references.bib

@Article{zimmerman2008a,
author = {Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Hughes, R Flint and Cordell, Susan and Hart, Patrick J and Chang, Heather Kalei and Perez, David and Like, Ryan Kaipoalohaakala and Ostertag, Rebecca}, 
title = {Patterns of primary succession of native and introduced plants in lowland wet forests in eastern Hawai’i}, 
journal = {Biotropica}, 
volume = {40}, 
number = {3}, 
pages = {277–284}, 
year = {2008}, 
abstract = {The majority of Hawaii’s lowland wet forests no longer exist, with many of the last remaining patches found on the eastern, windward sides of the largest islands. To better understand successional patterns and invasion in these native systems, we quantified basal area (BA) and densities of woody species and understory cover at nine sites in the Puna district on the Island of Hawai’i, representing age gradients of native stand development on both ‘a’a and pahoehoe lava flows. On both flow types, BA of native species increased (from 5 to 50 m(2)/ha) and stem densities decreased (from 3700 to 2600 stems/ha) with increasing stand/flow age. Both native and introduced species compositions diverged between substrate types on older flows. We found that lowland wet native forests remain at least partially intact in several locations, but their functional and compositional integrity is increasingly compromised by invasion of normative species, such as Tsidium cattleianum and Melastoma candidum, which become more common at sites greater than 300-yr old. This time period may represent a threshold, after which abiotic environmental conditions no longer constrain recruitment of introduced species. On older flows, normative stem densities swamped those of native species by an order of magnitude, with normative stems (height > 1.3 m) achieving densities as high as 18,000 stems/ha. In addition, all stands lacked recruitment of native woody species in the understory, suggesting that without management, the native components of these forests may soon no longer be self-sustaining.}, 
location = {US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, PSW Res Stn, Hilo, HI 96720 USA}, 
doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00371.x}, 
url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119388213/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0},}

@Article{zimmerman2012a,
author = {Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Vitousek, Peter M}, 
title = {Fungal endophyte communities reflect environmental structuring across a Hawaiian landscape.}, 
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, 
volume = {109}, 
number = {32}, 
pages = {13022–13027}, 
year = {2012}, 
abstract = {We surveyed endophytic fungal communities in leaves of a single tree species (Metrosideros polymorpha) across wide environmental gradients (500-5,500 mm of rain/y; 10-22 °C mean annual temperature) spanning short geographic distances on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai’i. Using barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing at 13 sites (10 trees/site; 10 leaves/tree), we found very high levels of diversity within sites (a mean of 551 ± 134 taxonomic units per site). However, among-site diversity contributed even more than did within-site diversity to the overall richness of more than 4,200 taxonomic units observed in M. polymorpha, and this among-site variation in endophyte community composition correlated strongly with temperature and rainfall. These results are consistent with suggestions that foliar endophytic fungi are hyperdiverse. They further suggest that microbial diversity may be even greater than has been assumed and that broad-scale environmental controls such as temperature and rainfall can structure eukaryotic microbial diversity. Appropriately constrained study systems across strong environmental gradients present a useful means to understand the environmental factors that structure the diversity of microbial communities.}, 
location = {Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.}, 
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1209872109}, 
url = {http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=22837398&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks},}

@Article{busby2013a,
author = {Busby, Posy E and Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Weston, David J and Jawdy, Sara S and Houbraken, Jos and Newcombe, George}, 
title = {Leaf endophytes and Populus genotype affect severity of damage from the necrotrophic leaf pathogen, Drepanopeziza populi}, 
journal = {Ecosphere}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {art125}, 
year = {2013}, 
doi = {10.1890/ES13-00127.1}, 
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/ES13-00127.1},}

