C++ links: computer architecture - microarchitectural channels

General

MASCAB: a Micro-Architectural Side-Channel Attack Bibliography
- Daniel Page
- https://github.com/danpage/mascab
Memory Systems attacks/mitigations research papers
- Biswabandan Panda
- https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biswap/SMS.html

General: 2024

Testing Side-Channel Security of Cryptographic Implementations against Future Microarchitectures
- ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2024
- Gilles Barthe, Marcel Böhme, Sunjay Cauligi, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Daniel Genkin, Marco Guarnieri, David Mateos Romero, Peter Schwabe, David Wu, Yuval Yarom
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.00641
- https://github.com/hw-sw-contracts/leakage-model-testing

General: 2023

Adaptive Microarchitectural Optimizations to Improve Performance and Security of Multi-Core Architectures
- 2023 PhD Dissertation
- Nadja Ramhöj Holtryd
- https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/534209
- https://research.chalmers.se/publication/534209/file/534209_Fulltext.pdf
(M)WAIT for It: Bridging the Gap between Microarchitectural and Architectural Side Channels
- USENIX Security 2023
- Ruiyi Zhang, Taehyun Kim, Daniel Weber, Michael Schwarz
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/zhangruiyi
- https://publications.cispa.saarland/3769/1/mwait_sec23.pdf
- https://github.com/cispa/mwait
Remote Side-Channel Attacks and Defenses
- 2023 PhD Dissertation
- Martin Schwarzl
- https://martinschwarzl.at/media/files/thesis_main.pdf
ShowTime: Amplifying Arbitrary CPU Timing Side Channels
- AsiaCCS 2023
- Antoon Purnal, Marton Bognar, Frank Piessens, Ingrid Verbauwhede
- https://antoonpurnal.github.io/files/pdf/ShowTime.pdf
- https://github.com/KULeuven-COSIC/ShowTime
- "a general framework to expose arbitrary microarchitectural timing channels to coarse-grained timers"
- "consists of Convert routines, transforming microarchitectural leakage from one type to another, and Amplify routines, inflating the timing difference of a single microarchitectural event to make it distinguishable with crude sources of time"
SoK: Analysis of Root Causes and Defense Strategies for Attacks on Microarchitectural Optimizations
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (Euro S&P) 2023
- Nadja Ramhöj Holtryd, Madhavan Manivannan, Per Stenström
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10221

General: 2022

Doing Research in Computer Architecture Security: A Starter Kit
- Computer Architecture Today 2022
- Mengjia Yan
- https://www.sigarch.org/doing-research-in-computer-architecture-security-a-starter-kit/
Rapid Prototyping for Microarchitectural Attacks
- USENIX Security 2022
- Catherine Easdon, Michael Schwarz, Martin Schwarzl, Daniel Gruss
- https://www.cattius.com/images/rapid-prototyping.pdf
- https://github.com/libtea/frameworks
- libtea (Transient Execution Attack library): a framework for rapid prototyping of microarchitectural attacks on Linux, compatible with x86 (32-bit and 64-bit, Intel and AMD CPUs) and AArch64.
- SCFirefox: a framework for rapid prototyping of browser-based microarchitectural attacks on Linux; adds libtea attack primitives to Firefox's JavaScript engine, SpiderMonkey.
Side Channel Security Risks in Commodity Microarchitectures
- 2022 PhD Dissertation
- Benjamin James Gras
- https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/af1080bc-4efa-4fef-a1a3-257fa060cfb5

General: 2021

Computing with Time: Microarchitectural Weird Machines
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2021
- Dmitry Evtyushkin, Thomas Benjamin, Jesse Elwell, Jeffrey A. Eitel, Angelo Sapello, Abhrajit Ghosh
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446729
Exploiting Microarchitectural Optimizations from Software
- 2021 Ph.D. Dissertation
- Moritz Lipp
- https://mlq.me/download/phd-thesis.pdf
Opening Pandora’s Box: A Systematic Study of New Ways Microarchitecture Can Leak Private Data
- International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 2021
- Jose Rodrigo Sanchez Vicarte, Pradyumna Shome, Nandeeka Nayak, Caroline Trippel, Adam Morrison, David Kohlbrenner, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~mad/publications/isca2021-pandora.pdf
- https://conferences.computer.org/iscapub/pdfs/ISCA2021-4ghucdBnCWYB7ES2Pe4YdT/333300a347/333300a347.pdf
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/Pandora
Osiris: Automated Discovery of Microarchitectural Side Channels
- USENIX Security 2021
- Daniel Weber, Ahmad Ibrahim, Hamed Nemati, Michael Schwarz
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.03470
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/weber
- https://publications.cispa.saarland/3431/1/main.pdf
- https://github.com/cispa/osiris
SoK: In Search of Lost Time: A Review of JavaScript Timers in Browsers
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P) 2021
- Thomas Rokicki, Clémentine Maurice, Pierre Laperdrix
- https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03215569/
- https://cmaurice.fr/pdf/eurosp21_rokicki.pdf
- https://github.com/thomasrokicki/in-search-of-lost-time

General: 2020

Communication Model and Capacity Limits of Covert Channels Created by Software Activities
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (TIFS) 2020
- Baki Yilmaz, Milos Prvulovic, Alenka Zajic
- https://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2020/01/T-IFS-10205-2019.R1.pdf
Revisiting Isolated and Trusted Execution via Microarchitectural Cryptanalysis
- 2020 PhD Dissertation
- Daniel Moghimi
- https://digital.wpi.edu/show/w9505326n

General: 2019

Software-based Side-Channel Attacks and Defenses in Restricted Environments
- 2019 PhD Thesis
- Michael Schwarz
- https://misc0110.net/web/files/phd_thesis.pdf
Survey of Microarchitectural Side and Covert Channels, Attacks, and Defenses
- Journal of Hardware and Systems Security 3(3) 2019
- Jakub Szefer
- https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10077357
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/publications/szefer2018surey.pdf
- 2016 preprint: http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/479
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41635-018-0046-1

General: 2018

A Survey of Microarchitectural Timing Attacks and Countermeasures on Contemporary Hardware
- Q.Ge, Y. Yarom, D. Cock, and G. Heiser
- Journal of Cryptographic Engineering 8 (1) 2018
  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13389-016-0141-6
- Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2016/613
A Systematic Evaluation of Transient Execution Attacks and Defenses
- arXiv 2018
- Claudio Canella, Jo Van Bulck, Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, Benjamin von Berg, Philipp Ortner, Frank Piessens, Dmitry Evtyushkin, Daniel Gruss
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05441
Systematic Classification of Side-Channel Attacks: A Case Study for Mobile Devices
- IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 20(1) 2018
- Raphael Spreitzer, Veelasha Moonsamy, Thomas Korak, Stefan Mangard
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.03748

General: 2017

A Survey of Timing Channels and Countermeasures
- ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) Volume 50 Issue 1 (2017)
- Arnab Kumar Biswas, Diapk Ghosal, Shishir Nagaraja
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3023872
- https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/66223/1/Biswas_etal_ACM_CS_2017_A_survey_of_timing_channels_and_countermeasures.pdf
Cross-core Microarchitectural Side Channel Attacks and Countermeasures
- 2017 Ph.D. Dissertation
- Gorka Irazoqui
- https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-042417-114714/unrestricted/girazoki.pdf
Negative Result: Reading Kernel Memory From User Mode
- 2017
- Anders Fogh
- https://cyber.wtf/2017/07/28/negative-result-reading-kernel-memory-from-user-mode/
Software-based Microarchitectural Attacks
- 2017 PhD dissertation
- Daniel Gruss
- https://gruss.cc/files/phd_thesis.pdf
- slides: https://gruss.cc/files/phd_defense_slides.pdf
Your Processor Leaks Information - and There's Nothing You Can Do About It
- arXiv 2017
- Qian Ge, Yuval Yarom, Frank Li, Gernot Heiser
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.04474

General: 2016

Mastik: A Micro-Architectural Side-Channel Toolkit
- http://cs.adelaide.edu.au/~yval/Mastik/
- http://cryptologie.net/article/366/ches-2016-tutorial-part-1-common-criteria-certification-of-a-smartcard-a-technical-overview/
- https://cryptologie.net/article/367/ches-2016-tutorial-part-2-micro-architectural-side-channel-attacks/
- - Microarchitectural Side-Channel Attacks
    - CHES 2016 tutorial
    - Yuval Yarom
    - https://cs.adelaide.edu.au/~yval/Mastik/presentations/CHES16-Tutorial.pptx
    - https://cs.adelaide.edu.au/~yval/Mastik/presentations/CHES16-Tutorial2.pptx

General: 2015

Exploiting processor side channels to enable cross VM malicious code execution
- 2015 Master's Thesis
- Sophia M. D'Antoine
- http://digitool.rpi.edu:8881/dtl_publish/15/175977.html
- https://www.sophia.re/thesis.pdf
- https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-DAntoine-Exploiting-Out-Of-Order-Execution-For-Covert-Cross-VM-Communication-wp.pdf
Understanding contention-based channels and using them for defense
- HPCA 2015
- Hunger, C., Kazdagli, M., Rawat, A., Dimakis, A., Vishwanath, S., Tiwari, M.
- http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~tiwari/pubs/HPCA-15-contention.pdf

General: 2014

The Last Mile: An Empirical Study of Timing Channels on seL4
- CCS 2014
- David Cock, Qian Ge, Toby Murray, Gernot Heiser
- https://ts.data61.csiro.au/publications/nictaabstracts/Cock_GMH_14.abstract.html
- http://research.davidcock.fastmail.fm/slides/lastmile.pdf
- https://ts.data61.csiro.au/projects/TS/timeprotection/

General: 2009

Microarchitectural Attacks and Countermeasures
- Cryptographic Engineering (2009)
- Onur Acıiçmez, Çetin Kaya Koç
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-71817-0_18

General: 1973

A Note on the Confinement Problem
- Communications of the ACM (CACM) 1973
- Butler W. Lampson
- http://bwlampson.site/11-Confinement/Abstract.html

Defense, Mitigation, Protection

Guidelines for Mitigating Timing Side Channels Against Cryptographic Implementations
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/guidelines-mitigating-timing-side-channels-against-cryptographic-implementations
Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP)
- http://caslab.csl.yale.edu/workshops/hasp2018/
Hardware and Firmware Security Guidance
- https://github.com/nsacyber/Hardware-and-Firmware-Security-Guidance
- Meltdown and Spectre Side-Channel Vulnerability Guidance
  - https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-004A
Hardware Security @ UNC - https://cs.unc.edu/~csturton/HWSecurityatUNC/
- Security Specification Mining - https://cs.unc.edu/~csturton/HWSecurityatUNC/specification_mining.html
- Symbolic Execution for Hardware - https://cs.unc.edu/~csturton/HWSecurityatUNC/symbolic_execution.html
IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST)
- http://www.hostsymposium.org/
IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (TCHES)
- https://tches.iacr.org/
International Workshop on Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design (COSADE)
Security Best Practices for Side Channel Resistance
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/security-best-practices-side-channel-resistance
Side and Covert Channels: Attacks and Defenses
- ISCA 2019 tutorial
- https://sites.google.com/view/arch-sec/home
Timing Channels - Trustworthy Systems - Data61
- https://ts.data61.csiro.au/projects/TS/timeprotection/

Defense: Branch Predictor

BRB: Mitigating Branch Predictor Side-Channels
- High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2019
- Ilias Vougioukas, Andreas Sandberg, Nikos Nikoleris, Stephan Diestelhorst, Bashir Al-Hashimi, Geoff Merrett
- https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/426627/
- complementary dataset: https://doi.org/10.5258/soton/d0739
Half&Half: Demystifying Intel’s Directional Branch Predictors for Fast, Secure Partitioned Execution
- IEEE Security & Privacy (Oakland) 2023
- Hosein Yavarzadeh, Mohammadkazem Taram, Shravan Narayan, Deian Stefan, Dean Tullsen
- https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~tullsen/halfandhalf.pdf
- Our approach incurs more than an order of magnitude lesser overhead than other state-of-the-art defenses. This result is enabled by a comprehensive reverse engineering of the branch predictors on three high-end Intel processor families, revealing for the first time the structures and index functions of all tables in the predictor. Our analysis reveals the unexpected result that despite hundreds of bits used to index the branch prediction tables in these processors, a single bit of the branch address is used without modification as an independent bit of the index function of every table in the predictor. Thus, two branches that differ in this single bit can never influence each other.
- Observation 1. Global history records the history footprint of the last 93 taken branches, whether they are conditional or unconditional. Not-taken branches do not affect the history.
- Observation 2. In the Skylake microarchitecture, the following bits are used to update the PHR:
- - Branch Address [18:3] : 16 bits
- - Branch Target Address [5:0] : 6 bits
- Observation 3. The PHR is updated in two steps whenever a branch is taken by:
- 1. Shift two bits to the left: PHR = PHR << 2
- 1. XOR the 16-bit footprint into the PHR: PHR[15:0] = PHR[15:0] ⊕ footprint
- Observation 4. The 12 lower bits of the PC are used as input to the index and/or tag hash functions. Other microbenchmarks confirmed that all of these 12 lower bits of the PC are involved in either the index or tag hash functions.
- Observation 5. There are 3 PHTs in the CBP, each of which is a 4-way set associative table. Only one bit of the PC is used to index the PHTs (PC[5] on Alder Lake, Tiger Lake, Ice Lake, Skylake and Cascade Lake, PC[4] on Haswell and Ivy Bridge).
- Observation 6. Each PHT is indexed by a 9-bit index function, using eight bits derived from global history, and a single bit of the PC which is not combined with any other bits. This same bit is also used (without being combined) for the base predictor.
- Observation 7. We found that 13 lower bits of the branch address (PC[12:0]) are used to index to the base predictor.

Defense: Cache

Defense: Cache: 2024

Evict+Spec+Time: Exploiting Out-of-Order Execution to Improve Cache-Timing Attacks
- TCHES 2024(3) 2024
- Shing Hing William Cheng, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Daniel Genkin, Dallas McNeil, Toby Murray, Yuval Yarom, Zhiyuan Zhang
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/149
SoK: Can We Really Detect Cache Side-Channel Attacks by Monitoring Performance Counters?
- AsiaCCS 2024
- William Kosasih, Yusi Feng, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Yuval Yarom, Ziyuan Zhu
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3634737.3637649
- https://yuval.yarom.org/pdfs/KosasihFCYZ24.pdf
SpecLFB: Eliminating Cache Side Channels in Speculative Executions
- USENIX Security 2024
- Xiaoyu Cheng, Fei Tong, Hongyu Wang, Zhe Zhou, Fang Jiang, Yuxing Mao
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/cheng-xiaoyu
- https://gitee.com/chip-security/SpecLFB

Defense: Cache: 2023

ClepsydraCache - Preventing Cache Attacks with Time-Based Evictions
- USENIX Security 2023
- Jan Philipp Thoma, Christian Niesler, Dominic Funke, Gregor Leander, Pierre Mayr, Nils Pohl, Lucas Davi, Tim Güneysu
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/thoma
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.11469
Scatter and Split Securely: Defeating Cache Contention and Occupancy Attacks
- 2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)
- Lukas Giner, Stefan Steinegger, Antoon Purnal, Maria Eichlseder, Thomas Unterluggauer, Stefan Mangard, Daniel Gruss
- https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/SP46215.2023.00063
- https://gruss.cc/files/sasscache.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4YmNdfJvLk

Defense: Cache: 2022

Fast, Robust and Accurate Detection of Cache-Based Spectre Attack Phases
- ICCAD 2022
- Arash Pashrashid, Ali Hajiabadi, Trevor E. Carlson
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3508352.3549330

Defense: Cache: 2021

Battle for Secure Caches: Attacks and Defenses on Randomized Caches
- 2021
- Gururaj Saileshwar
- https://www.sigarch.org/battle-for-secure-caches-attacks-and-defenses-on-randomized-caches/
Detecting and Mitigating Cache-Based Side-Channels
- 2021 PhD Dissertation; Robert Brotzman
- http://www.cse.psu.edu/~gxt29/papers/RobBrotzman_Dissertation.pdf
MIRAGE: Mitigating Conflict-Based Cache Attacks with a Practical Fully-Associative Design
- USENIX Security 2021
- Gururaj Saileshwar, Moinuddin Qureshi
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09090
- https://github.com/gururaj-s/MIRAGE
SpecSafe: Detecting Cache Side Channels in a Speculative World
- Object-Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages & Applications (OOPSLA) 2021
- Robert Brotzman, Danfeng Zhang, Gang Tan, Mahmut Kandemir
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3485506
Streamline: A Fast, Flushless Cache Covert-Channel Attack by Enabling Asynchronous Collusion
- ASPLOS 2021
- Gururaj Saileshwar, Christopher W. Fletcher, Moinuddin K. Qureshi
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3445814.3446742
- http://memlab.ece.gatech.edu/papers/ASPLOS_2021_1.pdf
- https://github.com/gururaj-s/streamline
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jp7CDpxwjjQ
Systematic Analysis of Randomization-based Protected Cache Architectures
- IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy (S&P) 2021
- Antoon Purnal, Lukas Giner, Daniel Gruss, Ingrid Verbauwhede
- https://www.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/publications/article-3194.pdf

Defense: Cache: 2020

A Benchmark Suite for Evaluating Caches' Vulnerability to Timing Attacks
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2020
- Shuwen Deng, Wenjie Xiong, Jakub Szefer
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08619
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq5KJ1NWd-s
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/code/cache-security-benchmarks/
HybCache: Hybrid Side-Channel-Resilient Caches for Trusted Execution Environments
- USENIX Security 2020
- Ghada Dessouky, Tommaso Frassetto, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.09599
- https://www.usenix.org/system/files/sec20spring_dessouky_prepub.pdf
Meet the Sherlock Holmes’ of Side Channel Leakage: A Survey of Cache SCA Detection Techniques
- IEEE Access (2020)
- Ayaz Akram, Maria Mushtaq, Muhammad Khurram Bhatti, Vianney Lapotre, Guy Gogniat
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9035459/
SmokeBomb: Effective Mitigation Against Cache Side-channel Attacks on the ARM Architecture
- MobiSys 2020
- Haehyun Cho, Jinbum Park, Donguk Kim, Ziming Zhao, Yan Shoshitaishvili, Adam Doupeé, Gail-Joon Ahn
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3386901.3388888
- https://haehyun.github.io/papers/smokebomb-mobisys20.pdf

Defense: Cache: 2019

An Exploration of Effective Fuzzing for Side-channel Cache Leakage
- Software Testing, Verification and Reliability (STVR) 2019
- Tiyash Basu, Kartik Aggarwal, Chundong Wang, Sudipta Chattopadhyay
- https://doi.org/10.1002/stvr.1718
- https://asset-group.github.io/papers/STVR-cache-side-channel-fuzz.pdf
- https://github.com/tiyashbasu/Cache_Side_Channel_Tester
Analysis of Secure Caches Using a Three-Step Model for Timing-Based Attacks
- Journal of Hardware and Systems Security 3(4) 2019
- Shuwen Deng, Wenjie Xiong & Jakub Szefer
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/167
Automated Software Protection for the Masses Against Side-Channel Attacks
- HiPEAC 2019
- Nicolas Belleville, Damien Couroussé, Karine Heydemann, Henri-Pierre Charles
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3281662
CaSym: Cache Aware Symbolic Execution for Side Channel Detection and Mitigation
- Security & Privacy (S&P) 2019
- Brotzman, R L, Shen Liu, Danfeng Zhang, Gang Tan, Mahmut T. Kandemir
- http://www.cse.psu.edu/~dbz5017/pub/oakland19.pdf
Cyclone: Detecting Contention-Based Cache Information Leaks Through Cyclic Interference
- MICRO-52 2019
- Austin Harris, Shijia Wei, Prateek Sahu, Pranav Kumar, Todd Austin, Mohit Tiwari
- https://spark.ece.utexas.edu/
- http://spark.ece.utexas.edu/pubs/MICRO-19-cyclone.pdf
Fooling the Sense of Cross-core Last-level Cache Eviction based Attacker by Prefetching Common Sense
- PACT 2019
- Biswabandan Panda
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/391
- https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biswap/BITP.pdf
ScatterCache: Thwarting Cache Attacks via Cache Set Randomization
- USENIX Security 2019
- Mario Werner, Thomas Unterluggauer, Lukas Giner, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Stefan Mangard
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/werner
SecDir: Secure Directories to Defeat Directory Side Channel Attacks
- International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 2019
- Mengjia Yan, Jen-Yang Wen, Christopher Fletcher, Josep Torrellas
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/work/comanuma.html

Defense: Cache: 2018

CacheShield: Protecting Legacy Processes Against Cache Attacks
- CODASPY 2018
- Samira Briongos, Gorka Irazoqui, Pedro Malagón, Thomas Eisenbarth
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01795
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3176258.3176320
CEASER: Mitigating Conflict-Based Cache Attacks via Encrypted-Address and Remapping
- MICRO 2018
- Moinuddin K. Qureshi
- http://memlab.ece.gatech.edu/papers/MICRO_2018_2.pdf
DAWG: A Defense Against Cache Timing Attacks in Speculative Execution Processors
- MICRO 2018
- Vladimir Kiriansky, Ilia A. Lebedev, Saman P. Amarasinghe, Srinivas Devadas, Joel S. Emer
- https://doi.org/10.1109/MICRO.2018.00083
On the Incomparability of Cache Algorithms in Terms of Timing Leakage
- arXiv 2018
- Pablo Cañones, Boris Köpf, Jan Reineke
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.01240

Defense: Cache: 2017

CacheD: Identifying Cache-Based Timing Channels in Production Software
- USENIX Security 2017
- Shuai Wang, Pei Wang, Xiao Liu, Danfeng Zhang, Dinghao Wu
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/wang-shuai
Did we learn from LLC Side Channel Attacks? A Cache Leakage Detection Tool for Crypto Libraries
- arXiv 2017
- Gorka Irazoqui, Kai Cong, Xiaofei Guo, Hareesh Khattri, Arun Kanuparthi, Thomas Eisenbarth, Berk Sunar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.01552
How secure is your cache against side-channel attacks?
- MICRO 2017
- Zecheng He, Ruby B. Lee
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3123939.3124546
- http://palms.ee.princeton.edu/system/files/Micro-camera-ready-final.pdf
Secure Hierarchy-Aware Cache Replacement Policy (SHARP): Defending Against Cache-Based Side Channel Attacks
- ISCA 2017
- Mengjia Yan, Bhargava Gopireddy, Thomas Shull, Josep Torrellas
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8192484
Strong and Efficient Cache Side-Channel Protection using Hardware Transactional Memory
- USENIX Security Symposium 2017
- Daniel Gruss, Julian Lettner, Felix Schuster, Olga Ohrimenko, István Haller, Manuel Costa
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/gruss
- https://gruss.cc/files/cloak.pdf
- https://github.com/Microsoft/msr-cloak

