc-438d-9eb6-1a7352275dea',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" up these pieces in abundance so we could sequence them because we're trying to create a process\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 365.12,\n",
       "   'end': 365.12,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': 'bcf0f84c-3735-4561-a32e-96c594cb27be',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' We started this over 15 years ago. It took several stages in fact starting with a bioethical',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 168.07999999999998,\n",
       "   'end': 168.07999999999998,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': 'f8349ec4-b7c9-4f78-a03d-7b89c616548d',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' at an exponential pace. Our ability to write the genetic code has been moving pretty slowly,',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 153.08,\n",
       "   'end': 153.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3373959958553314},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '9cbc19b8-1c43-47bd-9b96-9f848ab818b8',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' in, yeast put them together automatically. This is not an electron micrograph. This is',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 448.2,\n",
       "   'end': 448.2,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.33683544397354126},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '343b1a9b-f743-476c-b5b0-656b12263ead',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' one species were lost and it converted totally into the new species based on the new software',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 599.88,\n",
       "   'end': 599.88,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3368304371833801},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '89fec391-d13e-4c71-9d3c-910a8adfc640',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' simpler when you go into eukaryotes like ourselves. You can just pop out the nucleus and pop',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 497.72,\n",
       "   'end': 497.72,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.33106279373168945},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '4c64466c-69ff-4711-bd21-5a80345e71cb',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' it in the bacteria. And the bacteria started to read this genetic code, made the viral',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 222.04,\n",
       "   'end': 222.04,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.32132723927497864},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '162a192d-3e96-4831-af26-0d96257d741b',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' So we could actually vary the cassettes to understand what the actual components of a living',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 266.84,\n",
       "   'end': 266.84,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3206205666065216},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '24a59166-1cd9-48bd-812d-26ecc9e80444',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' of new traits in a second to that species. People who think of evolution is just one gene',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 562.6,\n",
       "   'end': 562.6,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.31972062587738037},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'fb7823ff-a0a4-47e9-af73-469fcf99e43e',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' all the modern tools of molecular biology and so we turned to other mechanisms. We knew',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 388.76,\n",
       "   'end': 388.76,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3189373314380646},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '77a2218a-26dd-48a5-9f52-257078c00a36',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" we had just a short while ago. This is over 580,000 letters of genetic code. It's the largest\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 466.68,\n",
       "   'end': 466.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.31843504309654236},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '96fb9cce-be15-41da-900d-454afcaee633',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' organism, microplasma genitalium. That has the smallest genome for a species that can',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 80.76,\n",
       "   'end': 80.76,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3154304027557373},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '89f6d039-78c0-489c-8fac-bc369d06c8c2',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' that digital information has to be really accurate. When we first sequenced this genome in',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 278.71999999999997,\n",
       "   'end': 278.71999999999997,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.31514647603034973},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '770a016e-32c0-44ae-924a-9719e491f2c5',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' almost 20 years when we sequenced the human genome. It was going from the analog world',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 59.68,\n",
       "   'end': 59.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.31221598386764526},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '85f80abf-ec2a-46ce-a0e6-58f0219c5c30',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' have a chance to survive long enough to maybe do that. Thank you very much.',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 933.16,\n",
       "   'end': 933.16,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3114854395389557},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'c522ed0f-6094-4a56-a5ea-8766933e8b08',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" to kill all the proteins. It was pretty stunning when we put this in the cell. You'll appreciate\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 534.3599999999999,\n",
       "   'end': 534.3599999999999,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3093802332878113},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '13039300-1fa1-4bb7-aba4-e07ae4d04563',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" of DNA 30 to 50 letters in length. And it's a degenerate process so the longer you make\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 185.72,\n",
       "   'end': 185.72,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.3078061044216156},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '260a712e-4bb6-4b33-8c6c-3112099aa4ef',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' Actually just using yeast mechanisms with the right design of the pieces we put them',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 443.68,\n",
       "   'end': 443.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.29789096117019653},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'd245eb29-b86c-4fe2-9a65-f17eb705a2a4',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" back with enzymes. There's enzymes that repair them and put them together. We started making\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 344.76,\n",
