只读属性,顾名思义,指的是只可读不可写的属性,之前我们定义的属性都是可读可写的,对于只读属性,我们需要使用 @property
修饰符来得到:
In [1]:
class Leaf(object):
def __init__(self, mass_mg):
self.mass_mg = mass_mg
# 这样 mass_oz 就变成属性了
@property
def mass_oz(self):
return self.mass_mg * 3.53e-5
这里 mass_oz
就是一个只读不写的属性(注意是属性不是方法),而 mass_mg
是可读写的属性:
In [2]:
leaf = Leaf(200)
print leaf.mass_oz
0.00706
可以修改 mass_mg
属性来改变 mass_oz
:
In [3]:
leaf.mass_mg = 150
print leaf.mass_oz
0.005295
是属性不是方法:
In [4]:
leaf.mass_oz()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-aac6717ebc82> in <module>()
----> 1 leaf.mass_oz()
TypeError: 'float' object is not callable
而且是只读属性,不可写:
In [5]:
leaf.mass_oz = 0.001
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-d232052cd2dc> in <module>()
----> 1 leaf.mass_oz = 0.001
AttributeError: can't set attribute
回到 forest
的例子,我们希望加入几个只读属性:
In [6]:
import numpy as np
class Forest(object):
""" Forest can grow trees which eventually die."""
def __init__(self, size=(150,150)):
self.size = size
self.trees = np.zeros(self.size, dtype=bool)
self.fires = np.zeros((self.size), dtype=bool)
def __repr__(self):
my_repr = "{}(size={})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.size)
return my_repr
def __str__(self):
return self.__class__.__name__
@property
def num_cells(self):
"""Number of cells available for growing trees"""
return np.prod(self.size)
@property
def tree_fraction(self):
"""
Fraction of trees
"""
num_trees = self.trees.sum()
return float(num_trees) / self.num_cells
@property
def fire_fraction(self):
"""
Fraction of fires
"""
num_fires = self.fires.sum()
return float(num_fires) / self.num_cells
查看属性:
In [7]:
forest = Forest()
forest.num_cells
Out[7]:
22500
生成一个较小的森林:
In [8]:
small_forest = Forest((10, 10))
small_forest.num_cells
Out[8]:
100
初始状态下,树和火灾的比例都是 0:
In [9]:
small_forest.tree_fraction
Out[9]:
0.0
In [10]:
small_forest.fire_fraction
Out[10]:
0.0
对于 @property
生成的只读属性,我们可以使用相应的 @attr.setter
修饰符来使得这个属性变成可写的:
In [11]:
class Leaf(object):
def __init__(self, mass_mg):
self.mass_mg = mass_mg
# 这样 mass_oz 就变成属性了
@property
def mass_oz(self):
return self.mass_mg * 3.53e-5
# 使用 mass_oz.setter 修饰符
@mass_oz.setter
def mass_oz(self, m_oz):
self.mass_mg = m_oz / 3.53e-5
测试:
In [12]:
leaf = Leaf(200)
print leaf.mass_oz
leaf.mass_mg = 150
print leaf.mass_oz
0.00706
0.005295
修改 mass_oz
属性:
In [13]:
leaf.mass_oz = 0.01
print leaf.mass_mg
283.28611898
一个等价的替代如下:
class Leaf(object):
def __init__(self, mass_mg):
self.mass_mg = mass_mg
def get_mass_oz(self):
return self.mass_mg * 3.53e-5
def set_mass_oz(self, m_oz):
self.mass_mg = m_oz / 3.53e-5
mass_oz = property(get_mass_oz, set_mass_oz)