Defense: Cache: 2016

Automated Detection of Instruction Cache Leaks in Modular Exponentiation Software
- CARDIS 2016
- Andreas Zankl, Johann Heyszl, Georg Sigl
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-54669-8_14
- https://github.com/falsecurity/cache-leak-detector

Defense: Cache: 2013

Architecting against Software Cache-Based Side-Channel Attacks
- IEEE Transactions on Computers 62(7), July 2013
- Jingfei Kong, O. Aciicmez, J-P Seifert, Huiyang Zhou
- http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6178238/
CacheAudit: A Tool for the Static Analysis of Cache Side Channels
- USENIX Security 2013
- Goran Doychev, Dominik Feld, Boris Köpf, Laurent Mauborgne, Jan Reineke
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/paper/doychev
- https://github.com/cacheaudit/cacheaudit

Defense: DRAM

DAGguise: Mitigating Memory Timing Side Channels
- ASPLOS 2022
- Peter W. Deutsch, Yuheng Yang, Thomas Bourgeat, Jules Drean, Joel Emer, Mengjia Yan
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3503222.3507747
- https://people.csail.mit.edu/mengjia/data/DAGguise_ASPLOS22.pdf
- https://people.csail.mit.edu/mengjia/data/DAGguise_presentation.pdf
- https://github.com/CSAIL-Arch-Sec/DAGguise

Defense: Floating Point Unit (FPU)

On the effectiveness of mitigations against floating-point timing channels
- USENIX Security 2017
- David Kohlbrenner and Hovav Shacham
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/kohlbrenner
- https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~dkohlbre/floats/
Towards Verified, Constant-time Floating Point Operations
- ACM CCS 2018
- Marc Andrysco, Andres Nötzli, Fraser Brown, Ranjit Jhala, and Deian Stefan
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3243766
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2y6yHXoEc0
- https://ranjitjhala.github.io/static/ctfp-ccs18.pdf

Defense: Hardware Design & Verification

A Hardware Design Language for Timing-Sensitive Information-Flow Security
- ASPLOS 2015
- Danfeng Zhang, Yao Wang, G. Edward Suh, Andrew C. Myers
- http://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/papers/asplos15/
- Meltdown, Spectre, and why hardware can be correct yet insecure
  - https://andrumyers.wordpress.com/2018/01/17/meltdown-spectre-and-how-hardware-can-be-correct-but-insecure/
Broad-Based Side-Channel Defenses for Modern Microprocessors
- 2019 PhD dissertation; Ashay Rane
- https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lin/papers/ashay.pdf
- https://ashay.rane.info/
Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions (CHERI): Notes on the Meltdown and Spectre Attacks
- http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-916.pdf
CheckMate: Automated Exploit Program Generation for Hardware Security Verification
- International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2018
- Caroline Trippel, Daniel Lustig, and Margaret Martonosi
- https://www-cs.stanford.edu/~trippel/pubs/ctrippel_MICRO51.pdf
- https://github.com/ctrippel/checkmate
Data Oblivious ISA Extensions for Side Channel-Resistant and High Performance Computing
- Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS) 2019
- Jiyong Yu, Lucas Hsiung, Mohamad El Hajj, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/808
End-to-End Automated Exploit Generation for Validating the Security of Processor Designs
- MICRO 2018
- R. Zhang, C. Deutschbein, P. Huang, C. Sturton
- https://cs.unc.edu/~csturton/papers/zhang2018MICRO.pdf
- https://github.com/rzhang2285/Coppelia
Fast and Efficient Deployment of Security Defenses via Context Sensitive Decoding
- Government Microcircuit Applications and Critical Technology Conference (GOMACTech) 2019
- Mohammadkazem Taram, Dean M. Tullsen, Ashish Venkat, Houman Homayoun, Sai Manoj MD,
- http://www.cs.virginia.edu/venkat/papers/gomactech2019.pdf
HyperFlow: A Processor Architecture for Nonmalleable, Timing-Safe Information Flow Security
- ACM CCS 2018
- Andrew Ferraiuolo, Mark Zhao, Andrew C. Myers, G. Edward Suh
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3243743
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdIbR_cwjaU
- http://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/papers/hyperflow/
IntroSpectre: A Pre-Silicon Framework for Discovery and Analysis of Transient Execution Vulnerabilities
- ISCA 2021
- Moein Ghaniyoun, Kristin Barber, Yinqian Zhang, Radu Teodorescu
- http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~teodorescu.1/resources/introspectre-isca2021.pdf
- https://moeinghaniyoun.github.io/files/IntroSpectre.pdf
- https://moeinghaniyoun.github.io/files/IntroSpectre.ppsx
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEjbz06RCmk
IODINE: Verifying Constant-Time Execution of Hardware
- USENIX Security 2019
- Klaus von Gleissenthall, Rami Gökhan Kıcı, Deian Stefan, Ranjit Jhala
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/von-gleissenthall
- https://github.com/gokhankici/iodine
Isolating Speculative Data to Prevent Transient Execution Attacks
- IEEE Computer Architecture Letters (CAL) 18(2) 2019
- Kristin Barber, Anys Bacha, Li Zhou, Yinqian Zhang, Radu Teodorescu
- https://doi.org/10.1109/LCA.2019.2916328
Jamais Vu: Thwarting Microarchitectural Replay Attacks
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2021
- Dimitrios Skarlatos, Zirui Zhao, Riccardo Paccagnella, Christopher W. Fletcher, Josep Torrellas
- https://rp8.web.engr.illinois.edu/papers/jamaisvu-asplos2021.pdf
- https://github.com/dskarlatos/JamaisVu
Microarchitectural Timing Channels and their Prevention on an Open-Source 64-bit RISC-V Core
- Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) 2021
- Nils Wistoff, Moritz Schneider, Frank K. Gürkaynak, Luca Benini, Gernot Heiser
- https://trustworthy.systems/publications/csiro_full_text/Wistoff_SGBH_21.pdf
- https://pulp-platform.org/docs/date2021/DATE21-nwistoff-timing-channels.pdf
- http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/387380
- L1 D$, L1 I$, TLB, BTB, BHT
ParTI - Towards Combined Hardware Countermeasures against Side Channel and Fault Injection Attacks
- CHES 2016, IACR-CRYPTO-2016
- Tobias Schneider, Amir Moradi, Tim Güneysu
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/648
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTJvb6k5yp0
Prevention of Microarchitectural Covert Channels on an Open-Source 64-bit RISC-V Core
- 2020 Workshop on Computer Architecture Research with RISC-V (CARRV)
- Nils Wistoff, Moritz Schneider, Frank K. Gürkaynak, Luca Benini, Gernot Heiser
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02193
- https://microkerneldude.wordpress.com/2020/06/09/sel4-is-verified-on-risc-v/
Principles of Secure Processor Architecture Design
- 2019 book; Jakub Szefer
- http://www.morganclaypoolpublishers.com/catalog_Orig/product_info.php?products_id=1315
- Tutorials: https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/tutorials/
  - HiPEAC 2019 Tutorial: http://caslab.csl.yale.edu/tutorials/hipeac2019/
  - ASPLOS 2019 Tutorial: http://caslab.csl.yale.edu/tutorials/asplos2019/
Provably Secure Isolation for Interruptible Enclaved Execution on Small Microprocessors
- IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF) 2020
- Matteo Busi, Job Noorman, Jo Van Bulck, Letterio Galletta, Pierpaolo Degano, Jan Tobias Mühlberg, Frank Piessens
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10881
Securing Processors from Time Side Channels
- Jose Renau
- UC Santa Cruz, Tech. Rep., April 2018 - https://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~renau/docs/tleak.pdf
- The Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop, April 2018 - https://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~renau/docs/amw18.pdf
Side Channel Analysis Protection and Low Latency in Action - Case Study of PRINCE and Midori
- IACR-ASIACRYPT-2016
- Amir Moradi, Tobias Schneider
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OyQIh3F4AU
SMT-COP: Defeating Side-Channel Attacks on Execution Units in SMT Processors
- Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT) 2019
- Daniel Townley and Dmitry Ponomarev
- http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~dima/pact19.pdf
SoK: Design Tools for Side-Channel-Aware Implementations
- ePrint 2021/497
- Ileana Buhan, Lejla Batina, Yuval Yarom, Patrick Schaumont
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08593
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/497
- AsiaCCS 2022
- https://yuval.yarom.org/pdfs/BuhanBYS22.pdf
Speculative Execution and Timing Predictability in an Open Source RISC-V Core
- IEEE Real Time Systems Symposium (RTSS) 2021
- Alban Gruin, Thomas Carle, Hugues Cassé, Christine Rochange
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9622403
- https://hal-univ-tlse3.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03477573
- https://www.irit.fr/TRACES/site/minotaur-presentation-at-rtss-2021/
- MINOTAuR (Mostly IN-Order Timing predictAble pRocessor)
  - a timing predictable open source RISC-V core based on the Ariane core
  - SystemVerilog
  - https://gitlab.irit.fr/minotaur/MINOTAuR
Using Information Flow to Design an ISA That Controls Timing Channels
- CSF 2019
- Drew Zagieboylo, G. Edward Suh, Andrew C. Myers
- http://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/papers/hyperisa/

Defense: Hardware Design & Verification: 2024

WhisperFuzz: White-Box Fuzzing for Detecting and Locating Timing Vulnerabilities in Processors
- USENIX Security 2024
- Pallavi Borkar, Chen Chen, Mohamadreza Rostami, Nikhilesh Singh, Rahul Kande, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Chester Rebeiro, Jeyavijayan Rajendran
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/borkar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.03704

Defense: Hardware Design & Verification: 2023

AutoCC: Automatic Discovery of Covert Channels in Time-Shared Hardware
- International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2023
- Marcelo Orenes-Vera, Hyunsung Yun, Nils Wistoff, Gernot Heiser, Luca Benini, David Wentzlaff, Margaret Martonosi
- https://trustworthy.systems/publications/papers/Orenes-Vera_YWHBWM_23.abstract
- http://parallel.princeton.edu/papers/micro23_marcelo.pdf
- AutoCC: Methodology that leverages FPV to automatically discover covert channels in hardware that is time-shared between processes. AutoCC operates at RTL to exhaustively examine any machine state left by a process after a context switch that creates an execution difference.
  - https://github.com/morenes/AutoCC
MicroProfiler: Principled Side-Channel Mitigation through Microarchitectural Profiling
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (Euro S&P) 2023
- Marton Bognar, Hans Winderix, Jo Van Bulck, Frank Piessens
- https://mici.hu/papers/bognar23microprofiler.pdf
- https://github.com/martonbognar/microprofiler
ProSpeCT: Provably Secure Speculation for the Constant-Time Policy
- USENIX Security Symposium 2023
- Lesly-Ann Daniel, Marton Bognar, Job Noorman, Sébastien Bardin, Tamara Rezk, Frank Piessens
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12108
- https://github.com/proteus-core/prospect
Specification and Verification of Side-channel Security for Open-source Processors via Leakage Contracts
- ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communication Security (CCS) 2023
- Zilong Wang, Gideon Mohr, Klaus von Gleissenthall, Jan Reineke, Marco Guarnieri
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.06979
SpecVerilog: Adapting Information Flow Control for Secure Speculation
- 2023 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)
- Drew Zagieboylo, Charles Sherk, Andrew C. Myers, G. Edward Suh
- https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/papers/specverilog/
Systematic Prevention of On-Core Timing Channels by Full Temporal Partitioning
- IEEE Transactions on Computers, Volume 72, Issue 5, 2023
- Nils Wistoff, Moritz Schneider, Frank K. Gürkaynak, Gernot Heiser, Luca Benini
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.12029
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9913709

Defense: Hardware Design & Verification: 2022

CellIFT: Leveraging Cells for Scalable and Precise Dynamic Information Flow Tracking in RTL
- USENIX Security 2022
- Flavien Solt, Ben Gras, Kaveh Razavi
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/research/microarch/cellift/
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/wp-content/files/cellift_sec22.pdf
- https://github.com/comsec-group/cellift-meta
Delay-on-Squash: Stopping Microarchitectural Replay Attacks in Their Tracks
- ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO), Vol. 20, No. 1, Article 9. 2022
- Christos Sakalis, Stefanos Kaxiras, Magnus Själander
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3563695

Defense: Power

PARAM: A Microprocessor Hardened for Power Side-Channel Attack Resistance
- IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST) 2020
- Muhammad Arsath K F, Vinod Ganesan, Rahul Bodduna, Chester Rebeiro
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08813

Defense: SMT

SecSMT: Securing SMT Processors against Contention-Based Covert Channels
- USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security) 2022
- Mohammadkazem Taram, Xida Ren, Ashish Venkat, Dean Tullsen
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/taram
- https://mktrm.github.io/files/secsmt_usenix22.pdf
- https://github.com/mktrm/SecSMT_Artifact

Defense: Software

C++ Developer Guidance for Speculative Execution Side Channels
- https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/security/developer-guidance-speculative-execution
Certified Side Channels
- USENIX Security Symposium 2020
- 2019 arXiv
- Cesar Pereida García, Sohaib ul Hassan, Nicola Tuveri, Iaroslav Gridin, Alejandro Cabrera Aldaya, Billy Bob Brumley
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01785
ctgrind
- https://www.imperialviolet.org/2010/04/01/ctgrind.html
- https://github.com/agl/ctgrind/
CTTK (Constant-Time Toolkit)
- https://github.com/pornin/CTTK
Cycle-Accurate Timing Channel Analysis of Binary Code
- 2017 Master's Thesis; Roeland Krak
- http://essay.utwente.nl/72321/
- http://essay.utwente.nl/72321/1/Krak_MA_EEMCS.pdf
- model of instruction execution time for the ARM Cortex-A7
dudect: dude, is my code constant time?
- https://github.com/oreparaz/dudect
KASLR is Dead: Long Live KASLR
- Engineering Secure Software and Systems (ESSoS) 2017
- Daniel Gruss, Moritz Lipp, Michael Schwarz, Richard Fellner, Clémentine Maurice, Stefan Mangard
- https://gruss.cc/files/kaiser.pdf
- https://github.com/IAIK/KAISER
MicroWalk: A Framework for Finding Side Channels in Binaries
- Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC) 2018
- Jan Wichelmann, Ahmad Moghimi, Thomas Eisenbarth, Berk Sunar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05575
- https://github.com/UzL-ITS/Microwalk
Mitigating Speculative Attacks in Crypto
- https://github.com/HACS-workshop/spectre-mitigations/blob/master/crypto_guidelines.md
Mitigating speculative execution side channel hardware vulnerabilities
- https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2018/03/15/mitigating-speculative-execution-side-channel-hardware-vulnerabilities/
Principled Elimination of Microarchitectural Timing Channels through Operating-System Enforced Time Protection
- 2019 PhD Thesis; Qian Ge
- http://ts.data61.csiro.au/publications/papers/Ge:phd.pdf
- http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/64228
Provably Secure Countermeasures against Side-channel Attacks
- 2015 Dissertation; Praveen Kumar Vadnala
- https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/21653/2/PraveenVadnala_Thesis.pdf
Rigorous Analysis of Software Countermeasures against Cache Attacks
- PLDI 2017; Goran Doychev, Boris Köpf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMyDEnpoyoI
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02187
- http://software.imdea.org/~bkoepf/papers/pldi17.pdf
SafeSide: A project to understand and mitigate software-observable side-channels
- https://github.com/google/safeside
SideTrail: Verifying Time-Balancing of Cryptosystems
- Verified Software: Theories, Tools, and Experiments (VSTTE) 2018
- Konstantinos Athanasiou, Byron Cook, Michael Emmi, Colm MacCarthaigh, Daniel Schwartz-Narbonne, Serdar Tasiran
- https://github.com/awslabs/s2n/tree/master/tests/sidetrail
- http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/b.cook/VSSTE18_sidetrail.pdf
- https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/how-aws-sidetrail-verifies-key-aws-cryptography-code/
Site Isolation: Process Separation for Web Sites within the Browser
- USENIX Security Symposium (2019)
- Charles Reis, Alexander Moshchuk, Nasko Oskov
- https://ai.google/research/pubs/pub48285
Time Protection: the Missing OS Abstraction
- EuroSys 2019
- Qian Ge, Yuval Yarom, Tom Chothia, Gernot Heiser
- https://ts.data61.csiro.au/publications/csiroabstracts/Ge_YCH_19.abstract.pml.html
Towards Practical Tools for Side Channel Aware Software Engineering: "Grey Box" Modelling for Instruction Leakages
- USENIX Security 2017
- David McCann, Elisabeth Oswald, Carolyn Whitnall
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/mccann
Verifying Constant-Time Implementations
- USENIX Security 2016
- José Bacelar Almeida, Manuel Barbosa, Gilles Barthe, François Dupressoir, Michael Emmi
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/almeida
Verifying Constant-Time Implementations by Abstract Interpretation
- European Symposium on Research in Computer Security 2017
- Sandrine Blazy, David Pichardie, Alix Trieu
- https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01588444
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-66402-6_16
Why Constant-Time Crypto?
- https://www.bearssl.org/constanttime.html
You Shall Not Bypass: Employing data dependencies to prevent Bounds Check Bypass
- arXiv 2018
- Oleksii Oleksenko, Bohdan Trach, Tobias Reiher, Mark Silberstein, Christof Fetzer
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.08506

Defense: Software: 2024

Switchpoline: A Software Mitigation for Spectre-BTB and Spectre-BHB on ARMv8
- 19th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security 2024
- Lorenz Hetterich, Markus Bauer, Michael Schwarz, Christian Rossow
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3634737.3637662

Defense: Software: 2023

Formalising the Prevention of Microarchitectural Timing Channels by Operating Systems
- FM 2023: Formal Methods
- Robert Sison, Scott Buckley, Toby Murray, Gerwin Klein, Gernot Heiser
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27481-7_8
- https://trustworthy.systems/publications/papers/Sison_BMKH_23.abstract
Quarantine: Mitigating Transient Execution Attacks with Physical Domain Isolation
- International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID) 2023
- Mathé Hertogh, Manuel Wiesinger, Sebastian Österlund, Marius Muench, Nadav Amit, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3607199.3607248
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/quarantine_raid23.pdf
- https://github.com/vusec/quarantine

Defense: Software: 2022

Rosita++: Automatic Higher-Order Leakage Elimination from Cryptographic Code
- 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)
- Madura A. Shelton, Łukasz Chmielewski, Niels Samwel, Markus Wagner, Lejla Batina, Yuval Yarom
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3460120.3485380
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.11741
- https://github.com/0xADE1A1DE/Rositaplusplus
- https://github.com/0xADE1A1DE/tracetools
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1181

Defense: Software: Compilation and Programming Languages

Automatically Eliminating Speculative Leaks from Cryptographic Code with Blade
- Principles of Programming Languages (POPL) 2021
- Marco Vassena, Craig Disselkoen, Klaus V. Gleissenthall, Sunjay Cauligi, Rami Gökhan Kici, Ranjit Jhala, Dean Tullsen, Deian Stefan
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00294
- https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~dstefan/pubs/vassena:2021:blade.pdf
- https://github.com/PLSysSec/blade
Compiler mitigations for time attacks on modern x86 processors
- ACM TACO 8(4) (2012)
- Jeroen V. Cleemput, Bart Coppens, Bjorn De Sutter
- https://doi.org/10.1145/2086696.2086702
Compiler Strategies for Mitigating Timing Side Channel Attacks
- 2015 PhD Dissertation; Jeroen Van Cleemput
- http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-8503231
- https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8503231
Constantine: Automatic Side-Channel Resistance Using Efficient Control and Data Flow Linearization
- Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2021
- Pietro Borrello, Daniele Cono D'Elia, Leonardo Querzoni, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.10749
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/constantine_ccs21.pdf
- Constantine: a compiler-based system to automatically harden programs against microarchitectural side channels
  - https://github.com/pietroborrello/constantine
FaCT: A Flexible, Constant-Time Programming Language
- SecDev 2017
- Sunjay Cauligi, Gary Soeller, Fraser Brown, Brian Johannesmeyer, Yunlu Huang, Ranjit Jhala, Deian Stefan
- https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~dstefan/pubs/cauligi:2017:fact.pdf
- https://github.com/PLSysSec/FaCT
Mitigating Data Leakage by Protecting Memory-resident Sensitive Data
- Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC) 2019
- Tapti Palit, Fabian Monrose, Michalis Polychronakis
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3359789.3359815
- https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~mikepo/papers/dataencr.acsac19.pdf
P0928: Mitigating Spectre v1 Attacks in C++
- 2020; Devin Jeanpierre, Geoffrey Romer, Chandler Carruth
- http://wg21.link/P0928
Provably secure compilation of side-channel countermeasures
- Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2017/1233
- Gilles Barthe, Benjamin Grégoire, Vincent Laporte
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/1233
- https://sites.google.com/view/ctpreservation
Secure Automatic Bounds Checking: Prevention Is Simpler Than Cure
- CGO 2020
- Ejebagom John Ojogbo, Mithuna Thottethodi, T. N. Vijaykumar
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3368826.3377921
Specfuscator: Evaluating Branch Removal as a Spectre Mitigation
- Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2021
- Martin Schwarzl, Claudio Alberto Canella, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz
- https://martinschwarzl.at/media/files/specfuscator.pdf
Speculative Load Hardening (a Spectre variant #1 mitigation)
Swivel: Hardening WebAssembly against Spectre
- USENIX Security Symposium 2021
- Shravan Narayan, Craig Disselkoen, Daniel Moghimi, Sunjay Cauligi, Evan Johnson, Zhao Gang, Anjo Vahldiek-Oberwagner, Ravi Sahita, Hovav Shacham, Dean Tullsen, Deian Stefan
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12730
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity21/presentation/narayan

Defense: Software: Compilation and Programming Languages: 2024

Eclipse: Preventing Speculative Memory-error Abuse with Artificial Data Dependencies
- ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2024
- Neophytos Christou, Alexander Gaidis, Vaggelis Atlidakis, and Vasileios P. Kemerlis
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690201
- https://cs.brown.edu/~vpk/papers/eclipse.ccs24.pdf
- https://vatlidak.github.io/resources/eclipse_ccs24_prez.pdf
- https://gitlab.com/brown-ssl/eclipse
Protecting cryptographic code against Spectre-RSB (and, in fact, all known Spectre variants)
- Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2024/1070
- Santiago Arranz Olmos, Gilles Barthe, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Benjamin Grégoire, Vincent Laporte, Tiago Oliveira, Peter Schwabe, Yuval Yarom, Zhiyuan Zhang
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/1070