@Article{huang2018,
author = {Huang, YL and Zimmerman, NB and Arnold, AE}, 
title = {Observations on the Early Establishment of Foliar Endophytic Fungi in Leaf Discs and Living Leaves of a Model Woody Angiosperm, Populus trichocarpa (Salicaceae).}, 
journal = {J Fungi (Basel)}, 
volume = {4}, 
number = {2}, 
year = {2018}, 
abstract = {Fungal endophytes are diverse and widespread symbionts that occur in the living tissues of all lineages of plants without causing evidence of disease. Culture-based and culture-free studies indicate that they often are abundant in the leaves of woody angiosperms, but only a few studies have visualized endophytic fungi in leaf tissues, and the process through which most endophytes colonize leaves has not been studied thoroughly. We inoculated leaf discs and the living leaves of a model woody angiosperm, Populus trichocarpa, which has endophytes that represent three distantly-related genera (Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma). We used scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to evaluate the timeline and processes by which they colonize leaf tissue. Under laboratory conditions with high humidity, conidia germinated on leaf discs to yield hyphae that grew epiphytically and incidentally entered stomata, but did not grow in a directed fashion toward stomatal openings. No cuticular penetration was observed. The endophytes readily colonized the interiors of leaf discs that were detached from living leaves, and could be visualized within discs with light microscopy. Although they were difficult to visualize within the interior of living leaves following in vivo inoculations, standard methods for isolating foliar endophytes confirmed their presence.}, 
location = {School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. ylhuang@nmns.edu.tw. National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Guancian Rd., Taichung 40453, Taiwan. ylhuang@nmns.edu.tw. School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. nzimmerman@usfca.edu. Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, Harney 219C, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA. nzimmerman@usfca.edu. School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. arnold@ag.arizona.edu. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. arnold@ag.arizona.edu.}, 
doi = {10.3390/jof4020058}, 
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29772709},}

@Article{uren2019,
author = {U’Ren, JM and Lutzoni, F and Miadlikowska, J and Zimmerman, NB and Carbone, I and May, G and Arnold, AE}, 
title = {Host availability drives distributions of fungal endophytes in the imperilled boreal realm.}, 
journal = {Nat Ecol Evol}, 
volume = {3}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {1430–1437}, 
year = {2019}, 
abstract = {Boreal forests represent the world’s largest terrestrial biome and provide ecosystem services of global importance. Highly imperilled by climate change, these forests host Earth’s greatest phylogenetic diversity of endophytes, a hyperdiverse group of symbionts that are defined by their occurrence within living, symptomless plant and lichen tissues. Endophytes shape the ecological and evolutionary trajectories of plants and are therefore key to the function and resilience of terrestrial ecosystems. A critical step in linking the ecological functions of endophytes with those of their hosts is to understand the distributions of these symbionts at the global scale; however, turnover in host taxa with geography and climate can confound insights into endophyte biogeography. As a result, global drivers of endophyte diversity and distributions are not known. Here, we leverage sampling from phylogenetically diverse boreal plants and lichens across North America and Eurasia to show that host filtering in distinctive environments, rather than turnover with geographical or environmental distance, is the main determinant of the community composition and diversity of endophytes. We reveal the distinctiveness of boreal endophytes relative to soil fungi worldwide and endophytes from diverse temperate biomes, highlighting a high degree of global endemism. Overall, the distributions of endophytes are directly linked to the availability of compatible hosts, highlighting the role of biotic interactions in shaping fungal communities across large spatial scales, and the threat that climate change poses to biological diversity and function in the imperilled boreal realm.}, 
location = {Department of Biosystems Engineering and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. arnold@ag.arizona.edu. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. arnold@ag.arizona.edu.}, 
doi = {10.1038/s41559-019-0975-2}, 
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31548643},}

@Article{turchyn2009,
author = {Turchyn, Alexandra V. and Schrag, Daniel P. and Coccioni, Rodolfo and Montanari, Alessandro}, 
title = {Stable isotope analysis of the Cretaceous sulfur cycle}, 
journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, 
volume = {285}, 
number = {1-2}, 
pages = {115–123}, 
year = {2009}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.002}, 
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.002},}

@Article{anchukaitis2008,
author = {Anchukaitis, K. J. and Evans, M. N. and Wheelwright, N. T. and Schrag, D. P.}, 
title = {Stable isotope chronology and climate signal calibration in neotropical montane cloud forest trees}, 
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, 
volume = {113}, 
number = {G3}, 
year = {2008}, 
doi = {10.1029/2007jg000613}, 
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000613},}