       "   'end': 344.76,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2972162067890167},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'd8de3a36-51d8-456a-a666-3a31a189f485',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' when it comes to the right vaccine. I think that can be changed by building common',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 905.2,\n",
       "   'end': 905.2,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2946152687072754},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '728b88ee-686c-4385-8022-993f636134ce',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" pieces over 100,000 base pairs they won't any longer grow readily any coal. I had exhaust\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 381.40000000000003,\n",
       "   'end': 381.40000000000003,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2936341166496277},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'f38b2b06-3b64-4d8a-ad76-8d16e30551c2',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' have read that we put water marks in. Think of this. We have a four letter genetic code',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 313.28000000000003,\n",
       "   'end': 313.28000000000003,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.29328957200050354},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '5ed83150-02db-48ba-a3bb-f2ceb51f6598',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' from one microbial species. Roughly these two are as distant as human and mice. We had',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 522.5600000000001,\n",
       "   'end': 522.5600000000001,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.29165327548980713},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '900af483-668f-4e2b-856f-8dd597e9740f',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' the software can actually build its own hardware in a biological system. But we wanted to go',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 249.52,\n",
       "   'end': 249.52,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2882324755191803},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'ed45d148-b455-4d43-9293-8e5ff077ff78',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' now the evolutionary tree. Speeding up evolution with synthetic bacteria, archaea, and eventually',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 917.44,\n",
       "   'end': 917.44,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2877490222454071},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'c3a634b9-1f34-4352-98eb-36dd47e0c71f',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' compared to ours. Trust me, this is simple. But when we look at all the genes that we can',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 104.84,\n",
       "   'end': 104.84,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.28712010383605957},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '5105e92f-7856-4039-99d4-f5c6421fb6d8',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" cell are. Design is critical. And if you're starting with digital information in the computer,\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 271.79999999999995,\n",
       "   'end': 271.79999999999995,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2780892848968506},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'b3e8f308-d7e2-431e-b862-ae7721d8f35a',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' particles. The viral particles then were released from the cells and came back and killed',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 228.08,\n",
       "   'end': 228.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.27768659591674805},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '4c1719dc-132f-4e89-be0f-7df53a7c1b45',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' bit further. This is a major mechanism of evolution right here. We find all kinds of',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 551.12,\n",
       "   'end': 551.12,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2744314670562744},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'a880315b-7676-4528-9dfe-40be63ab5a4e',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" of this is out there. Here's an actual micrograph of the molecule we built using these processes.\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 435.92,\n",
       "   'end': 435.92,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.26765668392181396},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '8f652719-5b2e-4801-a42c-741e03156a29',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' 1995, the standard of accuracy was one error for 10,000 base pairs. We actually found',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 284.52,\n",
       "   'end': 284.52,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2658509612083435},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '6be1d65f-ec53-40d5-8c0e-6c7832eaba34',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' on re-sequencing at 30 errors, how do we use that original sequence it never would have',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 290.32,\n",
       "   'end': 290.32,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.26196518540382385},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '8006c26f-31d3-4cb4-a9ee-0408fec5ab41',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" this is not genesis. This is building on three and a half billion years of evolution. I've\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 627.28,\n",
       "   'end': 627.28,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2569381296634674},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'fbbffe7a-b915-4762-b370-d22170059cbe',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' little pieces together and correct all the errors. And this was our first attempt starting',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 196.56,\n",
       "   'end': 196.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2557556927204132},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'cc0792bf-de99-4656-a9ec-23a6dfa01507',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" virus it's pretty simple. It's much more complicated dealing with bacteria. It's also\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 491.88,\n",
       "   'end': 491.88,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.25156086683273315},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '52be7b93-acde-40af-9768-cc95c57eab03',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" I think many biologists have been trying to understand at various levels. We've tried\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 46.56,\n",
       "   'end': 46.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.24935880303382874},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '5b2ea034-cf6c-4619-8737-18407fc13071',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" various approaches, pairing it down to minimal components. We've been digitizing it now for\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 52.24,\n",