Defense: Software: Compilation and Programming Languages: 2023

Spectre Declassified: Reading from the Right Place at the Wrong Time
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2023
- Basavesh Ammanaghatta Shivakumar, Jack Barnes, Gilles Barthe, Sunjay Cauligi, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Daniel Genkin, Sioli O’Connell, Peter Schwabe, Rui Qi Sim, Yuval Yarom
- https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/SP46215.2023.00011
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/426
Ultimate SLH: Taking Speculative Load Hardening to the Next Level
- USENIX Security 2023
- Zhiyuan Zhang, Gilles Barthe, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Peter Schwabe, Yuval Yarom
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/zhang-zhiyuan-slh
- https://yuval.yarom.org/pdfs/ZhangBCSY23.pdf
- https://github.com/0xADE1A1DE/USLH

Defense: Software: Compilation and Programming Languages: 2022

Breaking and Fixing Speculative Load Hardening
- IACR ePrint 2022/715
- Zhiyuan Zhang, Gilles Barthe, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Peter Schwabe, Yuval Yarom
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/715
SynthCT: Towards Portable Constant-Time Code
- Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2022
- Sushant Dinesh, Grant Garrett-Grossman, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/auto-draft-223/
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/synthCT
Systematic Analysis of Programming Languages and Their Execution Environments for Spectre Attacks
- Iternational Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy (ICISSP) 2022
- Amir Naseredini, Stefan Gast, Martin Schwarzl, Pedro Miguel Sousa Bernardo, Amel Smajic, Claudio Canella, Martin Berger, Daniel Gruss
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.12528
- https://www.cc0x1f.net/publications/spectre_pl_slides.pdf
- UCL Information Security Research Seminar; February 3, 2022
  - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VnwaRH9b2s

Defense: Speculation

Pitchfork: Detecting Spectre vulnerabilities using symbolic execution
- https://github.com/cdisselkoen/pitchfork

Defense: Speculation: 2024

BeeBox: Hardening BPF against Transient Execution Attacks
- USENIX Security 2024
- Di Jin, Alexander J. Gaidis, Vasileios P. Kemerlis
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/jin-di
- https://cs.brown.edu/~vpk/papers/beebox.sec24.pdf
- https://gitlab.com/brown-ssl/beebox
Levioso: Efficient Compiler-Informed Secure Speculation
- 61st Design Automation Conference (DAC) 2024
- Ali Hajiabadi, Archit Agarwal, Andreas Diavastos, Trevor E. Carlson.
- https://hajiabadi.github.io/papers/paper_levioso_dac2024.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1s6GXouKLGE
- https://github.com/Compiler-Dependency-Analysis/llvm-levioso
Perspective: A Principled Framework for Pliable and Secure Speculation in Operating Systems
- 51st Annual ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 2024
- Tae Hoon Kim, David Rudo, Kaiyang Zhao, Zirui Neil Zhao, Dimitrios Skarlatos
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10609597
- https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dskarlat/slides/perspective_isca24_slides.pdf

Defence: Speculation: 2023

HIDFIX: Efficient Mitigation of Cache-based Spectre Attacks through Hidden Rollbacks
- 42nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design (ICCAD) 2023
- Arash Pashrashid, Ali Hajiabadi, Trevor E. Carlson
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10323979
Okapi: Efficiently Safeguarding Speculative Data Accesses in Sandboxed Environments
- arXiv 2023
- Philipp Schmitz, Tobias Jauch, Alex Wezel, Mohammad R. Fadiheh, Thore Tiemann, Jonah Heller, Thomas Eisenbarth, Dominik Stoffel, Wolfgang Kunz
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08156
SafeBet: Secure, Simple, and Fast Speculative Execution
- arXiv 2023
- Conor Green, Cole Nelson, Mithuna Thottethodi, T. N. Vijaykumar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07785
SpecTerminator: Blocking speculative side channels based on instruction classes on RISC-V
- ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (Vol. 20, No. 1) 2023
- Hai Jin, Zhuo He, Weizhong Qiang
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/full/10.1145/3566053

Defense: Speculation: 2022

Kasper: Scanning for Generalized Transient Execution Gadgets in the Linux Kernel
- NDSS 2022
- Brian Johannesmeyer, Jakob Koschel, Kaveh Razavi, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/auto-draft-247/
- https://github.com/vusec/kasper
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/kasper/
Performance Evolution of Mitigating Transient Execution Attacks
- EuroSys 2022
- Jonathan Behrens, Adam Belay, M. Frans Kaashoek
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3492321.3519559
Understanding and Improving the Performance of Mitigating Transient Execution Attacks
- 2022 PhD Dissertation; Jonathan Behrens
- https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/behrensj-phd-thesis.pdf
Pinned Loads: Taming Speculative Loads in Secure Processors
- 27th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2022
- Zirui Neil Zhao, Houxiang Ji, Adam Morrison, Darko Marinov, Josep Torrellas
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3503222.3507724
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eg2rwLcDHvk
- https://github.com/zzrcxb/PinnedLoads
Secure Access Policy (SAP): Invisibly Executing Speculative Unsafe Accesses in an Isolated Environment
- 40th IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD) 2022
- Xiaoni Meng, Qiusong Yang, Yiwei Ci, Pei Zhao, Shan Zhao, Tianlin Huo, and Mingshu Li
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9978372

Defense: Speculation: 2021

BasicBlocker: ISA Redesign to Make Spectre-Immune CPUs Faster
- RAID 2021
- Jan Philipp Thoma, Jakob Feldtkeller, Markus Krausz, Tim Güneysu, Daniel J. Bernstein
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15919
- https://cr.yp.to/papers/basicblocker-20210504.pdf
DOLMA: Securing Speculation with the Principle of Transient Non-Observability
- USENIX Security 2021
- Kevin Loughlin, Ian Neal, Jiacheng Ma, Elisa Tsai, Ofir Weisse, Satish Narayanasamy, Baris Kasikci
- https://www.kevinloughlin.org/dolma.pdf
- https://github.com/efeslab/dolma
Dynamic Process Isolation
- 2021
- Martin Schwarzl, Pietro Borrello, Andreas Kogler, Kenton Varda, Thomas Schuster, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.04751
- Dynamic Process Isolation: Research by Cloudflare and TU Graz
  - https://blog.cloudflare.com/spectre-research-with-tu-graz/
Hardware-Software Contracts for Secure Speculation
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (IEEE S&P) 2021
- Marco Guarnieri, Boris Köpf, Jan Reineke, Pepe Vila
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03841
High-Assurance Cryptography in the Spectre Era
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (IEEE S&P) 2021
- Gilles Barthe, Sunjay Cauligi, Benjamin Gregoire, Adrien Koutsos, Kevin Liao, Tiago Oliveira, Swarn Priya, Tamara Rezk, Peter Schwabe
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/1104
Hunting the Haunter — Efficient Relational Symbolic Execution for Spectre with Haunted RelSE
- NDSS 2021
- Lesly-Ann Daniel, Sébastien Bardin, Tamara Rezk
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/ndss-paper/hunting-the-haunter-efficient-relational-symbolic-execution-for-spectre-with-haunted-relse/
SoK: Practical Foundations for Spectre Defenses
- 2021
- IEEE S&P 2022
- Sunjay Cauligi, Craig Disselkoen, Daniel Moghimi, Gilles Barthe, Deian Stefan
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.05801
GhostMinion: A Strictness-Ordered Cache System for Spectre Mitigation
- 54th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2021
- Sam Ainsworth
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3466752.3480074
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aXuxqJP4Rg
- https://github.com/SamAinsworth/reproduce-ghostminion-paper
Secure speculative execution via RISC-V open hardware design
- Fifth Workshop on Computer Architecture Research with RISC-V (CARRV) 2021
- Majid Sabbagh, Yunsi Fei, David Kaeli
- https://carrv.github.io/2021/papers/CARRV2021_paper_22_Sabbagh.pdf
- https://carrv.github.io/2021/slides/CARRV2021_slides_22_Sabbagh.pdf
Speculative Privacy Tracking (SPT): Leaking Information From Speculative Execution Without Compromising Privacy
- 54th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2021
- Rutvik Choudhary, Jiyong Yu, Christopher Fletcher, Adam Morrison
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3466752.3480068
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/SPT

Defense: Speculation: 2020

ConTExT: A Generic Approach for Mitigating Spectre
- Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2020
- Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, Claudio Canella, Robert Schilling, Florian Kargl, Daniel Gruss
- https://misc0110.net/files/context.pdf
Evolution of Defenses against Transient-Execution Attacks
- GLSVLSI 2020
- Claudio Canella, Sai Manoj Pudukotai Dinakarrao, Daniel Gruss, Khaled N. Khasawneh
- https://gruss.cc/files/transient-defenses.pdf
Hardware-Software Contracts for Secure Speculation
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (IEEE S&P) 2021
- Marco Guarnieri, Boris Köpf, Jan Reineke, Pepe Vila
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03841
KLEESpectre: Detecting Information Leakage through Speculative Cache Attacks via Symbolic Execution
- ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM) 2020
- Guanhua Wang, Sudipta Chattopadhyay, Arnab Kumar Biswas, Tulika Mitra, Abhik Roychoudhury
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.00647
- https://github.com/winter2020/kleespectre
MuonTrap: Preventing Cross-Domain Spectre-Like Attacks by Capturing Speculative State
- ISCA 2020
- Sam Ainsworth, Timothy M. Jones
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08384
Securing the Memory Hierarchy from Speculative Side-Channel Attacks
- 2020 Licentiate Dissertation; Christos Sakalis
- http://www.it.uu.se/research/publications/lic/2020-003/
- http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1389898/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Speculation Invariance (InvarSpec): Faster Safe Execution Through Program Analysis
- 53rd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2020
- Zirui Neil Zhao, Houxiang Ji, Mengjia Yan, Jiyong Yu, Christopher W. Fletcher, Adam Morrison, Darko Marinov, Josep Torrellas
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9251941
- https://zzrcxb.me/files/slides/MICRO20-InvarSpec-Slides.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WXCzZFEooA
Speculative Data-Oblivious Execution: Mobilizing Safe Prediction For Safe and Efficient Speculative Execution
- 47th Annual ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 2020
- Jiyong Yu, Namrata Mantri, Josep Torrellas, Adam Morrison, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9138997
- https://github.com/cwfletcher/sdo

Defense: Speculation: 2019

A Formal Approach to Secure Speculation
- 2019 IEEE 32nd Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF)
- Kevin Cheang, Cameron Rasmussen, Sanjit Seshia, Pramod Subramanyan
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8823732
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/310/20190320:103921
Abstract Interpretation under Speculative Execution
- Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI) 2019
- Meng Wu & Chao Wang
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3314221.3314647
- https://pldi19.sigplan.org/event/pldi-2019-papers-abstract-interpretation-under-speculative-execution
- https://bitbucket.org/mengwu/timingsyn
Beyond Spectre: Confronting New Technical and Policy Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019)
- https://doi.org/10.17226/25418
- https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25418/beyond-spectre-confronting-new-technical-and-policy-challenges-proceedings-of
CleanupSpec: An Undo Approach to Safe Speculation
- MICRO-52 2019
- Gururaj Saileshwar, Moinuddin K. Qureshi
- http://memlab.ece.gatech.edu/papers/MICRO_2019_3.pdf
Conditional Speculation: An Effective Approach to Safeguard Out-of-Order Execution Against Spectre Attacks
- High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2019
- Peinan Li, Lutan Zhao, Rui Hou; Lixin Zhang; Dan Meng
- https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCA.2019.00043
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_VxiHo5hks
- http://hourui-arch.net/pdf/Conditional-Speculation.pdf
Context-Sensitive Fencing: Securing Speculative Execution via Microcode Customization
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2019
- Mohammadkazem Taram, Ashish Venkat, Dean Tullsen
- http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~av6ds/papers/asplos2019.pdf
MI6: Secure Enclaves in a Speculative Out-of-Order Processor
- MICRO-52 2019
- Thomas Bourgeat, Ilia Lebedev, Andrew Wright, Sizhuo Zhang, Arvind, Srinivas Devadas
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3358310
NDA: Preventing Speculative Execution Attacks at Their Source
- MICRO 2019
- Ofir Weisse, Ian Neal, Kevin Loughlin, Thomas Wenisch, Baris Kasikci
- http://www.ofirweisse.com/MICRO2019_NDA.pdf
oo7: Low-overhead Defense against Spectre Attacks via Program Analysis
- 2019 IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)
- Guanhua Wang, Sudipta Chattopadhyay, Ivan Gotovchits, Tulika Mitra, Abhik Roychoudhury
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05843
- https://asset-group.github.io/papers/oo7.pdf
- A binary analysis framework to defend against potential vulnerability to Spectre attacks
  - https://github.com/winter2020/oo7
SafeSpec: Banishing the Spectre of a Meltdown with Leakage-Free Speculation
- Design Automation Conference (DAC) 2019
- Khaled N. Khasawneh, Esmaeil Mohammadian Koruyeh, Chengyu Song, Dmitry Evtyushkin, Dmitry Ponomarev, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~dima/dac2019.pdf
SPECCFI: Mitigating Spectre Attacks using CFI Informed Speculation
- arXiv 2019; IEEE S&P 2020
- Esmaeil Mohammadian Koruyeh, Shirin Haji Amin Shirazi, Khaled N. Khasawneh, Chengyu Song, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01345
SpecFuzz: Bringing Spectre-type vulnerabilities to the surface
- arXiv 2019; USENIX Security 2020
- Oleksii Oleksenko, Bohdan Trach, Mark Silberstein, Christof Fetzer
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10311
- SpecFuzz: A tool to enable fuzzing for Spectre vulnerabilities
  - https://github.com/OleksiiOleksenko/SpecFuzz
- FOSDEM 2020
  - https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/security_specfuzz_bringing_spectre_type_vulnerabilities_to_the_surface/
SpecShield: Shielding Speculative Data from Microarchitectural Covert Channels
- Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT) 2019
- K. Barber, A. Bacha, L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, R. Teodorescu
- https://anysbacha.github.io/publications/barber_pact19.pdf
- https://anysbacha.github.io/publications/barber_pact19_slides.pdf
- http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~teodorescu.1/resources/papers/specshield_pact2019.pdf
Spectre is here to stay: An analysis of side-channels and speculative execution
- arXiv 2019
- Ross Mcilroy, Jaroslav Sevcik, Tobias Tebbi, Ben L. Titzer, Toon Verwaest
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.05178
SpectreGuard: An Efficient Data-centric Defense Mechanism against Spectre Attacks
- Design Automation Conference (DAC) 2019
- Jacob Fustos, Farzad Farshchi, Heechul Yun
- http://www.ittc.ku.edu/~heechul/papers/spectreguard-dac2019-camera.pdf
Speculative Taint Tracking (STT): A Comprehensive Protection for Speculatively Accessed Data
- International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2019
- Jiyong Yu, Mengjia Yan, Artem Khyzha, Adam Morrison, Josep Torrellas, Christopher Fletcher
- https://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~mad/publications/micro2019-stt.pdf
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/micro19_2.pdf
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/PRES/present_micro19_2.pdf
- https://keystone-enclave.org/open-source-enclaves-workshop/slides/OSEW19_ChristopherFletcher_UIUC.pdf

Defense: Speculation: 2018

An Inside Story of Mitigating Speculative Execution Side Channel Vulnerabilities
- Black Hat 2018; Anders Fogh, Christopher Ertl
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J9MpK4MQWk
InvisiSpec: Making Speculative Execution Invisible in the Cache Hierarchy
- International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2018
- Mengjia Yan, Jiho Choi, Dimitrios Skarlatos, Adam Morrison, Christopher W. Fletcher, Josep Torrellas
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/PRES/present_micro18.pdf
- Paper: http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/micro18.pdf
- Poster: https://people.csail.mit.edu/mengjia/data/InvisiSpec_Poster.pdf
- Lightning talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAO5iejYUec
- https://github.com/mjyan0720/InvisiSpec-1.0
Spectector: Principled Detection of Speculative Information Flows
- IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy 2020
- arXiv 2018
- Marco Guarnieri, Boris Köpf, José F. Morales, Jan Reineke, Andrés Sánchez
- https://spectector.github.io/
- https://github.com/spectector/spectector
Spectre: Secrets, Side-Channels, Sandboxes, and Security
- CppCon 2018; Chandler Carruth
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_f7O3IfIR2k
Spectres, Virtual Ghosts, and Hardware Support
- Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP) 2018
- Xiaowan Dong, Zhuojia Shen, John Criswell, Alan Cox, Sandhya Dwarkadas
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3214297
Spectrum: Classifying, Replicating and Mitigating Spectre Attacks on a Speculating RISC-V Microarchitecture
- 2018 Technical Report
- Abraham Gonzalez, Ben Korpan, Ed Younis, Jerry Zhao
- https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~kubitron/courses/cs262a-F18/projects/reports/project4_report.pdf

Defense: TLB

TLB-pilot: Mitigating TLB Contention Attack on GPUs with Microarchitecture-Aware Scheduling
- ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO) 19(1) 2021
- Bang Di, Daokun Hu, Zhen Xie, Jianhua Sun, Hao Chen, Jinkui Ren, Dong Li
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/full/10.1145/3491218
- https://github.com/qzpm7193/TLB_pilot

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Constant-Time Multiplication - https://www.bearssl.org/ctmul.html
Share-slicing: Friend or Foe?
- CHES 2020
- Si Gao, Ben Marshall, Dan Page, Elisabeth Oswald
- https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/8396
When Constant-Time Source Yields Variable-Time Binary: Exploiting Curve25519-donna Built with MSVC 2015
- Cryptology and Network Security (CANS) 2016
- Thierry Kaufmann, Hervé Pelletier, Serge Vaudenay, Karine Villegas
- https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/223794/files/32_1.pdf
- https://research.kudelskisecurity.com/2017/01/16/when-constant-time-source-may-not-save-you/
- https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/When-Constant-Time-Source-Yields-Variable-Time-Bin-Kaufmann-Pelletier/4207ebe6f2656c1a40149ec446ca99885ce5b2ad

Branch Predictor

Branch Prediction Attack on Blinded Scalar Multiplication
- IEEE Transactions on Computers 69(5) 2020
- Sarani Bhattacharya, Clémentine Maurice, Shivam Bhasin, Debdeep Mukhopadhyay
- https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02866753
- https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TC.2019.2958611
BranchScope: A New Side-Channel Attack on Directional Branch Predictor
- ASPLOS 2018
- Dmitry Evtyushkin, Ryan Riley, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Dmitry Ponomarev
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nael/pubs/asplos18.pdf
BranchSpec: Information Leakage Attacks Exploiting Speculative Branch Instruction Executions
- IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD) 2020
- Md Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy, Hang Liu, Fan Yao
- http://fan-yao.com/paper/2020_ICCD_branchspec.pdf
- https://github.com/fanyao/branchspec
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yo9B_azoMBw
- TR: Leakage of Sensitive Information through Speculative Branch Executions
  - 2021
  - Md Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy, Fan Yao
  - http://fan-yao.com/paper/TR_branchspec.pdf
- Leaking Secrets through Modern Branch Predictor in the Speculative World
  - 2021
  - Md Hafizul Islam Chowdhuryy, Fan Yao
  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09833
Covert Channels Through Branch Predictors: A Feasibility Study
- Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP) 2015
- Dmitry Evtyushkin, Dmitry Ponomarev, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.702.6038&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- http://caslab.csl.yale.edu/workshops/hasp2015/slides_05_evtyushkin.pdf
Exploiting branch target prediction
- INFILTRATE 2018; Jann Horn
- https://vimeo.com/270442911
Exploring Branch Predictors for Constructing Transient Execution Trojans
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2020
- Tao Zhang, Kenneth Koltermann, Dmitry Evtyushkin
- http://www.cs.wm.edu/~dmitry/assets/files/zhang2020exploring.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLQshI-1KBc
Jump Over ASLR: Attacking Branch Predictors to Bypass ASLR
- MICRO 2016
- Dmitry Evtyushkin, Dmitry Ponomarev, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~dima/micro16.pdf
- PoC for breaking hypervisor ASLR using branch target buffer collisions
  - https://github.com/felixwilhelm/mario_baslr/
On the Power of Simple Branch Prediction Analysis
- ASIACCS 2007
- Onur Aciiçmez, Çetin Kaya Koç, Jean-Pierre Seifert
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2006/351.pdf
- https://cetinkayakoc.net/docs/c40.pdf
Predicting Secret Keys via Branch Prediction
- CT-RSA 2007
- Onur Acıiçmez, Çetin Kaya Koç, Jean-Pierre Seifert
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2006/288.pdf
- https://cetinkayakoc.net/docs/c39.pdf
- MSR talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWFj4N6MaQw
Understanding and Mitigating Covert Channels Through Branch Predictors
- ACM TACO 13(1): 10 (2016)
- Dmitry Evtyushkin, Dmitry Ponomarev, Nael B. Abu-Ghazaleh
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nael/pubs/taco16_branches.pdf
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2870636
- http://www.cs.wm.edu/~dmitry/assets/files/taco-a10-evtyushkin.pdf

Branch Predictor: 2024

Indirector: High-Precision Branch Target Injection Attacks Exploiting the Indirect Branch Predictor
- USENIX Security 2024
- Luyi Li, Hosein Yavarzadeh, Dean Tullsen
- https://indirector.cpusec.org/index_files/Indirector_USENIX_Security_2024.pdf
- https://github.com/owenlly/Indirector_Artifact
Pathfinder: High-Resolution Control-Flow Attacks Exploiting the Conditional Branch Predictor
- ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2024
- Hosein Yavarzadeh, Archit Agarwal, Max Christman, Christina Garman, Daniel Genkin, Andrew Kwong, Daniel Moghimi, Deian Stefan, Kazem Taram, Dean Tullsen
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3620666.3651382
- https://pathfinder.cpusec.org/

Branch Predictor: 2023

All your PC are belong to us: Exploiting Non-control-transfer Instruction BTB Updates for Dynamic PC Extraction
- ISCA 2023
- Jiyong Yu, Trent Jaeger, Christopher Wardlaw Fletcher
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3579371.3589100
Phantom: Exploiting Decoder-detectable Mispredictions
- MICRO 2023
- Johannes Wikner, Daniël Trujillo, Kaveh Razavi
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/wp-content/files/phantom_micro23.pdf
You Cannot Always Win the Race: Analyzing mitigations for branch target prediction attacks
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (Euro S&P) 2023
- Alyssa Milburn, Ke Sun, Henrique Kawakami
- https://doi.org/10.1109/EuroSP57164.2023.00046