@Article{barraquand2014,
author = {Barraquand, F and Ezard, TH and Jorgensen, PS and Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Chamberlain, S and Salguero-Gomez, R and Curran, TJ and Poisot, T}, 
title = {Lack of quantitative training among early-career ecologists: a survey of the problem and potential solutions.}, 
journal = {PeerJ}, 
volume = {2}, 
pages = {e285}, 
year = {2014}, 
abstract = {Proficiency in mathematics and statistics is essential to modern ecological science, yet few studies have assessed the level of quantitative training received by ecologists. To do so, we conducted an online survey. The 937 respondents were mostly early-career scientists who studied biology as undergraduates. We found a clear self-perceived lack of quantitative training: 75% were not satisfied with their understanding of mathematical models; 75% felt that the level of mathematics was “too low” in their ecology classes; 90% wanted more mathematics classes for ecologists; and 95% more statistics classes. Respondents thought that 30% of classes in ecology-related degrees should be focused on quantitative disciplines, which is likely higher than for most existing programs. The main suggestion to improve quantitative training was to relate theoretical and statistical modeling to applied ecological problems. Improving quantitative training will require dedicated, quantitative classes for ecology-related degrees that contain good mathematical and statistical practice.}, 
location = {Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway. Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA. Biology Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Evolutionary Biodemography Laboratory, Rostock, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Department of Ecology, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Departement de Biologie, Chimie et Geographie, Universite du Quebec a Rimouski, Rimouski (QC), Canada; Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, McGill University, Canada.}, 
doi = {10.7717/peerj.285}, 
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=24688862},}

@Article{jordan2017,
author = {Jordan, Kari L. and Corvellec, Marianne and Wickes, Elizabeth D. and Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Duckles, Jonah and Teal, Tracy K.}, 
title = {Short-format Workshops Build Skills and Confidence for Researchers to Work with Data}, 
journal = {ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition}, 
year = {2018}, 
abstract = {Training for data skills is more critical now than ever before. For many researchers in industry and academic environments, a lack of training in data management, munging, analysis and visualization could lead to a lack of funding to support sustainable projects. Today’s researchers are often learning ‘as they go’and need the flexibility of short, or self-paced learning experiences. Research results in educational pedagogy, however, stress the importance of guided instruction and learner-instructor interaction, which contrasts the need …}, 
location = {Software Carpentry Foundation, Austin, Texas, United States of America. RStudio and Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America. Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America. Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Data Carpentry, Davis, California, United States of America.}, 
url = {https://peer.asee.org/30960.pdf},}

@Article{auchincloss2014,
author = {Auchincloss, LC and Laursen, SL and Branchaw, JL and Eagan, K and Graham, M and Hanauer, DI and Lawrie, G and McLinn, CM and Pelaez, N and Rowland, S and Towns, M and Trautmann, NM and Varma-Nelson, P and Weston, TJ and Dolan, EL}, 
title = {Assessment of course-based undergraduate research experiences: a meeting report.}, 
journal = {CBE Life Sciences Education}, 
volume = {13}, 
number = {1}, 
pages = {29–40}, 
year = {2014}, 
abstract = {The Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences Network (CUREnet) was initiated in 2012 with funding from the National Science Foundation program for Research Coordination Networks in Undergraduate Biology Education. CUREnet aims to address topics, problems, and opportunities inherent to integrating research experiences into undergraduate courses. During CUREnet meetings and discussions, it became apparent that there is need for a clear definition of what constitutes a CURE and systematic exploration of what makes CUREs meaningful in terms of student learning. Thus, we assembled a small working group of people with expertise in CURE instruction and assessment to: 1) draft an operational definition of a CURE, with the aim of defining what makes a laboratory course or project a “research experience”; 2) summarize research on CUREs, as well as findings from studies of undergraduate research internships that would be useful for thinking about how students are influenced by participating in CUREs; and 3) identify areas of greatest need with respect to CURE assessment, and directions for future research on and evaluation of CUREs. This report summarizes the outcomes and recommendations of this meeting.}, 
location = {University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202.}, 
doi = {10.1187/cbe.14-01-0004}, 
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=24591501},}