       "   'end': 52.24,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.24885916709899902},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'e62dfd2c-a387-4b7a-b3e4-dad3e83c6abd',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" at ACG and T. Triplets of those letters code for roughly 20 amino acids that there's\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 319.08,\n",
       "   'end': 319.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '6a7fc4d6-5222-49b1-abd2-6060f175f20f',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" just a regular photomicrograph. It's such a large molecule. We can see it with a light\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 454.64,\n",
       "   'end': 454.64,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.23338593542575836},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'b93da392-2f6d-4462-af3c-035f4cc99d9a',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" pieces together. Here's an example of it. There's an organism called dynococcus radiodorans\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 402.08,\n",
       "   'end': 402.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.22764071822166443},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '79c245fc-5b37-46c0-8af6-a8d5b06ce07b',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' before. We have thousands of organisms that can do this. These organisms can be totally',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 419.0,\n",
       "   'end': 419.0,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2217250019311905},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '7d99bb96-3e8f-45d1-85f9-53dad2e2b9dd',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' 5,000 letters. The exciting phase came when we took this piece of inert chemical and put',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 215.36,\n",
       "   'end': 215.36,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.21524670720100403},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '80dcbb80-6c7d-46bd-be99-08acf1a0601e',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" vaccines. You've seen this year with flu. We're always a year behind in a dollar short\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 899.48,\n",
       "   'end': 899.48,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2123209685087204},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '3d32e29b-97fc-4f76-9fce-801d29010ab9',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" editorial vaccines in advance. Here's what the future may begin to look like with changing\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 910.1600000000001,\n",
       "   'end': 910.1600000000001,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2118913233280182},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'e373b099-77b2-4a82-a028-37c5317df3d4',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' a single letter designation for each of the amino acids. So we can use the genetic code',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 326.12,\n",
       "   'end': 326.12,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.20871175825595856},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '3a4d2811-efde-40a7-968d-36329a62b909',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' just gets blown apart. 12 to 24 hours later it put it back together exactly as it was',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 413.04,\n",
       "   'end': 413.04,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2082396000623703},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'f8ffc6f6-a422-41f5-97bc-da9948aec978',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' microscope. These are pictures over about a six second period. This is the publication',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 459.68,\n",
       "   'end': 459.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.20247328281402588},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'ddbc5f11-6c94-4b1d-8ad5-f58f5219af76',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" But also we're now working on using these same tools to come up with instant sets of\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 894.4,\n",
       "   'end': 894.4,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.20238520205020905},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '07e61701-5c17-4e0c-9478-6b4a226955d8',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' in outer space. Move around, find a new aqueous environment. In fact NASA has shown a lot',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 429.92,\n",
       "   'end': 429.92,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.2021297812461853},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '916452d1-03d1-43f1-9f31-630d19c4237b',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' We have to design so they can go together. We design unique elements into this. You may',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 308.28000000000003,\n",
       "   'end': 308.28000000000003,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.20185703039169312},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '99c78fbc-a9cc-4fbf-a7b0-1b9444be37c0',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' that might mean, and discovering new sets of genes.',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 20.400000000000002,\n",
       "   'end': 20.400000000000002,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.1958872377872467},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'ca5b8053-30d4-4c59-ae10-28dfcbf3bc3d',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" molecule ever made by humans of a defined structure. It's over 300 million molecular weight.\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 472.71999999999997,\n",
       "   'end': 472.71999999999997,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.19090968370437622},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '61ced956-c767-4100-99b2-9f82f7c41c27',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' the piece the more errors there are. So we had to create a new method for putting these',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 191.88,\n",
       "   'end': 191.88,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.18559905886650085},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'af7a951d-d65a-4115-8988-685375ef97ec',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' is just a piece of inert chemical material. So our pace of digitizing life has been increasing',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 146.08,\n",
       "   'end': 146.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': 'e4125d98-a6e9-4de9-ae4a-3318acd441f2',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" 500 or so that are here. But when we look at its metabolic map, it's relatively simple\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 98.2,\n",
       "   'end': 98.2,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.18244688212871552},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'f2eb5fcb-dbb7-40e4-a5c1-c58361106b3d',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' 24,000 letter pieces, then put sets of those going up to 72,000. At each stage we grew',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 358.12,\n",