Branch Predictor: 2022

Branch History Injection: On the Effectiveness of Hardware Mitigations Against Cross-Privilege Spectre-v2 Attacks
- USENIX Security 2022
- Enrico Barberis, Pietro Frigo, Marius Muench, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/bhi-spectre-bhb/
- https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/software-security-guidance/technical-documentation/branch-history-injection.html
- https://developer.arm.com/support/arm-security-updates/speculative-processor-vulnerability/spectre-bhb
- Today's Spectre variant: branch history injection
  - https://lwn.net/Articles/887326
RETBLEED: Arbitrary Speculative Code Execution with Return Instructions
- USENIX Security 2022
- Johannes Wikner, Kaveh Razavi
- https://github.com/comsec-group/retbleed
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/wp-content/files/retbleed_sec22.pdf
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/research/microarch/retbleed/
- The "Retbleed" speculative execution vulnerabilities
  - https://lwn.net/Articles/900917/
The AMD Branch (Mis)predictor
- 2022; Pawel Wieczorkiewicz
- Part 1: Just Set it and Forget it!
  - https://grsecurity.net/amd_branch_mispredictor_just_set_it_and_forget_it
- Part 2: Where No CPU has Gone Before (CVE-2021-26341)
  - https://grsecurity.net/amd_branch_mispredictor_part_2_where_no_cpu_has_gone_before
- CVE-2021-26341: AMD CPUs May Transiently Execute Beyond Unconditional Direct Branch
  - https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/product-security/bulletin/amd-sb-1026
You Cannot Always Win the Race: Analyzing the LFENCE/JMP Mitigation for Branch Target Injection
- 2022
- Alyssa Milburn, Ke Sun, Henrique Kawakami
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.04277

Cache

Cache: 2025

A Systematic Evaluation of Novel and Existing Cache Side Channels
- Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS) 2025
- Fabian Rauscher, Carina Fiedler, Andreas Kogler, Daniel Gruss
- https://dx.doi.org/10.14722/ndss.2025.23253
- https://gruss.cc/files/demote.pdf

Cache: 2024

Spec-o-Scope: Cache Probing at Cache Speed
- ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2024
- Gal Horowitz, Eyal Ronen, Yuval Yarom
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/775
- https://github.com/eyalr0/Spec-o-Scope

Cache: 2023

Cache Side-Channel Attacks on Existing and Emerging Computing Platforms
- 2023 PhD Dissertation
- Antoon Purnal
- https://antoonpurnal.github.io/files/pdf/PhDThesis.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VU5esOOomnQ
CacheQL: Quantifying and Localizing Cache Side-Channel Vulnerabilities in Production Software
- USENIX Security 2023
- Yuanyuan Yuan, Zhibo Liu, Shuai Wang
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/yuanyuanyuan
- Extended Version: https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.14952
- https://github.com/Yuanyuan-Yuan/CacheQL
From Dragondoom to Dragonstar: Side-channel Attacks and Formally Verified Implementation of WPA3 Dragonfly Handshake
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (Euro S&P) 2023
- Daniel De Almeida Braga, Natalia Kulatova, Mohamed Sabt, Pierre-Alain Fouque, and Karthikeyan Bhargavan
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.09243
- https://github.com/ddealmei/dragonstar
- https://gitlab.inria.fr/ddealmei/artifact_dragondoom
Synchronization Storage Channels (S2C): Timer-less Cache Side-Channel Attacks on the Apple M1 via Hardware Synchronization Instructions
- USENIX Security Symposium 2023
- Jiyong Yu, Aishani Dutta, Trent Jaeger, David Kohlbrenner, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/yu-jiyong
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/S2C
The Gates of Time: Improving Cache Attacks with Transient Execution
- USENIX Security 2023
- Daniel Katzman, William Kosasih, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Eyal Ronen, Yuval Yarom
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/katzman

Cache: 2022

AutoCAT: Reinforcement Learning for Automated Exploration of Cache Timing-Channel Attacks
- IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2023
- Mulong Luo, Wenjie Xiong, Geunbae Lee, Yueying Li, Xiaomeng Yang, Amy Zhang, Yuandong Tian, Hsien Hsin S. Lee, G. Edward Suh
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.08025
ÆPIC Leak: Architecturally Leaking Uninitialized Data from the Microarchitecture
- USENIX Security 2022
- Pietro Borrello, Andreas Kogler, Martin Schwarzl, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz
- https://aepicleak.com
- https://aepicleak.com/aepicleak.pdf
- https://github.com/IAIK/AEPIC
- leakage source: the superqueue between L2 and L3
Layered Binary Templating: Efficient Detection of Compiler- and Linker-introduced Leakage
- 2022; ACNS 2023
- Martin Schwarzl, Erik Kraft, Daniel Gruss
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.02093
- https://martinschwarzl.at/media/files/layered.pdf
- https://github.com/IAIK/LayeredBinaryTemplating
Targeted Deanonymization via the Cache Side Channel: Attacks and Defenses
- USENIX Security 2022
- Mojtaba Zaheri, Yossi Oren, Reza Curtmola
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/zaheri
Write Me and I’ll Tell You Secrets–Write-After-Write Effects On Intel CPUs
- 25th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID) 2022
- Jan Philipp Thoma, Tim Güneysu
- "In this paper, we investigate the peculiarities of write instructions in recent CPUs. We identify Write+Write, a new side channel on Intel CPUs that leaks whether two addresses contend for the same cache set. We show how Write+Write can be used for rapid construction of eviction sets on current cache architectures."
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3545948.3545987

Cache: 2021

iTimed: Cache Attacks on the Apple A10 Fusion SoC
- IEEE International Symposium on Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST) 2021
- Gregor Haas, Seetal Potluri, Aydin Aysu
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/464
Prime+Probe 1, JavaScript 0: Overcoming Browser-based Side-Channel Defenses
- USENIX Security Symposium 2021
- Anatoly Shusterman, Ayush Agarwal, Sioli O’Connell, Daniel Genkin, Yossi Oren, Yuval Yarom
- https://orenlab.sise.bgu.ac.il/p/PP0
- https://github.com/Yossioren/pp0

Cache: 2020

Analysis and Detection of Cache-Based Exploits
- 2020 Ph.D. Dissertation; Tsvetoslava Vateva-Gurova
- https://doi.org/10.25534/tuprints-00009770
CacheOut: Leaking Data on Intel CPUs via Cache Evictions
- 2020
- Stephan van Schaik, Marina Minkin, Andrew Kwong, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom
- https://cacheoutattack.com/
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13353
- L1D Eviction Sampling / CVE-2020-0549 / INTEL-SA-00329
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/software-guidance/l1d-eviction-sampling
DABANGG: Time for Fearless Flush based Cache Attacks
- 2020
- Anish Saxena, Biswabndan Panda
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/637
- https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biswap/DABANGG.pdf
- https://car3s.github.io/dabangg/
Flushgeist: Cache Leaks from Beyond the Flush
- 2020
- Pepe Vila, Andreas Abel, Marco Guarnieri, Boris Köpf, Jan Reineke
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13853
Leaking Information Through Cache LRU States
- High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2020
- Wenjie Xiong, Jakub Szefer
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.08348
Pseudorandom Black Swans: Cache Attacks on CTR_DRBG
- IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy 2020
- Shaanan Cohney, Andrew Kwong, Shachar Paz, Daniel Genkin, Nadia Heninger, Eyal Ronen, Yuval Yarom
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/996
- Research Post: Cache Attacks on CTR_DRBG
- https://security.cohney.info/blackswans/
Safecracker: Leaking Secrets through Compressed Caches
- ASPLOS 2020
- Po-An Tsai, Andres Sanchez, Christopher W. Fletcher, Daniel Sanchez
- http://people.csail.mit.edu/poantsai/papers/2020.safecracker.asplos.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auKcSndPjuw
Stealthy Tracking of Autonomous Vehicles with Cache Side Channels
- USENIX Security 2020
- Mulong Luo, Andrew C. Myers, G. Edward Suh
- http://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/papers/stealthy-tracking/
Take A Way: Exploring the Security Implications of AMD’s Cache Way Predictors
- ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) 2020
- Moritz Lipp, Vedad Hadžić, Michael Schwarz, Arthur Perais, Clémentine Maurice, Daniel Gruss
- https://mlq.me/download/takeaway.pdf
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3320269.3384746
Website Fingerprinting Through the Cache Occupancy Channel and its Real World Practicality
- IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC) 2020
- Anatoly Shusterman, Zohar Avraham, Eliezer Croitoru, Yarden Haskal, Lachlan Kang, Dvir Levi, Yosef Meltser, Prateek Mittal, Yossi Oren, Yuval Yarom
- https://orenlab.sise.bgu.ac.il/p/RobustFingerprinting-TDSC

Cache: 2019

Attack Directories, Not Caches: Side Channel Attacks in a Non-Inclusive World
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) 2019
- Mengjia Yan, Read Sprabery, Bhargava Gopireddy, Christopher Fletcher, Roy Campbell, Josep Torrellas
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/ssp19.pdf
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/PRES/present_ssp19.pdf
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/PRES/present_HASP18.pptx
  - "We design the first cross-core Prime+Probe attack on non-inclusive caches."
  - "Using our Eviction Sets, we reverse engineer the directory structure in Skylake-X, and identify vulnerabilities in directory design that can be leveraged by cache-based side channel attacks."
  - "Based on our EV construction results, we are able to reverse engineer part of the slice hash function in the Intel Skylake-X processor. Our goal here is to show that the slice hash function is not a simple XOR operation of selected physical address bits. This design is significantly different from the one in previous Intel processors such as SandyBridge and IvyBridge. Considering that all of the previous works on reverse-engineering slice hash functions, rely on the use of a simple XOR hash function, our results identify the need for more advanced reverse-engineering approaches."
Cache-based Side Channels: Modern Attacks and Defenses
- 2019 Ph.D. dissertation; Mengjia Yan
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/mengjia_yan_thesis.pdf
The 9 Lives of Bleichenbacher's CAT: New Cache ATtacks on TLS Implementations
- IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy 2019
- Eyal Ronen, Robert Gillham, Daniel Genkin, Adi Shamir, David Wong, Yuval Yarom
- vhttps://eprint.iacr.org/2018/1173
- https://eyalro.net/project/cat.html
Unveiling your keystrokes: A Cache-based Side-channel Attack on Graphics Libraries
- NDSS 2019
- Daimeng Wang, Ajaya Neupane, Zhiyun Qian, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy, Edward J. M. Colbert, Paul Yu
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~zhiyunq/pub/ndss19_cache_keystrokes.pdf

Cache: 2018

Are Coherence Protocol States vulnerable to Information Leakage?
- HPCA 2018
- Fan Yao, Milos Doroslovacki, Guru Venkataramani
- https://www2.seas.gwu.edu/~guruv/hpca2018.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQQ0zC1G7p0
MeltdownPrime and SpectrePrime: Automatically-Synthesized Attacks Exploiting Invalidation-Based Coherence Protocols
- 2018 arXiv preprint
- Caroline Trippel, Daniel Lustig, Margaret Martonosi
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03802
MemJam: A False Dependency Attack against Constant-Time Crypto Implementations
- RSA Conference 2018
- Ahmad Moghimi, Thomas Eisenbarth, Berk Sunar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.08002
Robust Website Fingerprinting Through the Cache Occupancy Channel
- USENIX Security Symposium 2019; 2018 arXiv
- Anatoly Shusterman, Lachlan Kang, Yarden Haskal, Yosef Meltser, Prateek Mittal, Yossi Oren, Yuval Yarom
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.07153

Cache: 2017

AutoLock: Why Cache Attacks on ARM Are Harder Than You Think
- USENIX Security 2017
- Marc Green, Leandro Rodrigues Lima, Andreas Zankl, Gorka Irazoqui, Johann Heyszl, Thomas Eisenbarth
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/green
Cache Side Channels: State of the Art and Research Opportunities
- CCS 2017
- Yinqian Zhang
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3133956.3136064
- https://yinqian.org/slides/tutorial17.pdf
Hello from the Other Side: SSH over Robust Cache Covert Channels in the Cloud
- Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS) 2017
- Clémentine Maurice, Manuel Weber, Michael Schwarz, Lukas Giner, Daniel Gruss, Carlo Alberto Boano, Kay Römer, Stefan Mangard
- slides: https://gruss.cc/files/hello_ndss_slides.pdf
- https://github.com/IAIK/CJAG
- BH Asia 2017: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9sGk7FtnYk

Cache: 2016

A High-Resolution Side-channel attack on the Last Level Cache
- DAC 2016 (best paper nominee)
- Mehmet Kayaalp, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Dmitry Ponomarev, Aamer Jaleel
- paper: http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nael/pubs/dac16.pdf
- slides: http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nael/pubs/dac16.pptx
A Software Approach to Defeating Side Channels in Last-Level Caches
- CCS 2016
- Ziqiao Zhou, Michael K. Reiter, Yinqian Zhang
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.05615
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dAnVtrtfdA
ARMageddon: How Your Smartphone CPU Breaks Software-Level Security and Privacy
- Black Hat Europe 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KsnFWejpQg
- https://github.com/IAIK/armageddon
- thesis: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-16/materials/eu-16-Lipp-ARMageddon-How-Your-Smartphone-CPU-Breaks-Software-Level-Security-And-Privacy-wp.pdf
- slides: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-16/materials/eu-16-Lipp-ARMageddon-How-Your-Smartphone-CPU-Breaks-Software-Level-Security-And-Privacy.pdf
- USENIX Security 2016
  - Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Raphael Spreitzer, Clémentine Maurice, Stefan Mangard
  - https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/lipp
CacheBleed: A Timing Attack on OpenSSL Constant Time RSA
- IACR 2016
- Y. Yarom, D. Genkin, N. Heninger
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/224
- https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~genkin/cachebleed/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjz4dkU2N3g
- Section 2.2 (The Intel cache hierarchy), Section 2.5 (Intel L1 cache banks)
Flush+Flush: A Fast and Stealthy Cache Attack
- Detection of Intrusions and Malware & Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA) 2016
- Daniel Gruss, Clémentine Maurice, Klaus Wagner, Stefan Mangard
- http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.04594
- https://github.com/IAIK/flush_flush
Return-Oriented Flush-Reload Side Channels on ARM and Their Implications for Android Devices
- CCS 2016
- Xiaokuan Zhang, Yuan Xiao, Yinqian Zhang
- http://web.cse.ohio-state.edu/~xiao.465/fp0501-zhang.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tymvrJiJNl8

Cache: 2015

C5: Cross-Cores Cache Covert Channel
- Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA) 2015
- http://www.s3.eurecom.fr/docs/dimva15_clementine.pdf
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-20550-2_3
Cache Attacks and Countermeasures: the Case of AES (Extended Version)
- RSA Conference Cryptographers' Track (CT-RSA) 2006
- Dag Arne Osvik, Adi Shamir and Eran Tromer
- https://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~tromer/papers/cache.pdf
Cache side channel attacks
- 2015; Anders Fogh
- https://dreamsofastone.blogspot.com/2015/09/cache-side-channel-attacks.html
Last-Level Cache Side-Channel Attacks are Practical
- 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
- Fangfei Liu, Yuval Yarom, Qian Ge, Gernot Heiser, Ruby B. Lee
- http://palms.ee.princeton.edu/system/files/SP_vfinal.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpGI1ggKzC4

Cache: 2007-2014

An Analytical Model for Time-Driven Cache Attacks
- Fast Software Encryption (FSE) 2007
- Kris Tiri, Onur Aciiçmez, Michael Neve, Flemming Andersen
- https://iacr.org/archive/fse2007/45930404/45930404.pdf
FLUSH+RELOAD: A High Resolution, Low Noise, L3 Cache Side-Channel Attack
- USENIX Security 2014
- Yuval Yarom, Katrina Falkner
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity14/technical-sessions/presentation/yarom
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/448
New Results on Instruction Cache Attacks
- Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) 2010
- Onur Aciiçmez, Billy Bob Brumley, Philipp Grabher
- https://www.iacr.org/archive/ches2010/62250105/62250105.pdf
Yet Another MicroArchitectural Attack: Exploiting I-cache
- CSAW 2007
- Onur Aciiçmez
- http://eprint.iacr.org/2007/164

Cache: Data-Direct I/O (DDIO)

NetCAT: Practical Cache Attacks from the Network
- S&P 2020
- Kurth, M.; Gras, B.; Andriesse, D.; Giuffrida, C.; Bos, H.; and Razavi, K.
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/netcat/
- Practical Cache Attacks from the Network and Bad Cat Puns
  - 36C3 (2019); Michael Kurth
  - https://media.ccc.de/v/36c3-10884-practical_cache_attacks_from_the_network_and_bad_cat_puns
Packet Chasing: Spying on Network Packets over a Cache Side-Channel
- arXiv 2019
- Mohammadkazem Taram, Ashish Venkat, Dean Tullsen
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.04841

DRAM

DRAM: 2023

DramaQueen: Revisiting Side Channels in DRAM
- Third Workshop on DRAM Security (DRAMSec) 2023, co-located with ISCA 2023
- Victor van der Veen, Ben Gras
- https://dramsec.ethz.ch/papers/dramaqueen.pdf

DRAM: 2014-2020

Another Flip in the Wall of Rowhammer Defenses
- Security and Privacy S&P 2018
- D. Gruss, M. Lipp, M. Schwarz, D. Genkin, J. Juffinger, S. O'Connell, W. Schoechl, Y. Yarom
- https://csdl.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/sp/2018/4353/00/435301a489-abs.html
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.00551
- BlackHat USA 2018 - https://gruss.cc/files/us-18-Gruss-Another-Flip-In-The-Row.pdf
- Tools for "Another Flip in the Wall" - https://github.com/IAIK/flipfloyd
Connecting the Dots: Privacy Leakage via Write-Access Patterns to the Main Memory
- Hardware Oriented Security and Trust (HOST) 2017
- Tara Merin John, Syed Kamran Haider, Hamza Omar, Marten van Dijk
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.03965
DRAMA: How Your DRAM Becomes a Security Problem
- slides: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-16/materials/eu-16-Schwarz-How-Your-DRAM-Becomes-A-Security-Problem.pdf
- thesis: DRAMA: Exploiting DRAM Buffers for Fun and Profit - https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-16/materials/eu-16-Schwarz-How-Your-DRAM-Becomes-A-Security-Problem-wp.pdf
- Black Hat Europe 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSU6YzjIIiQ
- USENIX 2016: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity16/technical-sessions/presentation/pessl
Drammer: Deterministic Rowhammer Attacks on Mobile Platforms
- CCS (2016)
- Victor van der Veen, Yanick Fratantonio, Martina Lindorfer, Daniel Gruss, Clementine Maurice, Giovanni Vigna, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://gruss.cc/files/drammer.pdf
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/drammer/
Exploiting Correcting Codes: On the Effectiveness of ECC Memory Against Rowhammer Attacks
- Security & Privacy (S&P) 2019
- http://cs.vu.nl/~lcr220/ecc/ecc-rh-paper-sp2019-cr.pdf
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/eccploit/
Fantastic Timers and Where to Find Them: High-Resolution Microarchitectural Attacks in JavaScript
- Financial Cryptography and Data Security (FC) 2017
- Michael Schwarz, Clémentine Maurice, Daniel Gruss, Stefan Mangard
- paper: https://gruss.cc/files/fantastictimers.pdf
- slides: https://gruss.cc/files/timers_slides.pdf
Flipping bits in memory without accessing them: an experimental study of DRAM disturbance errors
Hammertime: a software suite for testing, profiling and simulating the rowhammer DRAM defect - https://github.com/vusec/hammertime
Nethammer: Inducing Rowhammer Faults through Network Requests
- arXiv May 2018
- Moritz Lipp, Misiker Tadesse Aga, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Clémentine Maurice, Lukas Raab, Lukas Lamster
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04956
RAMBleed: Reading Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2020
- Kwong, Andrew and Genkin, Daniel and Gruss, Daniel and Yarom, Yuval
- https://rambleed.com/
- CVE: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2019-0174
Rowhammer.js: A Remote Software-Induced Fault Attack in JavaScript
- Detection of Intrusions and Malware & Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA) 2016
- http://arxiv.org/abs/1507.06955
- https://github.com/IAIK/rowhammerjs
Spying on Temperature using DRAM
- Design, Automation, and Test in Europe (DATE) 2019
- Wenjie Xiong, Nikolaos Athanasios Anagnostopoulos, André Schaller, Stefan Katzenbeisser, Jakub Szefer
- http://caslab.csl.yale.edu/code/tempspy/
Thermal Covert Channels Leveraging Package-on-Package DRAM
- 2019 International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)
- Shuai Chen, Wenjie Xiong, Yehan Xu, Bing Li, Jakub Szefer
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/publications/chen2019thermal.pdf
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/code/popchannels/
Throwhammer: Rowhammer Attacks over the Network and Defenses
- USENIX ATC (Annual Technical Conference) 2018
- Andrei Tatar, Radhesh Krishnan, Elias Athanasopoulos, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc18/presentation/tatar
- https://www.vusec.net/download/?t=papers/throwhammer_atc18.pdf
Understanding Rowhammer Attacks through the Lens of a Unified Reference Framework
- 2019 arXiv
- Xiaoxuan Lou, Fan Zhang, Zheng Leong Chua, Zhenkai Liang, Yueqiang Cheng, Yajin Zhou
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.03538
Whispers in the Hyper-space: High-speed Covert Channel Attacks in the Cloud
- USENIX Security Symposium 2012
- IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 23(2) 2015
- Zhenyu Wu, Zhang Xu, Haining Wang
- https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2014.2304439
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity12/technical-sessions/presentation/wu

Electromagnetic (EM) Emanations

Electromagnetic (EM) Emanations: 2025

BarraCUDA: GPUs do Leak DNN Weights
- USENIX Security 2025
- Péter Horváth, Łukasz Chmielewski, Léo Weissbart, Lejla Batina, Yuval Yarom
- https://yuval.yarom.org/pdfs/HorvathCWBY25.pdf
- HardwearIO USA 2024
  - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_gTA8lK95M
  - https://hardwear.io/usa-2024/presentation/barracuda.pdf

Electromagnetic (EM) Emanations: 2021

Let’s Take it Offline: Boosting Brute-Force Attacks on iPhone’s User Authentication through SCA
- IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (TCHES) 2021(3)
- Oleksiy Lisovets, David Knichel, Thorben Moos, Amir Moradi
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/460
- https://iacr.org/cryptodb/data/paper.php?pubkey=31293
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwOJr0JEoiM