@Article{chaudhary2020a,
author = {Chaudhary, VB and Berhe, AA}, 
title = {Ten simple rules for building an antiracist lab.}, 
journal = {PLoS Comput Biol}, 
volume = {16}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {e1008210}, 
year = {2020}, 
abstract = {Demographics of the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce and student body in the US and Europe continue to show severe underrepresentation of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Among the documented causes of the persistent lack of diversity in STEM are bias, discrimination, and harassment of members of underrepresented minority groups (URMs). These issues persist due to continued marginalization, power imbalances, and lack of adequate policies against misconduct in academic and other scientific institutions. All scientists can play important roles in reversing this trend by shifting the culture of academic workplaces to intentionally implement equitable and inclusive policies, set norms for acceptable workplace conduct, and provide opportunities for mentorship and networking. As scientists are increasingly acknowledging the lack of racial and ethnic diversity in science, there is a need for clear direction on how to take antiracist action. Here we present 10 rules to help labs develop antiracists policies and action in an effort to promote racial and ethnic diversity, equity, and inclusion in science.}, 
location = {Department of Environmental Science and Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California.}, 
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008210}, 
url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33001989},}

@Article{zimmerman2014,
author = {Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Izard, Jacques and Klatt, Christian and Zhou, Jizhong and Aronson, Emma}, 
title = {The unseen world: environmental microbial sequencing and identification methods for ecologists}, 
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, 
volume = {12}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {224–231}, 
year = {2014}, 
doi = {10.1890/130055}, 
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/130055},}

@Article{uren2016a,
author = {U’Ren, JM and Miadlikowska, J and Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Lutzoni, F and Stajich, JE and Arnold, AE}, 
title = {Contributions of North American endophytes to the phylogeny, ecology, and taxonomy of Xylariaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota).}, 
journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, 
volume = {98}, 
pages = {210–232}, 
year = {2016}, 
abstract = {The Xylariaceae (Sordariomycetes) comprise one of the largest and most diverse families of Ascomycota, with at least 85 accepted genera and ca. 1343 accepted species. In addition to their frequent occurrence as saprotrophs, members of the family often are found as endophytes in living tissues of phylogenetically diverse plants and lichens. Many of these endophytes remain sterile in culture, precluding identification based on morphological characters. Previous studies indicate that endophytes are highly diverse and represent many xylariaceous genera; however, phylogenetic analyses at the family level generally have not included endophytes, such that their contributions to understanding phylogenetic relationships of Xylariaceae are not well known. Here we use a multi-locus, cumulative supermatrix approach to integrate 92 putative species of fungi isolated from plants and lichens into a phylogenetic framework for Xylariaceae. Our collection spans 1933 isolates from living and senescent tissues in five biomes across the continental United States, and here is analyzed in the context of previously published sequence data from described species and additional taxon sampling of type specimens from culture collections. We found that the majority of strains obtained in our surveys can be classified in the hypoxyloid and xylaroid subfamilies, although many also were found outside of these lineages (as currently circumscribed). Many endophytes were placed in lineages previously not known for endophytism. Most endophytes appear to represent novel species, but inferences are limited by potential gaps in public databases. By linking our data, publicly available sequence data, and records of ascomata, we identify many geographically widespread, host-generalist clades capable of symbiotic associations with diverse photosynthetic partners. Concomitant with such cosmopolitan host use and distributions, many xylariaceous endophytes appear to inhabit both living and non-living plant tissues, with potentially important roles as saprotrophs. Overall, our study reveals major gaps in the availability of multi-locus datasets and metadata for this iconic family, and provides new hypotheses regarding the ecology and evolution of endophytism and other trophic modes across the family Xylariaceae.}, 
doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.010}, 
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=26903035},}

@Article{hampton2015,
author = {Hampton, Stephanie E. and Anderson, Sean S. and Bagby, Sarah C. and Gries, Corinna and Han, Xueying and Hart, Edmund M. and Jones, Matthew B. and Lenhardt, W. Christopher and MacDonald, Andrew and Michener, William K. and Mudge, Joe and Pourmokhtarian, Afshin and Schildhauer, Mark P. and Woo, Kara H. and Zimmerman, Naupaka B.}, 
title = {The Tao of open science for ecology}, 
journal = {Ecosphere}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {7}, 
pages = {art120}, 
year = {2015}, 
doi = {10.1890/ES14-00402.1}, 
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/ES14-00402.1},}