       "   'end': 358.12,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.17848004400730133},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '76434e35-7356-4d30-9ae4-f68bd59f3673',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' life, or can we create new life out of this digital universe? This is the map of a small',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 72.38,\n",
       "   'end': 72.38,\n",
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       " {'item': {'id': '7cf63466-664a-480d-90a9-08e17e83e703',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" difficult. There's tens of thousands of machines around the world that make small pieces\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 180.24,\n",
       "   'end': 180.24,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.16962143778800964},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'da4ffc61-37f5-409f-8983-a374ef319c45',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' long that have to overlap with all the other 50 letter pieces to build smaller subunits.',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 301.08000000000004,\n",
       "   'end': 301.08000000000004,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.16912613809108734},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'c78d9a2c-bf06-466f-8892-689057ab228c',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" argued that we're about to perhaps create a new version of the Cambrian explosion where\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 633.64,\n",
       "   'end': 633.64,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.16456152498722076},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'a7dab785-ecc6-4254-9d41-c5ac78ab7953',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' the E. coli. I was talking to the oil industry recently and I said they clearly understood',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 232.72,\n",
       "   'end': 232.72,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.16435527801513672},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '5e689275-4135-497b-a6ec-262ecc0aab52',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' pieces, starting with pieces that were five to 7,000 letters, put those together to make',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 352.08,\n",
       "   'end': 352.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.1640322059392929},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '184b8615-fa8c-4a05-b7ba-0257ce69096e',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' we thought this might be as far as it went, but we tried to design the process a little',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 547.16,\n",
       "   'end': 547.16,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.16330072283744812},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '278d4ca5-fdbd-4d32-bfa3-9d909650c61c',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' been able to be booted up. Part of the design is designing pieces that are 50 letters',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 295.04,\n",
       "   'end': 295.04,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.15963096916675568},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'e3852231-0b3c-4f55-b06a-070bf8a89e18',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" that's extremely robust that you can see in a minute we're trying to get to the point\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 369.68,\n",
       "   'end': 369.68,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.15235520899295807},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '81b3c627-4ea5-4297-8de4-c0cc7d85d5f5',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' to write out words, sentences, thoughts. Initially all we did was autograph it. Some people',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 332.56,\n",
       "   'end': 332.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.14969389140605927},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '9b9e8f10-3ec3-4e2a-b095-a9aa4cd3d565',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' of automation. So this looks like a basketball playoff. When we get into these really large',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 375.56,\n",
       "   'end': 375.56,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.14871032536029816},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '87966497-3931-47ae-a8a5-4b9ac47c3d6c',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' If we print it out at a 10 font with no spacing that takes 142 pages just to print this',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 479.36,\n",
       "   'end': 479.36,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.12561103701591492},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'd957d7b4-33a6-4118-ade5-bd933fd5459f',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' that model. They laughed more than you guys are. And so we think this is a situation where',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 238.96,\n",
       "   'end': 238.96,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.12059047818183899},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'de6e8cbf-7d5a-4459-be5c-4d3af8b2c1f1',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' were disappointed there was not poetry. We designed these pieces so we can just chew',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 339.36,\n",
       "   'end': 339.36,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.11329857259988785},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'c0e4c700-74c6-45d8-a555-d8c544c5eb92',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': \" life. So we've always been trying to ask big questions. What is life is something that\",\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 39.08,\n",
       "   'end': 39.08,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.10049665719270706},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '733ca978-2c2a-413f-ad3b-e3b7e19daf1e',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' desiccated. They can live in a vacuum. I am absolutely certain that life can exist',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 424.88,\n",
       "   'end': 424.88,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.08297184854745865},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': '492d6020-a4c4-4d62-b089-6212d4e389a6',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' to ask some of these most fundamental questions. And so we started down the road of can we',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 126.60000000000001,\n",
       "   'end': 126.60000000000001,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.07341176271438599},\n",
       " {'item': {'id': 'fff3f88d-f190-4673-8c39-53e217294392',\n",
       "   'talk-type': 'ted',\n",
       "   'content': ' but has been increasing and our latest point would put it on now on exponential curve.',\n",
       "   'year': 2008,\n",
       "   'start': 160.88,\n",
       "   'end': 160.88,\n",
       "   'speaker': 'Craig Venter'},\n",
       "  'score': 0.06200394779443741}]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import json\n",
    "\n",
    "r = json.loads(response.content)\n",
    "r"
   ]
  }
 ],
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