Electromagnetic (EM) Emanations: 2002-2020

A Method for Efficient Localization of Magnetic-field Sources Excited by the Execution of Instructions in a Processor
- 2017 IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility
- F. Werner, D. A. Chu, A. R. Djordjevic, D. I. Olcan, M. Prvulovic, and A. Zajic.
- https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2017.2742501
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2017/10/TEMC_245_2017.pdf
A New Side-Channel Vulnerability on Modern Computers by Exploiting Electromagnetic Emanations from the Power Management Unit
- High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2020
- Nader Sehatbakhsh, Baki Yilmaz, Alenka Zajic, Milos Prvulovic
- https://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2020/01/HPCA2020_2.pdf
A Practical Methodology for Measuring the Side-Channel Signal Available to the Attacker for Instruction-Level Events
- MICRO-47 2014
- Robert Callan, Alenka Zajić, Milos Prvulovic
- https://www.cc.gatech.edu/home/milos/Papers/2014_MICRO_SAVAT.pdf
A Survey of Electromagnetic Side-Channel Attacks and Discussion on their Case-Progressing Potential for Digital Forensics
- Digital Investigation, Volume 29, June 2019
- Asanka Sayakkara, Nhien-An Le-Khac, Mark Scanlon
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.07703
An Algorithm for Finding Carriers of Amplitude-modulated Electromagnetic Emanations in Computer Systems
- 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)
- C. Wang, R. Callan, A. Zajic, M. Prvulovic
- https://doi.org/10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481633
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2016/08/EUCap16.pdf
Capacity of the EM Covert/Side-Channel Created by the Execution of Instructions in a Processor
- 2017 IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2017/10/T-IFS-07378-2017.pdf
Complete Reverse Engineering of Neural Network Architectures Through Electromagnetic Side Channels
- USENIX Security 2019
- Lejla Batina, Shivam Bhasin, Dirmanto Jap, Stjepan Picek
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/batina
Correlation power analysis with a leakage model
- Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) 2004
- Eric Brier, Christophe Clavier, and Francis Olivier
- Correlation EM Analysis (CEMA)
- https://iacr.org/cryptodb/data/paper.php?pubkey=625
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-28632-5_2
Detailed Tracking of Program Control Flow Using Analog Side-Channel Signals: A Promise for IoT Malware Detection and a Threat for Many Cryptographic Implementations
- SPIE 2018
- Haider Adnan Khan, Monjur Alam, Alenka Zajic, Milos Prvulovic
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324584326_Detailed_Tracking_of_Program_Control_Flow_Using_Analog_Side-Channel_Signals_A_Promise_for_IoT_Malware_Detection_and_a_Threat_for_Many_Cryptographic_Implementations
EDDIE: EM-Based Detection of Deviations in Program Execution
- 2017, 44th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2017/06/ISCA17.pdf
Electromagnetic Side Channel Information Leakage Created by Execution of Series of Instructions in a Computer Processor
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (TIFS) Vol. 15, 2020
- Baki Berkay Yilmaz, Milos Prvulovic, Alenka Zajic
- https://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2019/08/T-IFS-09685-2019-R2.pdf
EMPROF: Memory Profiling via EM-Emanation in IoT and Hand-Held Devices
- MICRO-51 (2018)
- Moumita Dey, Alireza Nazari, Alenka Zajic, Milos Prvulovic
- Lightning Talk - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCgnEJk_LCQ
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329654406_EMPROF_Memory_Profiling_Via_EM-Emanation_in_IoT_and_Hand-Held_Devices
EMSim: A Microarchitecture-Level Simulation Tool for Modeling Electromagnetic Side-Channel Signals
- High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2020
- Nader Sehatbakhsh, Baki Yilmaz, Alenka Zajic, Milos Prvulovic
- https://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2020/01/HPCA20_1.pdf
FASE: Finding Amplitude-modulated Side-channel Emanations
- ISCA 2015
- Robert Callan, Alenka Zajic, Milos Prvulovic
- https://www.cc.gatech.edu/~milos/Papers/2015_ISCA_FASE.pdf
MagneticSpy: Exploiting Magnetometer in Mobile Devices for Website and Application Fingerprinting
- arXiv 2019
- Nikolay Matyunin, Yujue Wang, Tolga Arul, Jakub Szefer, Stefan Katzenbeisser
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.11117
One & Done: A Single-Decryption EM-Based Attack on OpenSSL’s Constant-Time Blinded RSA
- USENIX Security 2018
- Monjur Alam, Haider Adnan Khan, Moumita Dey, Nishith Sinha, Robert Callan, Alenka Zajic, Milos Prvulovic
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/alam
Quantifying Information Leakage in a Processor Caused by the Execution of Instructions
- 2017, IEEE MILCOM
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2017/10/MILCOM_Capacity.pdf
Screaming Channels: When Electromagnetic Side Channels Meet Radio Transceivers
- ACM CCS 2018; Black Hat USA 2018
- Giovanni Camurati, Sebastian Poeplau, Marius Muench, Tom Hayes, Aurélien Francillon
- http://s3.eurecom.fr/tools/screaming_channels/
- https://github.com/eurecom-s3/screaming_channels
- ACM CCS 2018 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IafNH2WHxk
- When Electromagnetic Side Channels Meet Radio Transceivers
  - GreHack 2018; Marius Muench
  - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtcoZYS_C08
Side-Channel-Based Code-Execution Monitoring Systems - A Survey
- IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 36(2) 2019
- Yi Han, Ioannis Christoudis, Konstantinos I. Diamantaras, Saman A. Zonouz, Athina P. Petropulu
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8653533
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330225481_Side-Channel-Based_Code-Execution_Monitoring_Systems_-_A_Survey
Software Profiling via Electromagnetic Side-Channel Signal
- 2020 PhD Dissertation; Alireza Nazari
- http://hdl.handle.net/1853/62720
Spectral Profiling: Observer-Effect-Free Profiling by Monitoring EM Emanations
- 2016, IEEE MICRO 16
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2016/08/MICRO16.pdf
The EM Side–Channel(s): Attacks and Assessment Methodologies
- 2002, Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES)
- https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~astubble/600.412/s-c-papers/em.pdf
- http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary;?doi=10.1.1.122.1646
- https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-EM-Side-Channel-s-Attacks-and-Assessment-Metho-Agrawal-Archambeault/7d687c23e297196e4de38240f9b48eb2d31f20fe
Watch Me, but Don't Touch Me! Contactless Control Flow Monitoring via Electromagnetic Emanations
- 2017, ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.09099
Zero-Overhead Profiling via Electromagnetic (EM) Emanations
- 2016, 25th International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA)
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2931065
- https://issta2016.cispa.saarland/zero-overhead-profiling-via-em-emanations/
- http://alenka.ece.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/463/2016/09/ZoP.pdf

Floating Point Unit (FPU)

LazyFP: Leaking FPU Register State using Microarchitectural Side-Channels
- 2018; Julian Stecklina, Thomas Prescher
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.07480
- Intel LazyFP vulnerability: Exploiting lazy FPU state switching
  - http://blog.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2018-06-06-intel-lazyfp-vulnerability.html
On Subnormal Floating Point and Abnormal Timing
- IEEE Security and Privacy (“Oakland”) 2015
- Marc Andrysco, David Kohlbrenner Keaton Mowery, Ranjit Jhala, Sorin Lerner, Hovav Shacham
- http://www.ieee-security.org/TC/SP2015/papers-archived/6949a623.pdf
- https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~dkohlbre/papers/subnormal.pdf
- https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~dkohlbre/papers/subnormal.pdf
- https://hovav.net/ucsd/papers/akmjls15.html
- https://github.com/kmowery/libfixedtimefixedpoint

FPGA

Physical Side-Channel Attacks and Covert Communication on FPGAs: A Survey
- Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL) 2019
- Seyedeh Sharareh Mirzargar, Mirjana Stojilovic
- https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/FPL.2019.00039
- https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/272348?ln=en
- https://fpl2019.bsc.es/sites/default/files/uploaded/A32.FPL2019-slides-PhysicalSideChannelAttacks.pdf
Recent Attacks and Defenses on FPGA-based Systems
- ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems 12(3) 2019
- Jiliang Zhang, Gang Qu
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3340557
- http://hardwaresecurity.cn/FPGAsecurity.pdf

FPGA remote attacks

(through (partial) access on configuration/bitstream)

An Inside Job: Remote Power Analysis Attacks on FPGAs
- Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2018/012
- Falk Schellenberg, Dennis R.E. Gnad, Amir Moradi, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/012
C3APSULe: Cross-FPGA Covert-Channel Attacks through Power Supply Unit Leakage
- 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P)
- Ilias Giechaskiel, Kasper Bonne Rasmussen, Jakub Szefer
- https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings-article/sp/2020/349700a890/1i0rIjF42ic
- https://ilias.giechaskiel.com/papers/capsule-sp-preprint.pdf
Extending FPGA Information Leaks with Trojan Phantom Circuits
- 2024 International Symposium on Secure and Private Execution Environment Design (SEED)
- Anthony Etim, Shanquan Tian, Jakub Szefer
- https://caslab.io/publications/etim2024extending.pdf
FPGAhammer: Remote Voltage Fault Attacks on Shared FPGAs, suitable for DFA on AES
- IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2018(3), 44-68.
- Jonas Krautter, Dennis R.E. Gnad, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/7268
FPGA Side Channel Attacks without Physical Access
- FCCM 2018
- C. Ramesh, S. B. Patil, S. N. Dhanuskodi, G. Provelengios, S. Pillement, D. Holcomb, R. Tessier
- http://www.ecs.umass.edu/ece/tessier/ramesh-fccm18.pdf
FPGA-Based Remote Power Side-Channel Attacks
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2018
- Mark Zhao, G. Edward Suh
- https://csdl.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/sp/2018/4353/00/435301a805-abs.html
- https://sites.coecis.cornell.edu/edsuh/files/2018/04/SP2018-FPGA-2m12dnp.pdf
FPGA Viruses
- 1999 9th International Workshop on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)
- I Hadzic, S Udani, J M Smith
- https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=cis_reports
- http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.9135
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-48302-1_30
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=739074
JackHammer: Efficient Rowhammer on Heterogeneous FPGA-CPU Platforms
- 2019 arXiv
- IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (TCHES), Volume 2020, Issue 3
- Zane Weissman, Thore Tiemann, Daniel Moghimi, Evan Custodio, Thomas Eisenbarth, Berk Sunar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.11523
Leaky Wires: Information Leakage and Covert Communication Between FPGA Long Wires
- AsiaCCS 2018
- Ilias Giechaskiel, Kasper B. Rasmussen, Ken Eguro
- http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08882
- http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/files/9835/fpga.pdf
Measuring Long Wire Leakage with Ring Oscillators in Cloud FPGAs
- International Conference on Field−Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL) 2019
- Ilias Giechaskiel‚ Kasper Rasmussen and Jakub Szefer
- https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/publications/publication12562-abstract.html
Reading Between the Dies: Cross-SLR Covert Channels on Multi-Tenant Cloud FPGAs
- International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD) 2019
- Ilias Giechaskiel, Kasper Rasmussen, Jakub Szefer
- https://ilias.giechaskiel.com/papers/slr-iccd-preprint.pdf
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/code/slr-covert-channel/
Remote Inter-Chip Power Analysis Side-Channel Attacks at Board-Level
- Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2018/881
- Falk Schellenberg, Dennis R.E. Gnad, Amir Moradi, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/881
Temperature-based covert channel in FPGA systems
- 2011 6th International Workshop on Reconfigurable Communication-Centric Systems-on-Chip (ReCoSoC)
- Taras Iakymchuk, Maciej Nikodem, Krzysztof Kepa
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5981510
Temporal Thermal Covert Channels in Cloud FPGAs
- International Symposium on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) 2019
- Shanquan Tian, Jakub Szefer
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/publications/tian2019temporal.pdf
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3289602.3293920
- https://new.isfpga.org/past/fpga2019/slides/Tian_TemporalThermalCovertChannelsinCloudFPGAs.pptx
- http://caslab.csl.yale.edu/code/temporalthermalcc/
Timing Violation Induced Faults in Multi-Tenant FPGAs
- 2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)
- Dina Mahmoud, Mirjana Stojilovic
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8715263
Voltage drop-based fault attacks on FPGAs using valid bitstreams
- 2017 27th International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)
- Dennis R. E. Gnad, Fabian Oboril, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8056840

FPGA local attacks

(with physical access or within close proximity)

Breakthrough Silicon Scanning Discovers Backdoor in Military Chip
- Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) 2012
- Sergei Skorobogatov, Christopher Woods
- https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~sps32/ches2012-backdoor.pdf
- https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~sps32/ches2012_slides.pdf
Electromagnetic Side-channel Attack against 28-nm FPGA Device
- WISA (2012)
- Yohei Hori, Toshihiro Katashita, Akihiko Sasaki, Akashi Satoh
- https://staff.aist.go.jp/hori.y/articles/hori_wisa2012.pdf
Improved Side-Channel Analysis Attacks on Xilinx Bitstream Encryption of 5, 6, and 7 Series
- Constructive Side-Channel Analysis and Secure Design (COSADE) 2016
- Amir Moradi, Tobias Schneider
- https://www.emsec.rub.de/media/attachments/files/2017/04/AmirTalk_2016-04-14_COSADE.pdf
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/249
Side Channel Attack on Low Power FPGA Platform
- 2016 Master Thesis; Mustafa Faraj
- https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/10769/Faraj_Mustafa.pdf?sequence=3

FPGA attacks countermeasures

Active Fences against Voltage-based Side Channels in Multi-Tenant FPGAs
- ICCAD 2019
- Jonas Krautter, Dennis R.E. Gnad, Falk Schellenberg, Amir Moradi, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1152
Checking for Electrical Level Security Threats in Bitstreams for Multi-Tenant FPGAs
- 2018 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT)
- Dennis R.E. Gnad, S. Rapp, J. Krautter, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://cdnc.itec.kit.edu/downloads/Papers/bitstream_checking.pdf
Generic side-channel countermeasures for reconfigurable devices
- International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) 2011
- Tim Güneysu and Amir Moradi
- https://www.emsec.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/media/crypto/veroeffentlichungen/2012/01/30/GSCC-CHES11.pdf
- https://iacr.org/archive/ches2011/69170033/69170033.pdf
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-23951-9_3
Moats and drawbridges: An isolation primitive for reconfigurable hardware based systems
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2007
- Ted Huffmire, Brett Brotherton, Gang Wang, Timothy Sherwood, Ryan Kastner, Timothy Levin, Thuy Nguyen, Cynthia Irvine
- http://cs.ucsb.edu/~sherwood/pubs/IEEESP-moats.pdf
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/4223233/
Side-channel resistant crypto for less than 2,300 GE
- Journal of Cryptology 24, no. 2 (2011)
- Axel Poschmann, Amir Moradi, Khoongming Khoo, Chu-Wee Lim, Huaxiong Wang, San Ling
- https://www.emsec.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/media/crypto/veroeffentlichungen/2011/01/15/side_channel_2010.pdf
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00145-010-9086-6

Frontend

Leaky Frontends: Security Vulnerabilities in Processor Frontends
- International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2022
- Shuwen Deng, Bowen Huang, Jakub Szefer
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.12224
- https://caslab.csl.yale.edu/code/leaky-frontends/

GPU

GPU: 2024

Generic and Automated Drive-by GPU Cache Attacks from the Browser
- ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) 2024
- Lukas Giner, Roland Czerny, Christoph Gruber, Fabian Rauscher, Andreas Kogler, Daniel De Almeida Braga, Daniel Gruss
- https://www.ginerlukas.com/gpuattacks/
- https://gruss.cc/files/WebGPUAttacks.pdf
GPU.zip: On the Side-Channel Implications of Hardware-Based Graphical Data Compression
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2024
- Yingchen Wang, Riccardo Paccagnella, Zhao Gang, Willy R. Vasquez, David Kohlbrenner, Hovav Shacham, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~hovav/
- https://www.hertzbleed.com/gpu.zip/
- https://github.com/UT-Security/gpu-zip
Invalidate+Compare: A Timer-Free GPU Cache Attack Primitive
- USENIX Security 2024
- Zhenkai Zhang, Kunbei Cai, Yanan Guo, Fan Yao, Xing Gao
- https://github.com/0x5ec1ab/invalidate-compare
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/zhang-zhenkai
Whispering Pixels: Exploiting Uninitialized Register Accesses in Modern GPUs
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2024
- Frederik Dermot Pustelnik, Xhani Marvin Saß, Jean-Pierre Seifert
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08881

GPU: 2023

Spy in the GPU-box: Covert and Side Channel Attacks on Multi-GPU Systems
- ISCA 2023: The 50th International Symposium on Computer Architecture
- Sankha Baran Dutta, Hoda Naghibijouybari, Arjun Gupta, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Andres Marquez, Kevin Barker
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.15981
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3579371.3589080
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjuuYt_hW7U

GPU: 2021

Network-on-Chip Microarchitecture-based Covert Channel in GPUs
- MICRO 2021
- Jaeguk Ahn, Jiho Kim, Hans Kasan, Leila Delshadtehrani, Wonjun Song, Ajay Joshi, John Kim
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3466752.3480093

GPU: 2019

Exploiting Bank Conflict-based Side-channel Timing Leakage of GPUs
- ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO) 16(4) 2019
- Jiang Zhen Hang, Fei Yunsi, Kaeli David
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3361870
GPUGuard: Mitigating Contention Based Side and Covert Channel Attacks on GPUs
- International Conference on Super-computing (ICS) 2019
- Qiumin Xu, Hoda Naghibijouybari, Shibo Wang, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Mu-rali Annavaram
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3330345.3330389
Side Channel Attacks on GPUs
- IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (TDSC) 2019
- H. NaghibiJouybari, A. Neupane, Z. Qian, N. Abu-Ghazaleh
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDSC.2019.2944624

GPU: 2018

Grand Pwning Unit: Accelerating Microarchitectural Attacks with the GPU
- S&P 2018
- P. Frigo, C. Giuffrida, H. Bos, K. Razavi
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/glitch/
- https://www.vusec.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/glitch.pdf
RCoal: Mitigating GPU Timing Attack via Subwarp-based Randomized Coalescing Technique
- Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), 2018
- Gurunath Kadam, Danfeng Zhang, Adwait Jog
- http://adwaitjog.github.io/docs/pdf/rcoal-hpca18.pdf
- http://www.cse.psu.edu/~dbz5017/pub/hpca18.pdf
Rendered Insecure: GPU Side Channel Attacks are Practical
- Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2018
- Hoda Naghibijouybari, Ajaya Neupane, Zhiyun Qian, and Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3243734.3243831
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~zhiyunq/pub/ccs18_gpu_side_channel.pdf
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~nael/pubs/ccs18.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFspD48dahc

GPU: 2017

A Novel Side-Channel Timing Attack on GPUs
- Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLSVLSI) 2017
- Zhen Hang Jiang, Yunsi Fei, David Kaeli
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3060403.3060462
Constructing and Characterizing Covert Channels on GPGPUs
- MICRO-50, 2017
- Hoda Naghibijouybari, Khaled N. Khasawneh, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~kkhas001/pubs/micro17-gpu.pdf
Practical Microarchitectural Attacks from Integrated GPU
- 2017 Master’s Thesis; 2017 Pietro Frigo
- https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:c0d3c629-4c67-4741-9776-05802d89872f

GPU: 2016

A complete key recovery timing attack on a GPU
- High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2016
- Zhen Hang Jiang, Yunsi Fei, David Kaeli
- https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCA.2016.7446081
CUDA Leaks: Information Leakage in GPU Architectures
- ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) 2016
- Roberto Di Pietro, Flavio Lombardi, Antonio Villani
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1305.7383
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2801153
GPU Security Exposed: Exploiting Shared Memory
- Black Hat Europe 2016
- Justin Taft
- https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-16/materials/eu-16-Taft-GPU-Security-Exposed.pdf

GPU: 2014

Confidentiality Issues on a GPU in a Virtualized Environment
- FC 2014: Financial Cryptography and Data Security
- Clémentine Maurice, Christoph Neumann, Olivier Heen, Aurélien Francillon
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_9
- https://www.eurecom.fr/publication/4205
- http://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/fc14_maurice.pdf

Interconnect

Interconnect: 2022

Don't Mesh Around: Side-Channel Attacks and Mitigations on Mesh Interconnects
- USENIX Security 2022
- Miles Dai, Riccardo Paccagnella, Miguel Gomez-Garcia, John McCalpin, Mengjia Yan
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/dai
- https://github.com/CSAIL-Arch-Sec/dont-mesh-around

Interconnect: 2021

Calibration Done Right: Noiseless Flush+Flush Attacks
- Detection of Intrusions and Malware & Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA) 2021
- Guillaume Didier, Clémentine Maurice
- https://cmaurice.fr/pdf/dimva21_didier.pdf
- https://github.com/MIAOUS-group/calibration-done-right
- "Flush+Flush is a stealthy and fast one [attack] that uses the timing of the clflush instruction depending on whether a line is cached. We show that the CPU interconnect plays a bigger role than previously thought in these timings and in Flush+Flush error rate."
Lord of the Ring(s): Side Channel Attacks on the CPU On-Chip Ring Interconnect Are Practical
- USENIX Security 2021
- Riccardo Paccagnella, Licheng Luo, Christopher W. Fletcher
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03443
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/lotr

Interrupts

An Empirical Bandwidth Analysis of Interrupt-Related Covert Channels
- IJSSE 2015
- Richard Gay, Heiko Mantel, Henning Sudbrock
- https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/An-Empirical-Bandwidth-Analysis-of-Interrupt-Relat-Gay-Mantel/d81d95e8969edd37a3f47335b98a9b6ce9e3942f
- http://www.mais.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/WebBibPHP/papers/2013/2013-GayMantelSudbrock-EmpiricalIRCC.pdf
Cross-Core Interrupt Detection: Exploiting User and Virtualized IPIs
- ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2024
- Fabian Rauscher, Daniel Gruss
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3658644.3690242
- https://fabianrauscher.com/papers/uintr.pdf
Nemesis: Studying Microarchitectural Timing Leaks in Rudimentary CPU Interrupt Logic
- Computer & Communications Security (CCS) 2018
- Jo Van Bulck, Frank Piessens, Raoul Strackx
- https://github.com/jovanbulck/nemesis
- https://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~jo.vanbulck/ccs18.pdf
- https://distrinet.cs.kuleuven.be/software/sancus/publications/ccs18.pdf
- https://distrinet.cs.kuleuven.be/software/sancus/publications/ccs18-slides.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njE9Vg8HOqk