@Article{hart2016a,
author = {Hart, EM and Barmby, P and LeBauer, D and Michonneau, F and Mount, S and Mulrooney, P and Poisot, T and Woo, KH and Zimmerman, NB and Hollister, JW}, 
title = {Ten Simple Rules for Digital Data Storage.}, 
journal = {PLoS Comput Biol}, 
volume = {12}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {e1005097}, 
year = {2016}, 
location = {University of Vermont, Department of Biology, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America. University of Western Ontario, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London, Canada. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications and Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America. University of Florida, iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America. University of Florida, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America. King’s College London, Department of Informatics, London, United Kingdom. University of California at San Diego, San Diego Supercomputer Center, San Diego, California, United States of America. Université de Montréal, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Montreal, Canada. Washington State University, Center for Environmental Research, Education, and Outreach, Pullman, Washington, United States of America. University of Arizona, School of Plant Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America. US Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America.}, 
doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005097}, 
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27764088},}

@Article{ishaq2021,
author = {Ishaq, Suzanne L. and Parada, Francisco J. and Wolf, Patricia G. and Bonilla, Carla Y. and Carney, Megan A. and Benezra, Amber and Wissel, Emily and Friedman, Michael and DeAngelis, Kristen M. and Robinson, Jake M. and Fahimipour, Ashkaan K. and Manus, Melissa B. and Grieneisen, Laura and Dietz, Leslie G. and Pathak, Ashish and Chauhan, Ashvini and Kuthyar, Sahana and Stewart, Justin D. and Dasari, Mauna R. and Nonnamaker, Emily and Choudoir, Mallory and Horve, Patrick F. and Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Kozik, Ariangela J. and Darling, Katherine Weatherford and Romero-Olivares, Adriana L. and Hariharan, Janani and Farmer, Nicole and Maki, Katherine A. and Collier, Jackie L. and O’Doherty, Kieran C. and Letourneau, Jeffrey and Kline, Jeff and Moses, Peter L. and Morar, Nicolae}, 
editor = {Gilbert, Jack A.}, 
title = {Introducing the Microbes and Social Equity Working Group: Considering the Microbial Components of Social, Environmental, and Health Justice}, 
journal = {mSystems}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {4}, 
year = {2021}, 
abstract = {<jats:p>Humans are inextricably linked to each other and our natural world, and microorganisms lie at the nexus of those interactions. Microorganisms form genetically flexible, taxonomically diverse, and biochemically rich communities, i.e., microbiomes that are integral to the health and development of macroorganisms, societies, and ecosystems.</jats:p}, 
doi = {10.1128/msystems.00471-21}, 
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00471-21},}

@Article{white2015a,
author = {White, Rachel L and Sutton, Alexandra E and Salguero-Gómez, Roberto and Bray, Timothy C and Campbell, Heather and Cieraad, Ellen and Geekiyanage, Nalaka and Gherardi, Laureano and Hughes, Alice C and Jørgensen, Peter Søgaard and Poisot, Timothee and Desoto, Lucía and Zimmerman, Naupaka B.}, 
title = {The next generation of action ecology: novel approaches towards global ecological research}, 
journal = {Ecosphere}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {8}, 
pages = {art134}, 
year = {2015}, 
abstract = {Advances in the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge over the last decade have dramatically reshaped the way that ecological research is conducted. The advent of large, technology- based resources such as iNaturalist, Genbank, or the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) allow ecologists to work at spatio-temporal scales previously unimaginable. This has generated a new approach in ecological research: one that relies on large datasets and rapid synthesis for theory testing and development, and findings that provide specific recommendations to policymakers and managers. This new approach has been termed action ecology, and here we aim to expand on earlier definitions to delineate its characteristics so as to distinguish it from related subfields in applied ecology and ecological management. Our new, more nuanced definition describes action ecology as ecological research that is (1) explicitly motivated by the need for immediate insights into current, pressing problems, (2) collaborative and transdisciplinary, incorporating sociological in addition to ecological considerations throughout all steps of the research, (3) technology-mediated, innovative, and aggregative (i.e., reliant on ‘big data’), and (4) designed and disseminated with the intention to inform policy and management. We provide tangible examples of existing work in the domain of action ecology, and offer suggestions for its implementation and future growth, with explicit recommendations for individuals, research institutions, and ecological societies.}, 
doi = {10.1890}, 
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/ES14-00485.1},}

@Article{jorgensen2015,
author = {Jørgensen, Peter Søgaard and Barraquand, Frederic and Bonhomme, Vincent and Curran, Timothy J. and Cieraad, Ellen and Ezard, Thomas G. and Gherardi, Laureano A. and Hayes, R. Andrew and Poisot, Timothée and Gómez, Roberto Salguero- and DeSoto, Lucía and Swartz, Brian and Talbot, Jennifer M. and Wee, Brian and Zimmerman, Naupaka B.}, 
title = {Connecting people and ideas from around the world: global innovation platforms for next-generation ecology and beyond}, 
journal = {Ecosphere}, 
volume = {6}, 
number = {4}, 
pages = {1–11}, 
year = {2015}, 
abstract = {Abstract. We present a case for using Global Community Innovation Platforms (GCIPs), an approach to improve innovation and knowledge exchange in international scientific communities through a common and open online infrastructure. We highlight the value of GCIPs by focusing on recent efforts targeting the ecological sciences, where GCIPs are of high relevance given the urgent need for interdisciplinary, geographical, and cross-sector collaboration to cope with growing challenges to the environment as well as the scientific community itself. Amidst the emergence of new international institutions, organizations, and meetings, GCIPs provide a stable international infrastructure for rapid and long-term coordination that can be accessed by any individual. This accessibility can be especially important for researchers early in their careers. Recent examples of early-career GCIPs complement an array of existing options for early-career scientists to improve skill sets, increase academic and social impact, and broaden career opportunities. We provide a number of examples of existing early-career initiatives that incorporate elements from the GCIPs approach, and highlight an in-depth case study from the ecological sciences: the International Network of Next-Generation Ecologists (INNGE), initiated in 2010 with support from the International Association for Ecology and 20 member institutions from six continents.}, 
doi = {10.1890/ES14-00198.1}, }

@Article{jorgensen2011,
author = {Jørgensen, Peter Sogaard and Bonhomme, Vincent and Ezard, Thomas HG and Hayes, R Andrew and Poisot, Timothee and Salguero-Gomez, Roberto and Vizzini, Salvatrice and Zimmerman, Naupaka}, 
title = {A global network of next generation ecologists}, 
journal = {INTECOL e-Bulletin}, 
volume = {5}, 
number = {2}, 
pages = {3–5}, 
year = {2011}, 
abstract = {The worldwide growth in the number of ecologists, the globalization of society, and the increasingly important interplay between burgeoning human populations and ecological processes call for new ways for ecologists to communicate at the global scale. Understanding and ameliorating the complex problems we face as a global society stand to benefit from new and diverse perspectives. A new initiative aims to facilitate the growth of a global community of early career ecologists using the great potential of 21st century …}, 
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228328646_A_global_network_of_next_generation_ecologists},}

@Article{atkins2018,
author = {Atkins, Jeff W. and Bohrer, Gil and Fahey, Robert T. and Hardiman, Brady S. and Morin, Timothy H. and Stovall, Atticus E. L. and Zimmerman, Naupaka and Gough, Christopher M.}, 
editor = {Goslee, Sarah}, 
title = {Quantifying vegetation and canopy structural complexity from terrestrial Li DAR data using the forestr r package}, 
journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution}, 
volume = {9}, 
number = {10}, 
pages = {2057–2066}, 
year = {2018}, 
doi = {10.1111/2041-210x.13061}, 
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13061},}

@Article{zimmerman2011a,
author = {Zimmerman, Naupaka B. and Salguero-Gomez, Rob and Ramos, Jorge}, 
title = {The next generation of peer reviewing}, 
journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment}, 
volume = {9}, 
pages = {199}, 
year = {2011}, 
doi = {10.1890/1540-9295-9.4.199}, 
url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/full/10.1890/1540-9295-9.4.199},}