Keyboard

SoK: Keylogging Side Channels
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2018
- John V. Monaco
- https://csdl.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/sp/2018/4353/00/435301a420-abs.html
- https://oaklandsok.github.io/papers/monaco2018.pdf
KeyDrown: Eliminating Software-Based Keystroke Timing Side-Channel Attacks
- NDSS 2018
- Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Samuel Weiser, Clémentine Maurice, Raphael Spreitzer, Stefan Mangard
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06381
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ndss2018_04B-1_Schwarz_paper.pdf
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/NDSS2018_04B-1_Schwarz_Slides.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=limElEZNdS8

Magnetic

MAGNETO: Covert Channel between Air-Gapped Systems and Nearby Smartphones via CPU-Generated Magnetic Fields
- https://cyber.bgu.ac.il/advanced-cyber/airgap
- Mordechai Guri, Andrey Daidakulov, Yuval Elovici
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02317
- Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02317
- Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz8E5n1Tzlo
ODINI: Escaping Sensitive Data from Faraday-Caged, Air-Gapped Computers via Magnetic Fields
- https://cyber.bgu.ac.il/advanced-cyber/airgap
- Mordechai Guri, Boris Zadov, Andrey Daidakulov, Yuval Elovici
- Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02700
- Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h07iXD-aSCA

Memory Bus

An Off-Chip Attack on Hardware Enclaves via the Memory Bus
- USENIX Security Symposium 2020
- Dayeol Lee, Dongha Jung, Ian T. Fang, Chia-Che Tsai, Raluca Ada Popa
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.01701
GSMem: Data Exfiltration from Air-Gapped Computers over GSM Frequencies
- USENIX Security 2015
- Mordechai Guri, Assaf Kachlon, Ofer Hasson, Gabi Kedma, Yisroel Mirsky, Yuval Elovici
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/guri
- System Bus Radio: Transmits AM radio on computers without radio transmitting hardware
  - https://github.com/fulldecent/system-bus-radio
Whispers in the hyper-space: high-speed covert channel attacks in the cloud, USENIX Security 2012
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity12/technical-sessions/presentation/wu
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2TU_Q4U9DA

Memory Management Unit (MMU)

ASLR on the Line: Practical Cache Attacks on the MMU
- NDSS 2017
- B. Gras, K. Razavi, E. Bosman, H. Bos, C. Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/download/?t=papers/anc_ndss17.pdf
- 34C3 (2017)
  - https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-9135-aslr_on_the_line
  - https://github.com/brainsmoke/pub-archive/raw/master/slides/aotl-34c3-slides.pdf
Binoculars: Contention-Based Side-Channel Attacks Exploiting the Page Walker
- USENIX Security 2022
- Zirui Neil Zhao, Adam Morrison, Christopher Fletcher, Josep Torrellas
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/zhao-zirui
- https://github.com/zzrcxb/binoculars
Malicious Management Unit: Why Stopping Cache Attacks in Software is Harder Than You Think
- USENIX Security 2018
- Stephan van Schaik, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi
- https://github.com/vusec/xlate
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/xlate/
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/van-schaik
Processor MMIO Stale Data Vulnerabilities

https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/software-security-guidance/technical-documentation/processor-mmio-stale-data-vulnerabilities.html - https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/software-security-guidance/advisory-guidance/processor-mmio-stale-data-vulnerabilities.html - Device Register Partial Write (DRPW) (CVE-2022-21166) - https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-21166 - Shared Buffers Data Read (SBDR) (CVE-2022-21123) - https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-21123 - Shared Buffers Data Sampling (SBDS) (CVE-2022-21125) - https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-21125 - Update to Special Register Data Sampling (SRBDS update) (CVE-2022-21127) - https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2022-21127

PThammer: Cross-User-Kernel-Boundary Rowhammer through Implicit Accesses
- International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO) 2020
- Zhi Zhang, Yueqiang Cheng, Dongxi Liu, Surya Nepal, Zhi Wang, Yuval Yarom
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.08707
RevAnC: A Framework for Reverse Engineering Hardware Page Table Caches
- EuroSec 2017
- 2017 Technical Report: Reverse Engineering Hardware Page Table Caches Using Side-Channel Attacks on the MMU
- S. van Schaik, K. Razavi, B. Gras, H. Bos, C. Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/anc
- https://www.vusec.net/download/?t=papers/revanc_ir-cs-77.pdf
Telling Your Secrets without Page Faults: Stealthy Page Table-Based Attacks on Enclaved Execution
- USENIX Security Symposium 2017
- Jo Van Bulck, Nico Weichbrodt, Rüdiger Kapitza, Frank Piessens, Raoul Strackx
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/van-bulck
- https://github.com/jovanbulck/sgx-pte

Memory Order Buffer (MOB)

Microarchitectural Minefields: 4K-Aliasing Covert Channel and Multi-Tenant Detection in IaaS Clouds
- NDSS 2018
- Dean Sullivan, Orlando Arias, Travis Meade, Yier Jin
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ndss2018_06A-3_Sullivan_paper.pdf
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/NDSS2018-06A-3_Sullivan_Slides.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KIojo5nk2s
SPOILER: Speculative Load Hazards Boost Rowhammer and Cache Attacks
- USENIX Security 2019
- Saad Islam, Ahmad Moghimi, Ida Bruhns, Moritz Krebbel, Berk Gulmezoglu, Thomas Eisenbarth, Berk Sunar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00446
TeeJam: Sub-Cache-Line Leakages Strike Back
- IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems TCHES 2024(1)
- Florian Sieck, Zhiyuan Zhang, Sebastian Berndt, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Thomas Eisenbarth, Yuval Yarom
- https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2024.i1.457-500
- https://github.com/UzL-ITS/teejam
- https://github.com/UzL-ITS/rsa-key-recovery

Micro-Op Cache

I See Dead µops: Leaking Secrets via Intel/AMD Micro-Op Caches
- IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 2021
- Xida Ren, Logan Moody, Mohammadkazem Taram, Matthew Jordan, Dean M. Tullsen, Ashish Venkat
- https://www.cs.virginia.edu/venkat/papers/isca2021a.pdf
- "Modern Intel, AMD, and ARM processors translate complex instructions into simpler internal micro-ops that are then cached in a dedicated on-chip structure called the micro-op cache. This work presents an in-depth characterization study of the micro-op cache, reverse-engineering many undocumented features, and further describes attacks that exploit the micro-op cache as a timing channel to transmit secret information. In particular, this paper describes three attacks – (1) a same thread cross-domain attack that leaks secrets across the user-kernel boundary, (2) a cross-SMT thread attack that transmits secrets across two SMT threads via the micro-op cache, and (3) transient execution attacks that have the ability to leak an unauthorized secret accessed along a misspeculated path, even before the transient instruction is dispatched to execution, breaking several existing invisible speculation and fencing-based solutions that mitigate Spectre."
UC-Check: Characterizing Micro-operation Caches in x86 Processors and Implications in Security and Performance
- MICRO 2021
- Joonsung Kim, Hamin Jang, Hunjun Lee, Seungho Lee, Jangwoo Kim
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3466752.3480079
- https://github.com/SNU-HPCS/UC-Check
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jvHDjxscoo

Non-Volatile Memory (NVM)

NVLeak: Off-Chip Side-Channel Attacks via Non-Volatile Memory Systems
- USENIX Security Symposium 2023
- Zixuan Wang, Mohammadkazem Taram, Daniel Moghimi, Steven Swanson, Dean M. Tullsen, Jishen Zhao
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/wangzixuan
- https://github.com/TheNetAdmin/NVLeak
Side-Channel Attacks on Optane Persistent Memory
- USENIX Security Symposium 2023
- Sihang Liu, Suraaj Kanniwadi, Martin Schwarzl, Andreas Kogler, Daniel Gruss, Samira Manabi Khan
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/liusihang

Power

Power: 2024

IdleLeak: Exploiting Idle State Side Effects for Information Leakage
- NDSS 2024
- Fabian Rauscher, Andreas Kogler, Jonas Juffinger, Daniel Gruss
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-78-paper.pdf

Power: 2023

Collide+Power: Leaking Inaccessible Data with Software-based Power Side Channels
- USENIX Security 2023
- Andreas Kogler, Jonas Juffinger, Lukas Giner, Lukas Gerlach, Martin Schwarzl, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Stefan Mangard
- https://collidepower.com/
- https://github.com/iaik/collidepower
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/kogler
DVFS Frequently Leaks Secrets: Hertzbleed Attacks Beyond SIKE, Cryptography, and CPU-Only Data
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2023
- Yingchen Wang, Riccardo Paccagnella, Alan Wandke, Zhao Gang, Grant Garrett-Grossman, Christopher Fletcher, David Kohlbrenner, Hovav Shacham
- https://www.hertzbleed.com/2h2b.pdf
Hot Pixels: Frequency, Power, and Temperature Attacks on GPUs and Arm SoCs
- USENIX Security 2023
- Hritvik Taneja, Jason Kim, Jie Jeff Xu, Stephan van Schaik, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.12784
- "Are software-based physical side channels present on GPUs and high-end Arm SoCs? What would it take to create such attacks and what information can be extracted using it?"
The Finger in the Power: How to Fingerprint PCs by Monitoring their Power Consumption
- 20th Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware & Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA) 2023
- Marina Botvinnik, Tomer Laor, Thomas Rokicki, Clémentine Maurice, Yossi Oren
- https://orenlab.sise.bgu.ac.il/p/FingerInThePower
- https://github.com/FingerInThePower/Finger_In_The_Power
Towards Automated Detection of Single-Trace Side-Channel Vulnerabilities in Constant-Time Cryptographic Code
- IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (Euro S&P) 2023
- Ferhat Erata, Ruzica Piskac, Victor Mateu, Jakub Szefer
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.02102
- Pascal: Power Analysis Side Channel Attack Locator
  - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1w_jSuvThD4
  - https://www.ieee-security.org/TC/EuroSP2023/slides/EuroSP-Pascal-Slides.pdf

Power: 2022

Hertzbleed: Turning Power Side-Channel Attacks Into Remote Timing Attacks on x86
- USENIX Security 2022
- Yingchen Wang, Riccardo Paccagnella, Elizabeth He, Hovav Shacham, Christopher W. Fletcher, David Kohlbrenner
- https://www.hertzbleed.com/
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/hertzbleed
- https://www.hertzbleed.com/herzbleed.pdf

Power: 2021

IChannels: Exploiting Current Management Mechanisms to Create Covert Channels in Modern Processors
- ISCA 2021
- Jawad Haj-Yahya, Jeremie S. Kim, A. Giray Yaglikci, Ivan Puddu, Lois Orosa, Juan Gómez Luna, Mohammed Alser, Onur Mutlu
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05050
- http://people.inf.ethz.ch/omutlu/pub/IChannels-covert-channels_isca21.pdf
- https://youtube.com/watch?v=Why4Ffn5bRY
MIRACLE: MIcRo-ArChitectural Leakage Evaluation
- TCHES 2021; Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2021/261
- Ben Marshall, Daniel Page, James Webb
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/261
- https://github.com/scarv/miracle
- https://miracle.scarv.org/
- The SCARV Miracle study aims to provide a rigorous and systematic evaluation of micro-architectural power side-channel leakage effects found in common embedded CPUs and micro-controllers.

Power: 2020

PLATYPUS: Software-based Power Side-Channel Attacks on x86
- 2020; IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy (S&P) 2021
- Moritz Lipp, Andreas Kogler, David Oswald, Michael Schwarz, Catherine Easdon, Claudio Canella, Daniel Gruss
- https://platypusattack.com/

Power: 2019

Leaky Noise: New Side-Channel Attack Vectors in Mixed-Signal IoT Devices
- IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2019(3)
- Dennis R. E. Gnad, Jonas Krautter, Mehdi B. Tahoori
- https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/8297
POWERT Channels: A Novel Class of Covert Communication Exploiting Power Management Vulnerabilities
- High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA) 2019
- S. K. Khatamifard, L. Wang, S. Köse, and U. R. Karpuzcu
- https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCA.2019.00045
- http://hajim.rochester.edu/ece/sites/kose/files/conferences/hpca_19.pdf
- PoC (Lorenzo Masciullo): https://github.com/lore-masc/POWERTChannel_Thesis

Power: 2016-2018

A New Class of Covert Channels Exploiting Power Management Vulnerabilities
- IEEE Computer Architecture Letters (2018)
- S. K. Khatamifard, L. Wang, S. Kose, U. R. Karpuzcu
- http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/LCA.2018.2860006
- http://people.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/calSec.pdf
- https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/a-new-class-of-covert-channels-exploiting-power-management-vulner
CLKSCREW: Exposing the Perils of Security-Oblivious Energy Management
- 2017 26th USENIX Security Symposium
- Adrian Tang, Simha Sethumadhavan, and Salvatore Stolfo
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/tang
On Code Execution Tracking via Power Side-Channel
- Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2016
- Yannan Liu, Lingxiao Wei, Zhe Zhou, Kehuan Zhang, Wenyuan Xu, Qiang Xu
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2978299
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwL_p3TxhlA

Prefetch

Harmful prefetch on Intel
- 2017; Enrique Nissim
- http://blog.ioactive.com/2017/01/harmful-prefetch-on-intel.html
PAPP: Prefetcher-Aware Prime and Probe Side-channel Attack
- Design Automation Conference (DAC) 2019
- Daimeng Wang, Zhiyun Qian, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy
- http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~zhiyunq/pub/dac19_cpu_preferter.pdf
Prefetch Side-Channel Attacks: Bypassing SMAP and Kernel ASLR
- Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2016
- Daniel Gruss, Anders Fogh, Clémentine Maurice, Moritz Lipp, Stefan Mangard
- https://gruss.cc/files/prefetch.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJTQbs3oJx8
Reverse Engineering the Stream Prefetcher for Profit
- SILM 2020 Workshop on Software/Hardware Security @ Euro S&P 2020
- Aditya Rohan, Biswabandan Panda, Prakhar Agarwal
- https://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/biswap/streamer.pdf
Unveiling Hardware-based Data Prefetcher, a Hidden Source of Information Leakage
- Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2018
- Youngjoo Shin, Hyung Chan Kim, Dokeun Kwon, Ji Hoon Jeong, Junbeom Hur
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=3243734.3243736
- https://ccs.korea.ac.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=cssa_news&wr_id=61
Using Undocumented CPU Behavior to See Into Kernel Mode and Break KASLR in the Process
- BlackHat USA 2016
- Anders Fogh & Daniel Gruss
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pwq0vv4X7m4
- https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-16/materials/us-16-Fogh-Using-Undocumented-CPU-Behaviour-To-See-Into-Kernel-Mode-And-Break-KASLR-In-The-Process.pdf

Prefetch: 2023

AfterImage: Leaking Control Flow Data and Tracking Load Operations via the Hardware Prefetcher
- ASPLOS 2023
- Yun Chen, Lingfeng Pei, Trevor E. Carlson
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3575693.3575719
- "we take an additional step to reverse-engineer the major components of the IP-stride prefetcher in the Haswell and Coffee Lake microarchitectures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to reveal the index, update and trigger mechanisms in detail. We additionally investigate the effects of cross-page address prefetching, determine the number of entries in the history table, and reverse engineer the IP-stride prefetcher’s replacement policy."
BunnyHop: Exploiting the Instruction Prefetcher
- USENIX Security 2023
- Zhiyuan Zhang, Mingtian Tao, Sioli O'Connell, Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/zhangzhiyuan-bunnyhop
- https://github.com/0xADE1A1DE/BunnyHop
- "What effects do the instruction prefetcher and branch predictor have on each other and what are the security implications of these effects?"
FetchBench: Systematic Identification and Characterization of Proprietary Prefetchers
- 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)
- Till Schlüter, Amit Choudhari, Lorenz Hetterich, Leon Trampert, Hamed Nemati, Ahmad Ibrahim, Michael Schwarz, Christian Rossow, Nils Ole Tippenhauer
- https://github.com/scy-phy/FetchBench
- https://tschlueter.com/research/publications/23-fetchbench/ccs23-fetchbench.pdf
GoFetch: Breaking Constant-Time Cryptographic Implementations Using Data Memory-Dependent Prefetchers
- USENIX Security 2024
- Boru Chen, Yingchen Wang, Pradyumna Shome, Christopher W. Fletcher, David Kohlbrenner, Riccardo Paccagnella, Daniel Genkin
- https://gofetch.fail/
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/GoFetch
- The Apple M-Series GoFetch Attack
  - 2024-03-27
  - Casey Muratori
  - https://www.computerenhance.com/p/the-apple-m-series-gofetch-attack
  - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZEBkOrfUzM

Prefetch: 2022

Adversarial Prefetch: New Cross-Core Cache Side Channel Attacks
- IEEE S&P 2022
- Yanan Guo, Andrew Zigerelli, Youtao Zhang, Jun Yang
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.12340
- https://github.com/PittECEArch/AdversarialPrefetch
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18VG28U83aM
AMD Prefetch Attacks through Power and Time
- USENIX Security 2022
- Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/lipp
- https://mlq.me/download/amdprefetch.pdf
- https://github.com/amdprefetch/amd-prefetch-attacks
Augury: Using Data Memory-Dependent Prefetchers to Leak Data at Rest
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2022
- Jose Rodrigo Sanchez Vicarte, Michael Flanders, Riccardo Paccagnella, Grant Garrett-Grossman, Adam Morrison, Christopher W. Fletcher, David Kohlbrenner
- https://www.prefetchers.info/
- https://github.com/FPSG-UIUC/augury
- https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/SP46214.2022.00089

Pseudo-Random Number Generator (PRNG)

Covert Channels through Random Number Generator: Mechanisms, Capacity Estimation and Mitigations
- CCS 2016
- Dmitry Evtyushkin, Dmitry V. Ponomarev
- http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~dima/ccs16.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1xzG43mkZU

Reorder Buffer (ROB)

"It's a Trap!"-How Speculation Invariance Can Be Abused with Forward Speculative Interference
- IEEE International Symposium On Secure And Private Execution Enviroment Design (SEED) 2021
- Pavlos Aimoniotis, Christos Sakalis, Magnus Själander, Stefanos Kaxiras
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.10774
Reorder Buffer Contention: A Forward Speculative Interference Attack for Speculation Invariant Instructions
- IEEE Computer Architecture Letters 20(2) 2021
- Pavlos Aimoniotis, Christos Sakalis, Magnus Själander, Stefanos Kaxiras
- https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/LCA.2021.3123408
- https://www.computer.org/csdl/journal/ca/5555/01/09591413/1y2Fj3E6wSY

Return Stack Buffer (RSB)

CPU side-channels vs. virtualization rootkits: the good, the bad, or the ugly
- ToorCon Seattle 2008; Yuriy Bulygin
- http://www.c7zero.info/stuff/hyper-channel_toorcon_seattle.ppt
- Detecting virtualization using CPU Return Stack Buffer - https://youtube.com/watch?v=UN8iXdMZP2s
Reinforcing Meltdown Attack by Using a Return Stack Buffer
- IEEE Access, Volume 7, 2019
- Taehyun Kim, Young-joo Shin
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8937554
ret2spec: Speculative Execution Using Return Stack Buffers
- ACM CCS 2018
- Giorgi Maisuradze, Christian Rossow
- https://christian-rossow.de/publications/ret2spec-ccs2018.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0iIifQSC80
Spectre Returns! Speculation Attacks using the Return Stack Buffer
- USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT) 2018
- Esmaeil Mohammadian Koruyeh, Khaled N. Khasawneh, Chengyu Song, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.07940
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot18/presentation/koruyeh
Spring: Spectre Returning in the Browser with Speculative Load Queuing and Deep Stacks
- Workshop On Offensive Technologies (WOOT) 2022
- Johannes Wikner, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/research/microarch/spring/
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/wp-content/files/spring_woot22.pdf

Scheduler

Scheduler: 2024

Remote Scheduler Contention Attacks
- Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2024
- Stefan Gast, Jonas Juffinger, Lukas Maar, Christoph Royer, Andreas Kogler, Daniel Gruss
- https://stefangast.eu/papers/javasquip.pdf

Scheduler: 2023

Hacky Racers: Exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelism to Generate Stealthy Fine-Grained Timers
- ASPLOS 2023
- Haocheng Xiao, Sam Ainsworth
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.14647
- https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3575693.3575700
- https://github.com/FxPiGaAo/Hacky-Racer
SQUIP: Exploiting the Scheduler Queue Contention Side Channel
- IEEE S&P 2023
- Stefan Gast, Jonas Juffinger, Martin Schwarzl, Gururaj Saileshwar, Andreas Kogler, Simone Franza, Markus Köstl, Daniel Gruss
- https://stefangast.eu/papers/squip.pdf

SMT

SMT: 2024

Divide and Surrender: Exploiting Variable Division Instruction Timing in HQC Key Recovery Attacks
- USENIX Security 2024
- IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2024/299
- Robin Leander Schröder, Stefan Gast, Qian Guo
- https://stefangast.eu/papers/divide_and_surrender.pdf
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/299
- https://github.com/hqc-attack/divide-and-surrender

SMT: 2022

HyperDegrade: From GHz to MHz Effective CPU Frequencies
- USENIX Security 2022
- Alejandro Cabrera Aldaya, Billy Bob Brumley
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity22/presentation/aldaya
Port Contention Goes Portable: Port Contention Side Channels in Web Browsers
- AsiaCCS 2022
- Thomas Rokicki, Clémentine Maurice, Marina Botvinnik, Yossi Oren
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3488932.3517411
- https://people.irisa.fr/Thomas.Rokicki/publications/wpc.pdf
- https://github.com/MIAOUS-group/web-port-contention

SMT: 2020

ABSynthe: Automatic Blackbox Side-channel Synthesis on Commodity Microarchitectures
- Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2020
- Ben Gras, Cristiano Giuffrida, Michael Kurth, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/absynthe_ndss20.pdf

SMT: 2019

SMoTherSpectre: exploiting speculative execution through port contention
- CCS 2019
- Atri Bhattacharyya, Alexandra Sandulescu, Matthias Neugschwandtner, Alessandro Sorniotti, Babak Falsafi, Mathias Payer, Anil Kurmus
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.01843
- http://nebelwelt.net/blog/20190306-SMoTherSpectre.html
- https://github.com/HexHive/SMoTherSpectre

SMT: 2005-2018

Cache missing for fun and profit
- BSDCan 2005; Colin Percival
- http://www.daemonology.net/papers/cachemissing.pdf
Cheap Hardware Parallelism Implies Cheap Security
- Fault Diagnosis and Tolerance in Cryptography (FDTC) 2007
- Onur Acıçmez, Jean-Pierre Seifert
- http://conferenze.dei.polimi.it/FDTC07/Aciicmez.pdf
Covert Shotgun: Automatically finding covert channels in SMT
- 2016; Anders Fogh
- https://cyber.wtf/2016/09/27/covert-shotgun/
Port Contention for Fun and Profit
- Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2018/1060
- Security & Privacy (S&P) 2019
- Alejandro Cabrera Aldaya, Billy Bob Brumley, Sohaib ul Hassan, Cesar Pereida García, Nicola Tuveri
- https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/1060
- PortSmash (CVE-2018-5407): side-channel vulnerability on SMT/Hyper-Threading architectures
  - https://github.com/bbbrumley/portsmash

Solid-State Drive (SSD)

Secret Spilling Drive: Leaking User Behavior through SSD Contention
- Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium 2025
- Jonas Juffinger, Fabian Rauscher, Giuseppe La Manna, Daniel Gruss
- https://www.jonasjuffinger.com/papers/ssd.pdf

Speculation

Transient execution attacks
Classification tree - http://transient.fail/
Proof-of-Concept Repository - https://github.com/IAIK/transientfail/

Refined Speculative Execution Terminology
https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/refined-speculative-execution-terminology

Bypassing KPTI Using the Speculative Behavior of the SWAPGS Instruction
Code That Never Ran: Modeling Attacks on Speculative Evaluation
- IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy 2019
- Disselkoen, C., Jagadeesan, R., Jeffrey, A., Riely, J.
- https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~cdisselk/papers/code-that-never-ran.pdf
- https://github.com/chicago-relaxed-memory/spec-eval
Covert and Side Channels due to Processor Architecture
- Annual Computer Security Applications Conference ACSAC 2006
- Zhenghong Wang, Ruby B. Lee
- http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4041191/
- http://www.acsac.org/2006/papers/127.pdf
ExSpectre: Hiding Malware in Speculative Execution
- Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) 2019
- Jack Wampler, Ian Martiny, Eric Wustrow
- https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_02B-5_Wampler_paper.pdf
Foreshadow & L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF)
- Foreshadow: Breaking the Virtual Memory Abstraction with Transient Out-of-Order Execution
  - USENIX Security 2018
  - Jo Van Bulck, Frank Piessens, Raoul Strackx; Marina Minkin, Mark Silberstein, Ofir Weisse, Daniel Genkin, Baris Kasikci, Thomas F. Wenisch, Yuval Yarom
  - https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/bulck
  - https://foreshadowattack.eu/
- A deeper look at L1 Terminal Fault aka Foreshadow - https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/deeper-look-l1-terminal-fault-aka-foreshadow
- Analysis and mitigation of L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF) - https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2018/08/14/analysis-and-mitigation-of-l1-terminal-fault-l1tf/
- Breaking Virtual Memory Protection and the SGX Ecosystem with Foreshadow
  - IEEE Micro 39(3) 2019
  - Jo Van Bulck, Marina Minkin, Ofir Weisse, Daniel Genkin, Baris Kasikci, Frank Piessens, Mark Silberstein, Thomas F. Wenisch, Yuval Yarom, Raoul Strackx
  - https://doi.org/10.1109/MM.2019.2910104
- L1 Terminal Fault Vulnerability - https://www.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2018-08-14-l1-terminal-fault.html
- Hyper-V HyperClear Mitigation for L1 Terminal Fault - https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/virtualization/2018/08/14/hyper-v-hyperclear/
Load Value Injection
- CVE-2020-0551 / INTEL-SA-00334
- LVI: Hijacking Transient Execution through Microarchitectural Load Value Injection
  - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2020
  - Jo Van Bulck, Daniel Moghimi, Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, Marina Minkin, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom, Berk Sunar, Daniel Gruss, Frank Piessens
    - https://lviattack.eu/
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/software-guidance/load-value-injection
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/deep-dive-load-value-injection
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/optimized-mitigation-approach-load-value-injection
- [llvm-dev] Load Value Injection (LVI) Mitigation for X86
  - https://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2020-March/139842.html
- [llvm-dev] [RFC] Speculative Execution Side Effect Suppression for Mitigating Load Value Injection
  - https://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/2020-March/139843.html
Meltdown & Spectre
- Meltdown - https://meltdownattack.com/
  - USENIX Security 2018
  - Moritz Lipp, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Thomas Prescher, Werner Haas, Stefan Mangard, Paul Kocher, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom, Mike Hamburg
  - https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf
  - https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01207
  - Meltdown Proof-of-Concept - https://github.com/IAIK/meltdown
  - http://blog.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2018-01-03-meltdown.html
  - Black Hat USA 2018 - https://mlq.me/download/bhusa2018_meltdown_slides.pdf
  - KASLR: Break It, Fix It, Repeat
    - ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) 2020
    - Claudio Canella, Michael Schwarz, Martin Haubenwallner, Martin Schwarzl, Daniel Gruss
    - https://doi.org/10.1145/3320269.3384747
    - http://cc0x1f.net/publications/kaslr.pdf
    - FLARE (Fake Load Address REsponse) - https://github.com/IAIK/FLARE
- Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution - https://spectreattack.com/
  - S&P 2019
  - Paul Kocher, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Werner Haas, Mike Hamburg, Moritz Lipp, Stefan Mangard, Thomas Prescher, Michael Schwarz, Yuval Yarom
  - https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf
  - https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01203
- Reading privileged memory with a side-channel - Jann Horn
  - https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html
  - Google Project Zero PoC: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=1272
- Spectre and Meltdown: Data leaks during speculative execution - Real World Crypto 2018, Jann Horn (Google Project Zero)
  - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6O8LTwVfTVs
- Paul Kocher: Spectre Mitigations in Microsoft's C/C++ Compiler
  - https://www.paulkocher.com/doc/MicrosoftCompilerSpectreMitigation.html
- ARM Whitepaper "Cache Speculation Side-channels" - https://developer.arm.com/support/security-update/download-the-whitepaper
- Behind the scenes of a bug collision - https://cyber.wtf/2018/01/05/behind-the-scene-of-a-bug-collision/
- CPU security bugs caused by speculative execution - https://github.com/marcan/speculation-bugs
- Intel Analysis of Speculative Execution Side Channels - https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/01/Intel-Analysis-of-Speculative-Execution-Side-Channels.pdf
- meltdownspectre-patches: summary of the patch status - https://github.com/hannob/meltdownspectre-patches
- Mitigating Spectre variant 2 with Retpoline on Windows - https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/Windows-Kernel-Internals/Mitigating-Spectre-variant-2-with-Retpoline-on-Windows/ba-p/295618
- More details about mitigations for the CPU Speculative Execution issue - https://security.googleblog.com/2018/01/more-details-about-mitigations-for-cpu_4.html
- Retpoline: a software construct for preventing branch-target-injection - https://support.google.com/faqs/answer/7625886
- How Performance Optimizations Shatter Security Boundaries
  - QCon London 2018; Moritz Lipp
  - https://www.infoq.com/presentations/spectre-meltdown-security
- The Microarchitecture Behind Meltdown - http://blog.stuffedcow.net/2018/05/meltdown-microarchitecture/
Microarchitectural Data Sampling (MDS)
- CVE-2018-12126 - Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS) - Fallout
- CVE-2018-12127 - Microarchitectural Load Port Data Sampling (MLPDS) - RIDL
- Meltdown-MCA (microcode assists) - Zombieload
- Meltdown-US-LFB (line fill buffer) - CVE-2018-12130 - Microarchitectural Fill Buffer Data Sampling (MFBDS) - RIDL, ZombieLoad Variant 1
- Meltdown-P-LFB - CVE-2019-11091 - Microarchitectural Data Sampling Uncacheable Memory (MDSUM) - RIDL
- Meltdown-MCA-AD (accessed or dirty bit) - ZombieLoad Variant 3
- https://cpu.fail/
- https://mdsattacks.com/
- https://zombieloadattack.com/
- Fallout: Reading Kernel Writes From User Space
  - 2019 arXiv
  - Marina Minkin, Daniel Moghimi, Moritz Lipp, Michael Schwarz, Jo Van Bulck, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Frank Piessens, Berk Sunar, Yuval Yarom
  - https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12701
- Medusa: Microarchitectural Data Leakage via Automated Attack Synthesis
  - USENIX Security 2020
  - Daniel Moghimi, Moritz Lipp, Berk Sunar, Michael Schwarz
  - https://moghimi.org/papers/usenixsec20-Medusa.pdf
  - https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/moghimi-medusa
  - Transynther: Fuzz Testing Meltdown-style attacks
    - https://github.com/VernamLab/medusa/tree/master/Transynther
  - Data Sampling on MDS-resistant 10th Generation Intel Core (Ice Lake)
    - 2020
    - Daniel Moghimi
    - https://moghimi.org/papers/techreport2020-IceLakeMDS.pdf
    - https://github.com/danielmgmi/IceBreak
- No More Speculation: Exploiting CPU Side-Channels for Real
- RIDL: Rogue In-Flight Data Load
  - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2019
  - Stephan van Schaik, Alyssa Milburn, Sebastian Österlund, Pietro Frigo, Giorgi Maisuradze, Kaveh Razavi, Herbert Bos, and Cristiano Giuffrida
  - https://mdsattacks.com/files/ridl.pdf
  - Addendum 1: TSX Asynchronous Abort (TAA)
    - https://mdsattacks.com/#ridl-ng
  - Addendum 2: L1D Eviction Sampling (L1DES), Vector Register Sampling (VRS)
    - https://mdsattacks.com/#ridl-nng
  - RIDL: Rogue In Flight Data Load
    - HITB+ CyberWeek 2019; Stephan van Schaik, Sebastian Osterlund
    - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJfXu9Q_DmI
  - Escaping the Chrome Sandbox with RIDL
    - https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/02/escaping-chrome-sandbox-with-ridl.html
  - CrossTalk: Speculative Data Leaks Across Cores Are Real
    - IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy (S&P) 2021
    - Ragab, H.; Milburn, A.; Razavi, K.; Bos, H.; Giuffrida, C.
    - https://www.vusec.net/projects/crosstalk/
    - https://github.com/vusec/ridl
    - Special Register Buffer Data Sampling - https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/deep-dive-special-register-buffer-data-sampling
    - SRBDS (CVE-2020-0543) - https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-0543
- ZombieLoad: Cross-Privilege-Boundary Data Sampling
  - Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2019
  - Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Moghimi, Jo Van Bulck, Julian Stecklina, Thomas Prescher, Daniel Gruss
  - https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05726
  - ZombieLoad Attack: Leaking Your Recent Memory Operations on Intel CPUs
    - 36C3 (2019); Michael Schwarz, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss
    - https://media.ccc.de/v/36c3-10754-zombieload_attack
  - ZombieLoad: Leaking Data on Intel CPUs
    - ToorCon 21 (2019); Daniel Moghimi
    - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0W92rEJziI
    - https://talks.toorcon.net/toorcon21/talk/CVYNXS/
- Additional readings:
  - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarchitectural_Data_Sampling
  - https://access.redhat.com/security/vulnerabilities/mds
  - https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/understanding-mds-vulnerability-what-it-why-it-works-and-how-mitigate-it
  - https://www.cyberus-technology.de/posts/2019-05-14-zombieload.html
  - Intel Security Advisory for MDS - https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00233.html
  - Deep dive: Intel Analysis of Microarchitectural Data Sampling - https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/insights/deep-dive-intel-analysis-microarchitectural-data-sampling
  - Microarchitectural Data Sampling vulnerabilities/mitigations - https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/software-guidance/microarchitectural-data-sampling
  - https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/mds.html
  - https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/x86/mds.html
  - https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.html
  - CPU Introspection: Intel Load Port Snooping
    - https://gamozolabs.github.io/metrology/2019/12/30/load-port-monitor.html
NetSpectre: Read Arbitrary Memory over Network
- arXiv 2018; Michael Schwarz, Martin Schwarzl, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss
- https://misc0110.net/web/files/netspectre.pdf
On the Spectre and Meltdown Processor Security Vulnerabilities
- IEEE Micro Special Issue on Hot Chips 2018 (2019)
- Mark D. Hill, Jon Masters, Parthasarathy Ranganathan, Paul Turner, John Hennessy
- https://doi.org/10.1109/MM.2019.2897677
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8634886
- http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~markhill/papers/ieeemicro19_spectre_meltdown_2019_01_30
Out-of-Order Execution and Its Applications
Speculative Buffer Overflows: Attacks and Defenses
- CVE-2018-3693: Bounds Check Bypass Store (BCBS)
- Vladimir Kiriansky, Carl Waldspurger
- https://people.csail.mit.edu/vlk/spectre11.pdf
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03757
Speculator: Tool to Analyze Speculative Execution Attacks and Mitigations
- ACSAC 2019
- Andrea Mambretti, Matthias Neugschwandtner, Alessandro Sorniotti, Engin Kirda, William Robertson, Anil Kurmus
- https://github.com/ibm-research/speculator
- https://andreamambretti.com/files/papers/acsac2019_speculator.pdf
- https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3359837
- Let’s Not Speculate: Discovering and Analyzing Speculative Execution Attacks
  - 2018 IBM Technical Report RZ3933
  - https://domino.research.ibm.com/library/cyberdig.nsf/1e4115aea78b6e7c85256b360066f0d4/d66e56756964d8998525835200494b74
Speculose: Analyzing the Security Implications of Speculative Execution in CPUs
- arXiv 2018
- Giorgi Maisuradze, Christian Rossow
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.04084
Two methods for exploiting speculative control flow hijacks.
- WOOT @ USENIX Security Symposium 2019
- Andrea Mambretti, Alexandra Sandulescu, Matthias Neugschwandtner, Alessandro Sorniotti, Anil Kurmus
- http://ale.sopit.net/pdf/woot.pdf

Speculation: 2025

Breaking the Barrier: Post-Barrier Spectre Attacks
- IEEE Security and Privacy (S&P) 2025
- Johannes Wikner, Kaveh Razavi
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/research/microarch/breaking-the-barrier/
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/wp-content/files/ibpb_sp25.pdf
- https://grsecurity.net/cross_process_spectre_exploitation

Speculation: 2024

GhostRace: Exploiting and Mitigating Speculative Race Conditions
- USENIX Security 2024
- Hany Ragab, Andrea Mambretti, Anil Kurmus, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/ghostrace/
- https://github.com/vusec/ghostrace
InSpectre Gadget: Inspecting the Residual Attack Surface of Cross-privilege Spectre v2
- USENIX Security 2024
- Sander Wiebing, Alvise de Faveri Tron, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/native-bhi/
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/inspectre_sec24.pdf
Leaky Address Masking: Exploiting Unmasked Spectre Gadgets with Noncanonical Address Translation
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) 2024
- Mathé Hertogh, Sander Wiebing, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/slam/
- https://github.com/vusec/slam

Speculation: 2023

Downfall: Exploiting Speculative Data Gathering
- USENIX Security 2023
- Daniel Moghimi
- https://downfall.page/
- https://downfall.page/media/downfall.pdf
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/moghimi
- https://github.com/flowyroll/downfall
Hide and Seek with Spectres: Efficient discovery of speculative information leaks with random testing
- IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2023
- Oleksii Oleksenko, Marco Guarnieri, Boris Köpf, Mark Silberstein
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.07642
- https://github.com/microsoft/sca-fuzzer
iLeakage: Browser-based Timerless Speculative Execution Attacks on Apple Devices
- 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)
- Jason Kim, Stephan van Schaik, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3616611
- https://yuval.yarom.org/pdfs/KimSGY23.pdf
Inception: Exposing New Attack Surfaces with Training in Transient Execution
- USENIX Security 2023
- Daniël Trujillo, Johannes Wikner, Kaveh Razavi
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/trujillo
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/research/microarch/inception/
- https://comsec.ethz.ch/wp-content/files/inception_sec23.pdf
- https://github.com/comsec-group/inception
Indirect Meltdown: Building Novel Side-Channel Attacks from Transient-Execution Attacks
- ESORICS 2023
- Daniel Weber, Fabian Thomas, Lukas Gerlach, Ruiyi Zhang, Michael Schwarz
- https://publications.cispa.saarland/4011/1/masc_esorics23.pdf
- https://github.com/cispa/indirect-meltdown
Reviving Meltdown 3a
- ESORICS 2023
- Daniel Weber, Fabian Thomas, Lukas Gerlach, Ruiyi Zhang, Michael Schwarz
- https://publications.cispa.saarland/4010/1/meltdown3a_esorics23.pdf
- https://github.com/cispa/regcheck
Speculation at Fault: Modeling and Testing Microarchitectural Leakage of CPU Exceptions
- USENIX Security Symposium 2023
- Jana Hofmann, Emanuele Vannacci, Cédric Fournet, Boris Köpf, Oleksii Oleksenko
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/hofmann
The Ghost Is The Machine: Weird Machines in Transient Execution
- IEEE Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT) 2023
- Ping-Lun Wang, Fraser Brown, Riad S. Wahby
- http://wootconference.org/papers/woot23-paper10.pdf
- Transient Weird Machine
  - transient weird machines implemented for ARM64 and x86-64 machines using the exception, TSX, branch predictor, and branch target buffer as the transient execution primitives
  - These weird machines can perform logic operations (e.g., OR, AND, NOT, ...) in the cache states using transient execution, and their computations are purely microarchitectural. This means that no existing deubgger or analysis tool can capture their computation states during execution.
  - https://github.com/joeywang4/Transient-Weird-Machine
This is How You Lose the Transient Execution War
- 2023
- Allison Randal
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.03376
Transient execution vulnerabilities in the security context of server hardware
- 2023 PhD Dissertation
- Allison Randal
- https://doi.org/10.48456/tr-992
- https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-992.html
Zenbleed
- 2023; Tavis Ormandy
- https://lock.cmpxchg8b.com/zenbleed.html
- https://github.com/google/security-research/tree/master/pocs/cpus

Speculation: 2022

Revizor: Testing Black-box CPUs against Speculation Contracts
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2022
- Oleksii Oleksenko, Christof Fetzer, Boris Köpf, Mark Silberstein
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06872
- Revizor: a microarchitectural fuzzer
  - https://github.com/hw-sw-contracts/revizor
  - https://github.com/microsoft/sca-fuzzer

Speculation: 2021

Bypassing memory safety mechanisms through speculative control flow hijacks
- IEEE EuroS&P 2021
- Andrea Mambretti, Alexandra Sandulescu, Alessandro Sorniotti, William Robertson, Engin Kirda, Anil Kurmus
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05503
Rage Against the Machine Clear: A Systematic Analysis of Machine Clears and Their Implications for Transient Execution Attacks
- USENIX Security Symposium 2021
- Hany Ragab, Enrico Barberis, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/fpvi-scsb_sec21.pdf
- https://github.com/vusec/fpvi-scsb
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/fpvi-scsb/
- Floating Point Value Injection (FPVI): CVE-2021-0086
- Speculative Code Store Bypass (SCSB): CVE-2021-0089
Reproducing Spectre Attack with gem5, How To Do It Right?
- EuroSec 2021
- Pierre Ayoub, Clémentine Maurice
- https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03215326/
- https://cmaurice.fr/pdf/eurosec21_ayoub.pdf
- https://pierreay.github.io/reproduce-spectre-gem5/
Speculative Interference Attacks: Breaking Invisible Speculation Schemes
- Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) 2021
- Mohammad Behnia, Prateek Sahu, Riccardo Paccagnella, Jiyong Yu, Zirui Zhao, Xiang Zou, Thomas Unterluggauer, Josep Torrellas, Carlos Rozas, Adam Morrison, Frank Mckeen, Fangfei Liu, Ron Gabor, Christopher W. Fletcher, Abhishek Basak, Alaa Alameldeen
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.11818

Speculation: 2020

SpecROP: Speculative Exploitation of ROP Chains
- Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID) 2020
- Atri Bhattacharyya, Andrés Sánchez, Esmaeil M. Koruyeh, Nael Abu-Ghazaleh, Chengyu Song, Mathias Payer
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/raid2020/presentation/bhattacharyya
- https://github.com/HexHive/specrop/
Speculative Dereferencing of Registers: Reviving Foreshadow
- 2020; Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2021
- Martin Schwarzl, Thomas Schuster, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02307
- Extended Version (2021): https://martinschwarzl.at/media/files/spec_deref_extended.pdf
Speculative Probing: Hacking Blind in the Spectre Era
- ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2020
- Enes Göktaş, Kaveh Razavi, Georgios Portokalidis, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/blindside/
SpeechMiner: A Framework for Investigating and Measuring Speculative Execution Vulnerabilities
- NDSS 2020
- Yuan Xiao, Yinqian Zhang, Radu Teodorescu
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.00329
Survey of Transient Execution Attacks and Their Mitigations
- Wenjie Xiong, Jakub Szefer
- 2020
  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13435
- ACM Computing Surveys 2021 Vol 54(3)
  - https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3442479
The Evolution of Transient-Execution Attacks
- GLSVLSI 2020
- Claudio Canella, Khaled N. Khasawneh, Daniel Gruss
- https://gruss.cc/files/transient-attacks.pdf
Transient-Execution Attacks and Defenses
- 2020 Habilitation Thesis; Daniel Gruss
- https://gruss.cc/files/habil.pdf
- https://gruss.cc/files/habil_part1_only.pdf

Store Buffer

Fallout: Reading Kernel Writes From User Space
- 2019 arXiv
- Marina Minkin, Daniel Moghimi, Moritz Lipp, Michael Schwarz, Jo Van Bulck, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Frank Piessens, Berk Sunar, Yuval Yarom
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12701
- CVE-2018-12126 - Microarchitectural Store Buffer Data Sampling (MSBDS) - Fallout

Superscalar

CPU Port Contention Without SMT
- European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS) 2022
- Thomas Rokicki, Clémentine Maurice, Michael Schwarz
- https://hal.science/hal-03798342
- https://github.com/MIAOUS-group/port-contention-without-smt
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-17143-7_11

Thermal

On the capacity of thermal covert channels in multicores - https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2901322
Thermal Covert Channels on Multi-core Platforms - https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/masti

Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)

Store-to-Leak Forwarding: Leaking Data on Meltdown-resistant CPUs
- 2019 arXiv
- Michael Schwarz, Claudio Canella, Lukas Giner, Daniel Gruss
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05725
- Store-to-Leak Forwarding: There and Back Again
  - Black Hat Asia 2020
  - https://www.blackhat.com/asia-20/briefings/schedule/#store-to-leak-forwarding-there-and-back-again-18610
TagBleed: Breaking KASLR on the Isolated Kernel Address Space Using Tagged TLBs
- Euro S&P 2020
- Jakob Koschel, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/tagbleed_eurosp20.pdf
TLB Poisoning Attacks on AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization
- Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC) 2021
- Mengyuan Li, Yinqian Zhang, Huibo Wang, Kang Li, Yueqiang Cheng
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3485832.3485876
- https://yinqian.org/papers/acsac21.pdf
TLB;DR: Enhancing TLB-based Attacks with TLB Desynchronized Reverse Engineering
- USENIX Security 2022
- Andrei Tatar, Daniël Trujillo, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos
- https://download.vusec.net/papers/tlbdr_sec22.pdf
Translation Leak-aside Buffer: Defeating Cache Side-channel Protections with TLB Attacks
- Ben Gras, Kaveh Razavi, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
- https://www.vusec.net/projects/tlbleed/
- USENIX Security 2018
  - https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity18/presentation/gras
- TLBleed: When Protecting Your CPU Caches Is Not Enough
  - Black Hat 2018
    - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBq7VMIkgPk
    - https://www.blackhat.com/us-18/briefings/schedule/#tlbleed-when-protecting-your-cpu-caches-is-not-enough-10149
  - Hardwear.io 2018
    - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQzbtrxaYWQ
    - https://media.hardwear.io/tlbleed-when-protecting-your-cpu-caches-is-not-enough/

Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs)

A Tale of Two Worlds: Assessing the Vulnerability of Enclave Shielding Runtimes
- Computer and Communications Security (CCS) 2019
- Jo Van Bulck, David Oswald, Eduard Marin, Abdulla Aldoseri, Flavio D.Garcia, Frank Piessens
- https://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~jo.vanbulck/ccs19-tale.pdf
- https://github.com/jovanbulck/0xbadc0de
CipherH: Automated Detection of Ciphertext Side-channel Vulnerabilities in Cryptographic Implementations
- USENIX Security 2023
- Sen Deng, Mengyuan Li, Yining Tang, Shuai Wang, Shoumeng Yan, Yinqian Zhang
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/deng-sen
- https://github.com/Sen-Deng/CipherH
How Trusted Execution Environments Fuel Research on Microarchitectural Attacks
- IEEE Security & Privacy 2020
- Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss
- https://gruss.cc/files/tee_fuel.pdf

AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV)

CounterSEVeillance: Performance-Counter Attacks on AMD SEV-SNP
- Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium 2025
- Stefan Gast, Hannes Weissteiner, Robin Leander Schröder, Daniel Gruss
- https://dx.doi.org/10.14722/ndss.2025.241038
- https://stefangast.eu/papers/counterseveillance.pdf

Arm TrustZone

Hardware-Backed Heist: Extracting ECDSA Keys from Qualcomm’s TrustZone
- NCC Group Whitepaper (2019); Keegan Ryan
- https://www.nccgroup.trust/us/our-research/private-key-extraction-qualcomm-keystore/

Intel SGX

A Survey of Published Attacks on Intel SGX
- 2020
- Alexander Nilsson, Pegah Nikbakht Bideh, Joakim Brorsson
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13598
Cache Attacks on Intel SGX
- EuroSec 2017
- Johannes Götzfried, Moritz Eckert, Sebastian Schinzel, Tilo Müller
- https://www1.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/filepool/projects/sgx-timing/sgx-timing.pdf
CacheZoom: How SGX Amplifies The Power of Cache Attacks
- Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) 2017
- Ahmad Moghimi, Gorka Irazoqui, Thomas Eisenbarth
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.06986
CopyCat: Controlled Instruction-Level Attacks on Enclaves
- USENIX Security Symposium 2020
- Daniel Moghimi, Jo Van Bulck, Nadia Heninger, Frank Piessens, Berk Sunar
- https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08437
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/moghimi-copycat
Exploitable Hardware Features and Vulnerabilities Enhanced Side-Channel Attacks on Intel SGX and Their Countermeasures
- 2019 PhD Dissertation; Chen, Guoxing
- http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1554949268465917
Inferring Fine-grained Control Flow Inside SGX Enclaves with Branch Shadowing
- USENIX Security 2017
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06952
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/lee-sangho
- Skylake's BTB parameters, use of Intel PT and LBR
Leaky Cauldron on the Dark Land: Understanding Memory Side-Channel Hazards in SGX
- CCS 2017
- Wenhao Wang, Guoxing Chen, Xiaorui Pan, Yinqian Zhang, XiaoFeng Wang, Vincent Bindschaedler, Haixu Tang, Carl A. Gunter
- https://yinqian.org/papers/ccs17b.pdf
- https://acmccs.github.io/papers/p2421-wangA.pdf
Malware Guard Extension: Using SGX to Conceal Cache Attacks
- DIMVA 2017
- Michael Schwarz, Samuel Weiser, Daniel Gruss, Clémentine Maurice, Stefan Mangard
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08719
Microarchitectural Side-Channel Attacks for Privileged Software Adversaries
- 2020 PhD Dissertation
- Jo Van Bulck
- https://lirias.kuleuven.be/3047121
- https://jovanbulck.github.io/files/phd-thesis.pdf
MicroScope: Enabling Microarchitectural Replay Attacks
- International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) 2019
- Dimitrios Skarlatos, Mengjia Yan, Bhargava Gopireddy, Read Sprabery, Josep Torrellas, Christopher Fletcher
- http://iacoma.cs.uiuc.edu/iacoma-papers/isca19_3.pdf
- http://skarlat2.web.engr.illinois.edu/publications/microScope_isca19.pdf
- https://github.com/dskarlatos/MicroScope
Off-Limits: Abusing Legacy x86 Memory Segmentation to Spy on Enclaved Execution
- Engineering Secure Software and Systems (ESSoS) 2018
- Gyselinck J., Van Bulck J., Piessens F., Strackx R.
- https://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~jo.vanbulck/essos18.pdf
- https://distrinet.cs.kuleuven.be/software/off-limits/
Racing in Hyperspace: Closing Hyper-Threading Side Channels on SGX with Contrived Data Races
- IEEE S&P (Oakland) 2018
- Guoxing Chen, Wenhao Wang, Tianyu Chen, Sanchuan Chen, Yinqian Zhang, XiaoFeng Wang, Ten-Hwang Lai, Dongdai Lin
- https://yinqian.org/papers/sp18a.pdf
- https://csdl.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/sp/2018/4353/00/435301a388.pdf
Security Vulnerabilities of SGX and Countermeasures: A Survey
- ACM Computing Surveys 54(6) 2021
- Shufan Fei, Zheng Yan, Wenxiu Ding, Haomeng Xie
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3456631
SGX-Step: A Practical Attack Framework for Precise Enclave Execution Control
- SysTEX 2017
- Jo Van Bulck, Frank Piessens, Raoul Strackx
- https://github.com/jovanbulck/sgx-step
SGAxe: How SGX Fails in Practice
- 2020
- Stephan van Schaik, Andrew Kwong, Daniel Genkin, Yuval Yarom
- https://sgaxe.com/
- https://cacheoutattack.com/files/SGAxe.pdf
SGXlinger: A New Side-Channel Attack Vector Based on Interrupt Latency Against Enclave Execution
- International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD) 2018
- Wenjian He, Wei Zhang, Sanjeev Das, Yang Liu
- https://github.com/HE-Wenjian/SGXlinger
SgxPectre Attacks: Leaking Enclave Secrets via Speculative Execution
- 2018 arXiv; 2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)
- Guoxing Chen, Sanchuan Chen, Yuan Xiao, Yinqian Zhang, Zhiqiang Lin, Ten H. Lai
- https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09085
- https://github.com/osusecLab/SgxPectre
Side-Channel Attacks on Intel SGX: How SGX Amplifies The Power of Cache Attacks
- 2017 Master's Thesis
- Ahmad Moghimi
- https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/399
SoK: SGX.Fail: How Stuff Gets eXposed
- 2022
- Stephan van Schaik, Alex Seto, Thomas Yurek, Adam Batori, Bader AlBassam, Christina Garman, Daniel Genkin, Andrew Miller, Eyal Ronen, Yuval Yarom
- https://sgx.fail/
TSX-based Defenses Against SGX Side-channel Attacks - https://gts3.org/2018/tsgx-defense.html
Tutorial: Uncovering and mitigating side-channel leakage in Intel SGX enclaves
- Security, Privacy, and Applied Cryptography Engineering (SPACE) 2018
- Jo Van Bulck, Frank Piessens
- https://github.com/jovanbulck/sgx-tutorial-space18
- https://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~jo.vanbulck/space18.pdf
Varys: Protecting SGX Enclaves from Practical Side-Channel Attacks
- USENIX ATC 2018
- Oleksii Oleksenko, Bohdan Trach, Robert Krahn, Mark Silberstein, Christof Fetzer
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc18/presentation/oleksenko

Intel SGX: Defense

Defeating Speculative-Execution Attacks on SGX with HyperRace
- IEEE Conference on Dependable and Secure Computing 2019
- Guoxing Chen, Mengyuan Li, Fengwei Zhang, Yinqian Zhang
- https://yinqian.org/papers/idsc19.pdf
Repurposing Segmentation as a Practical LVI-NULL Mitigation in SGX
- USENIX 2022
- Lukas Giner, Andreas Kogler, Claudio Canella, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss
- https://ginerlukas.com/publications/papers/lvinull.pdf
- https://github.com/redrabbyte/LVI-NULLify

RISC-V Physical Memory Protection (PMP)

Bypassing Isolated Execution on RISC-V using Side-Channel-Assisted Fault-Injection and Its Countermeasure
- IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2022(1)
- Shoei Nashimoto, Daisuke Suzuki, Rei Ueno, Naofumi Homma
- https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/9289
- https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2022.i1.28-68

TSX

Breaking Kernel Address Space Layout Randomization with Intel TSX
- Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2016)
- Yeongjin Jang, Sangho Lee, Taesoo Kim
- https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/breaking-kernel-address-space-layout-randomization-with-intel-tsx/
- https://sslab.gtisc.gatech.edu/assets/papers/2016/jang:drk-ccs.pdf
- https://gts3.org/assets/papers/2016/jang:drk-ccs.pdf
- https://github.com/sslab-gatech/DrK
- decoded icache (caches decoded micro-ops) - inside L1 icache, virtually-indexed and virtually tagged (VIVT), does not require an iTLB access for address translation
Meltdown-MCA-TAA
- Meltdown-MCA-TAA (microcode assist caused by transactional asynchronous abort) - ZombieLoad Variant 2
- CVE-2019-11135 - Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) Asynchronous Abort (TAA)
- https://mdsattacks.com/files/ridl-addendum.pdf
- https://software.intel.com/security-software-guidance/software-guidance/intel-transactional-synchronization-extensions-intel-tsx-asynchronous-abort
- https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/tsx_async_abort.html
- https://access.redhat.com/solutions/tsx-asynchronousabort
Prime+Abort: A Timer-Free High-Precision L3 Cache Attack using Intel TSX
- USENIX Security 2017
- Craig Disselkoen, David Kohlbrenner, Leo Porter, Dean Tullsen
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/disselkoen

Talks

Talks: 2022

Tutorial: Microarchitectural Side Channel Attacks
- International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) 2022
- Todd Austin
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLkyuUrAuzg

Talks: 2021

A Practical Introduction to Transient Execution Attacks
- European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS) 2021
- Michael Schwarz
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xteiXOpEjXs
- https://esorics2021.athene-center.de/tutorial-07-28.php

Talks: 2020

Cryptographic Software in a Post-Spectre World
- Real World Crypto 2020; Chandler Carruth
- https://chandlerc.blog/talks/2020_post_spectre_crypto/post_spectre_crypto.html
Improving protections against speculative execution side channel
- FOSDEM 2020; David Stewart
- https://fosdem.org/2020/schedule/event/speculative_execution/
Principled Secure Processor Design

Talks: 2019

AcuTherm: A Hybrid Attack on Password Entry Based on Both Acoustic and Thermal Side-Channels
- Black Hat Asia 2019
- Ercan Ozturk, Gene Tsudik, Tyler Kaczmarek, Pier Paolo Tricomi
- https://www.blackhat.com/asia-19/briefings/schedule/#acutherm-a-hybrid-attack-on-password-entry-based-on-both-acoustic-and-thermal-side-channels-13927
Are Microarchitectural Attacks still possible on Flawless Hardware?
- RuhrSec 2019
- Erik Kraft & Michael Schwarz
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9qOTIFO7Uw
Broad-Based Side-Channel Defenses for Modern Processor Architectures
- Ashay Rane
- Microsoft Research; February 25, 2019
- https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/video/broad-based-side-channel-defenses-for-modern-processor-architectures/
Ghosts in a Nutshell
- Black Hat Asia 2019
- Claudio Canella, Moritz Lipp
- https://www.blackhat.com/asia-19/briefings/schedule/#ghosts-in-a-nutshell-13755
Hardware Is the New Software: Finding Exploitable Bugs in Hardware Designs
- 2019 USENIX Enigma Conference; Cynthia Sturton
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/enigma2019/presentation/sturton
NetSpectre: A Truly Remote Spectre Variant
- Black Hat Asia 2019
- Michael Schwarz, Martin Schwarzl
- https://www.blackhat.com/asia-19/briefings/schedule/#netspectre-a-truly-remote-spectre-variant-13757
- https://misc0110.net/web/files/netspectre_blackhat_slides.pdf
Oh No! KPTI Defeated, Unauthorized Data Leakage is Still Possible
- Black Hat Asia 2019
- Yueqiang Cheng, Zhaofeng Chen, Yulong Zhang, Yu Ding, Tao Wei
- https://www.blackhat.com/asia-19/briefings/schedule/index.html#oh-no-kpti-defeated-unauthorized-data-leakage-is-still-possible-13945
Spectre/C++: Preventing Spectre One Branch at a Time: The Design and Implementation of Fine Grained Spectre v1 Mitigation APIs
- CppCon 2019; Zola Bridges, Devin Jeanpierre
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehNkhmEg0bw
Speculation & leakage: Timing side channels & multi-tenant computing
- AWS re:Invent 2019; Eric Brandwine
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQ4H6XO-iao
- https://www.portal.reinvent.awsevents.com/connect/sessionDetail.ww?SESSION_ID=99692
What Spectre Means for Language Implementers
- Programming Language Implementation Summer School (PLISS) 2019
- Ben Titzer
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGX-KD5Nh2g
- https://pliss2019.github.io/ben_titzer_spectre_slides.pdf
Winter is Coming Back: Defeating the Most Advanced Rowhammer Defenses to Gain Root and Kernel Privileges
- Black Hat Asia 2019
- Yueqiang Cheng, Zhi Zhang, Surya Nepal, Zhi Wang
- https://www.blackhat.com/asia-19/briefings/schedule/#winter-is-coming-back-defeating-the-most-advanced-rowhammer-defenses-to-gain-root-and-kernel-privileges-13524
Writing PoCs for processor software side-channels
- ToorCon 21 (2019); Volodymyr Pikhur
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdgCGyrRpAw
- https://talks.toorcon.net/toorcon21/talk/KE9SYU/

Talks: 2018

A Christmas Carol - The Spectres of the Past, Present, and Future
- 35c3 (2018)
- Moritz Lipp, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss and Claudio Canella
- https://media.ccc.de/v/35c3-9893-a_christmas_carol_-_the_spectres_of_the_past_present_and_future
Behind the Speculative Curtain: The True Story of Fighting Meltdown and Spectre
- Black Hat USA 2018
- Eric Doerr, Matt Linton, Art Manion, Christopher Robinson
- https://www.blackhat.com/us-18/briefings/schedule/index.html#behind-the-speculative-curtain-the-true-story-of-fighting-meltdown-and-spectre-11755
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KdDuqh2bgw
Beyond Belief: The Case of Spectre and Meltdown
- BlueHatIL 2018
- Daniel Gruss, Moritz Lipp, Michael Schwarz
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4O0zMW-Zu4
- http://www.bluehatil.com/files/Beyond%20Belief%20-%20The%20Case%20of%20Spectre%20and%20Meltdown.pdf
Exploiting modern microarchitectures: Meltdown, Spectre, and other hardware attacks
- Jon Masters, Red Hat, Stanford EE380, Jan 31 2018
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuBw1HFJMsM
- http://web.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/180131.html
- http://web.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/180131-slides.pdf
Peering Behind the Turing Mirror
- SPLASH-I 2018; Ben L. Titzer
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXR0XwI9Yt4
- https://2018.splashcon.org/event/splash-2018-splash-i-peering-behind-the-turing-mirror
Spectre: Exploiting Speculative Execution
- SiFive Tech Talk: Paul Kocher
- January 31, 2018
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqIavX_SCWc
Spectre/Meltdown and What It Means for Future Chip Design
- Hot Chips 30 (2018) Keynote 1
- John Hennessy, Paul Turner, Jon Masters, Mark Hill
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5XzVF0sAZo
- https://www.hotchips.org/hc30/1conf/1.07_Hotchips_Security_Keynote.pdf
Wrangling with the Ghost: An Inside Story of Mitigating Speculative Execution Side Channel Vulnerabilities
- Black Hat USA 2018
- Matt Miller, Anders Fogh, Christopher Ertl
- https://github.com/Microsoft/MSRC-Security-Research/blob/master/presentations/2018_08_BlackHatUSA/us-18-Fogh-Ertl-Wrangling-with-the-Ghost-An-Inside-Story-of-Mitigating-Speculative-Execution-Side-Channel-Vulnerabilities.pdf

Talks: 2017

Android Security Symposium 2017 - Drammer: Flip Feng Shui goes mobile (Victor van der Veen)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zyqq2hj9zrc
HackPra 2017 - Anders Fogh: "Covert shotgun: Automatically finding covert channels in SMT"
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVmPQCT5VkY
- https://cyber.wtf/2016/09/27/covert-shotgun/
HackPra 2017 - Victor van der Veen: "Drammer: The Making-Of" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DF0k9yKYwfo
hardwear.io 2017 - Shaking Trust in Hardware - Ben Gras & Kaveh Razavi
- https://www.vusec.net/2017/12/recorded-talk-trusting-hardware-ffs-anc/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWXL3tX00aU
HITB2017AMS D1T1 - Drammer: The Making Of - Victor van der Veen
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oCEpfw1IPM
Papers We Love Singapore #026 (2017) - Row Hammer: Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iBpLhFN_OA
- https://speakerdeck.com/burnflare/row-hammer-papers-we-love
RuhrSec 2017: "A new categorization system for Side-channel attacks on mobile devices & more", Dr. Veelasha Moonsamy
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxikZkZ6KuE
RuhrSec 2017: "Rowhammer Attacks: A Walkthrough Guide", Dr. Clémentine Maurice & Daniel Gruss
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-33gCDrSl_Q
RuhrSec 2017: "Using Microarchitectural Design to Break KASLR and More", Anders Fogh
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LyiB1jlUdN8
USENIX Security '17 - Strong and Efficient Cache Side-Channel Protection using Hardware Transactional Memory
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_-c7ueHHqc
- https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/gruss

Talks: 2016

Black Hat 2016 - ARMageddon: How Your Smartphone CPU Breaks Software-Level Security and Privacy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KsnFWejpQg
Black Hat 2016 - Side-Channel Attacks on Everyday Applications - Taylor Hornby
CCS 2016 - CREDAL: Towards Locating a Memory Corruption Vulnerability with Your Core Dump - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOL4oElUKjA
CCS 2016 - Drammer: Deterministic Rowhammer Attacks on Mobile Platforms - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTaMvBN1PoA
CCS 2016 - ECDSA Key Extraction from Mobile Devices via Nonintrusive Physical Side Channels - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SQUQbth5vU
CCS 2016 - On Code Execution Tracking via Power Side-Channel - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwL_p3TxhlA
CHES 2016 - Curious case of Rowhammer Flipping Secret Exponent Bits using Timing Analysis - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8x2qodFfY5s
Clémentine Maurice: "Reverse-engineering CPUs for fun and profit" - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT6PFSRrvsU
Daniel Gruss – Microarchitectural Incontinence - You would leak too if you were so fast! - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAWmNp3Ukqk
DEF CON 24 2016 Side channel attacks on high security electronic safe locks - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJ9NdvKYxeg
HITB2016AMS CLOSING KEYNOTE - Hardware Side Channels in Virtualized Environments - Sophia D'Antoine - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KteO7FPXYw
HITB2016AMS D2T1 - Cache Side Channel Attacks: CPU Design As A Security Problem - Anders Fogh
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UH6dFbiX_hM
- https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2016ams/materials/D2T1%20-%20Anders%20Fogh%20-%20Cache%20Side%20Channel%20Attacks.pdf
Fastly Security Speaker Series 2016 - Jasper van Woudenberg on Side channel analysis and fault injection - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu59ya8nOBM
Return-Oriented Flush-Reload Side Channels on ARM and Their Implications for Android Devices - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tymvrJiJNl8
RuhrSec 2016: "Cache Side-Channel Attacks and the case of Rowhammer", Daniel Gruss - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxsguH5opsM
Side-Channel Attacks on Everyday Applications - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPwNFrpd1KU
Three lessons that I learnt from Rowhammer - with implications for future security research - Thomas Dullien (Halvar Flake) - Null Singapore - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkDD2ea7SD8
Using Undocumented CPU Behavior to See Into Kernel Mode and Break KASLR in the Process
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pwq0vv4X7m4
What could possibly go wrong with {insert x86 instruction here}? [33c3] - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wue4QomGE74

Talks: 2015

Clémentine Maurice, Daniel Gruss: Rowhammer.js: Root privileges for web apps? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L5MJ43nbkI
Controlled-Channel Attacks: Deterministic Side Channels for Untrusted Operating Systems - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwUaN5ik8zE
DEF CON 23 - Etienne Martineau - The art of cache timing covert channel on x86 multi core - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7X772EBdvnM
Exploiting Out-of-Order Execution For Covert Cross-VM Communication - Black Hat 2015
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjcKqVRjNHc
- https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-DAntoine-Exploiting-Out-Of-Order-Execution-For-Covert-Cross-VM-Communication.pdf
Exploiting the DRAM Rowhammer Bug to Gain Kernel Privileges - Mark Seaborn, Halvar Flake - Black Hat 2015
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U7511Fb4to
Last-Level Cache Side-Channel Attacks are Practical - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpGI1ggKzC4
REcon 2015 - Exploiting Out of Order Execution (Sophia D'Antoine)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbRoWa_xrzA
- https://recon.cx/2015/slides/recon2015-06-sophia-d-antoine-Exploiting-Out-of-Order-Execution.pdf
S$A: A Shared Cache Attack That Works across Cores and Defies VM Sandboxing -- and Its Application to AES - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwMjn8niX-Y
Side-Channel Attacks by Differential Power Analysis - Nathaniel Graff - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHncSnHQleY

Talks: 2014

MIT 6.858 Computer Systems Security, Fall 2014 - Lecture 16. Side-Channel Attacks - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuVMkSEcPiI

Talks: 2009

Defcon 17 - Sniff Keystrokes With Lasers/Voltmeters - Side Channel Attacks Using Optical Sampling

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